EFFECT OF SILICON BASED FERTILIZER ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF RICE UNDER THE TROPICAL ZONE OF VIETNAM

EFFECT OF SILICON BASED FERTILIZER ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF RICE UNDER THE TROPICAL ZONE OF VIETNAMBy Tran Xuan Cuong

Examination committee: Dr. Avishek Datta (Chairperson) Dr. Abha Mishra (Member) Dr. Anil Kumar Anal (Member) Remember to add number of page 0Outline Introduction Literature reviewMethodology11INTRODUCTION 2BackgroundA nonmetallic chemical element in the carbon family of elements. Second most abundant element in the earth's crustSymbol: SiAtomic number: 14Melting point: 1,414 CBoiling point: 2,357 CSilicon crystallizes in a diamond cubic crystal structure

3Silicon crystallizes in a diamond cubic crystal structure3Background (continued)Silicon in earths crust always exists in the form of silicates and aluminosilicatesIn soil solution, Silicon is mostly exist in the form of silicic acid, such as metasilicic acid (H2SiO3) Silicon is deemed as a fundamental nutrient for a group of algae known as diatoms

4Background (continued)In plants, silicon is present mostly as silicon dioxide (SiO2)In greater or lesser quantities, most plant has to absorb siliconSilicon is considered as vital element for the Equisetaceae family in vascular plants In addition, absorption of silicon is known as in the case of graminaceous crops such as rice or sugarcane

5What is Graminaceous crop? 5Problem statement Si is not considered as a beneficial element for most plant. However, it has been proven that Si has beneficial effects in a variety of plant species, especially beneficial to grasses like rice (Oryza sativa L)In order to increasing the yield of rice production, the farmers have to use many different techniques including the utilization of pesticides and chemical fertilizerIn case of chemical fertilizer, the farmer only pays attention to the using of N P K fertilizer. Vietnamese farmers also follow the same trend. The role of another fertilizer like Si based fertilizer is mostly overlooked in rice farming in Vietnam 6Problem statement (Continued)The ubiquity of pesticides rice farming result in the contamination of natural environment, causing illness for human.Using pesticides can increase the resistance of the insects and diseases, making it more difficult to eradicate. Other disadvantages could be the destroying the balance of nature in the field by killing the predators of the insectsDue to limitation about knowledge and capital, Silicon based fertilizer only used in some developed countries as Japan or USA 7Rationale of study Rice, a global staple food, is one of the three leading cereal crops in the world, along with wheat and maize. Increasing the yield and quality is one of the most important concerns in rice farming. This research is necessary as its attempts is to find out the effect of Si based fertilizer on rice in the context of tropical area in Vietnam. The research assess the effects of Si based fertilizer in supporting rice plant to cope with diseases without using pesticides in order to protect environment Moreover, the efficiency in using of Si based fertilizer that will be assessed is equally important in order to turn it into common practice in rice farming in Vietnam

8Objectivei. To assess the effect of Si based fertilizer and finding the most suitable level of Silicon based fertilizer on the growth and yield of riceii. To evaluate the effectiveness of Si - based fertilizer in reducing disease incidenceiii. To assess the efficiencies of using fertilizer including Silicon based fertilizer

9Scope and limitationThe research will assess the effect of Si based fertilizer on the growth and yield and its components of riceThe research will evaluate effectiveness of Si - based fertilizer in supporting rice plant to cope with the diseasesThe fertilizer - use efficiencies including Silicon based fertilizer, Urea, Muriate of Potash, Superphosphate will be assessedOnly rice will be used as an experimental cropPesticides will not be used in order to evaluate the effect of Si - based fertilizer in supporting rice plant to cope with the diseases10LITERATURE REVIEW11The beneficial effect of Si based fertilizer on rice yieldJapanese farmers already used silicon based fertilize in order to enhance and sustain the average rice yields up to 6t/ha from 1955.Silicate slag application at an optimum rate of 1.5-3.0 t ha is now widely used in degraded paddy fields in JapanResults is very promising Yield increases 10%. Moreover, when the leaf blast diseases are serious, the increase of rice yield could exceed 30%.The percentage of perfect grain in brown rice and in milled rice hull increased by 7.5% and 3.5% respectively, comparing with NPK application (without Si) 12The beneficial effect of Si based fertilizer on rice yield (continued)In China, Rice plays a pivotal role in crops system, However deficiency of available Si in paddy soil is approximate 5 to 6 million hectares, compared with the total area of rice cultivation is 30 million hectaresApplication of a Si fertilizer - sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) resulted in increase in rice yield by higher than 10% nationwide

1313The beneficial effect of Si based fertilizer on rice yield (continued)Effect of silicate fertilizer application on rice growth and yield in Jiangsu province - China

Application rate (kg/ha)Number of spikelet per paniclePercentage of ripeningWeight of 1000 grain (g)Yield (t/ha)074.785.922.97.017573.990.923.77.8710574.891.423.88.1613576.891.525.58.23Source: Takahashi et al., 199014Analysis about yield and yield components 14The beneficial effect of Si based fertilizer on rice yield (continued)In Brazil, upland rice occupies approximately 70% of the total rice area in Brazil Upland rice is cultivated in extensive areas in the savannas where predominant soils are Oxisols, which available Si is low.Field experiment in these regions indicated that application of wollastonite (CaSiO3) resulted in a significant increase in rice yield

15The beneficial effect of Si based fertilizer on rice yield (continued)In Colombia, a similar response to Si fertilization was also reported in two cultivars of upland rice at Santa Rosa Province

Si application rate (t/ha)Yield (t/ha)0123Oryzica 119922.13.23.63.71993 (residual 1992)2.73.63.73.81993 (residual 1992 + 1 t/ha Si)4.04.13.94.2Oryzica Llanos 519924.14.55.15.01993 (Residual 1992)2.32.24.64.61993 (Residual 1992 + 1 t/ha Si)4.74.74.74.6Source: Correa-Victoria et al., 2001

16The beneficial effect of Si based fertilizer on rice yield (continued)In Thai Nguyen Province Vietnam , a study about effects of application of silica fertilizer on rice cultivation in Glaysol soils was conducted The results are very promisingRice grew better when applying silica fertilizersTillering of rice plant increasedSeed weight and crop yields in the silica fertilizer treament plots weresignificantly higher, compared to that of the control plots.17The beneficial effect of Si based fertilizer on preventing diseaseRice blast and brown spot is the most serious threats to riceBlast is caused by the fungus Magnaporthe grisea. It can affect all above ground parts of a rice plant: leaf, collar, node, neck, and sometimes leaf sheath.Brown spot is a fungal disease thatinfects thecoleoptile, leaves, leaf sheath, panicle branches,glumes, and spikelets.

18The beneficial effect of Si based fertilizer on preventing disease (continued)19Effect of silicon (2 t slag/ha) and propiconizole (0.44 L/ha) on brown spot severity in rice farming in Florida USA . Brown spot severity based on a scale of 0-9, where 0=no disease and 9=76% or more of leaf area affectedSource: Datnoff et al., 1997

The beneficial effect of Si based fertilizer on preventing disease (continued)20Influence of silicon fertilization (2 tons slag/ha) and foliar spray of benomyl (1.68 kg/ha) on blast incidence in rice farming in Florida - USA

Source: Datnoff et al., 1997

METHODOLOGY21Research flowchart

22Experimental site characteristic-The study will be conducted at Hong Duc University research farm, Thanh Hoa Province , Vietnam The study site is categorized as middle part of Vietnam and it has four seasons Monthly mean temperature is above 18CThe total rainfall in the months that rice is cultivated is 1250 mmThe field experiment will be conducted from June 2015 to October 2016, which is summer season in Vietnam. The experimental site is used annually for crop production23Experimental designThe experimental layout was based on a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with, 6 treatments and 4 replications.The total area is 500 m2. There will be a total of 24 plots. The area of each plot is 20 m2 (5 m 4 m). Each plot will be fenced by plastic net. Plastic net will be buried in soil with 30 cm depth; the distance from the soil surface to the highest point of plastic net is 20 cm.24Experimental layoutReplication 1Replication 2Replication 3Replication 4Treatment 3Treatment 6Treatment 1Treatment 5Treatment 5Treatment 2Treatment 4Treatment 6Treatment 1Treatment 3Treatment 6Treatment 7Treatment 4Treatment 5Treatment 3Treatment 1Treatment 2Treatment 1Treatment 5Treatment 4Treatment 6Treatment 4Treatment 2Treatment 325MaterialsRice variety BC15 - short term maturing variety of rice, the growth period of about 110 115 daysThe Si - based fertilizer (60% SiO2) . The pH is about 4.2 4.8; moisture is less than 5%Nitrogen fertilizer: Urea (46% N)Phosphorus fertilizer: Super phosphate (16% P2O5)Potassium fertilizer: Muriate of potash (60% K2O)

26Experimental Application The detailed about fertilizer used in each treatment is described as below:Treatment 1: Non fertilizer (control)Treatment 2: 110N+ 90 P2O5 + 80 K2O kg/ha (recommended rate of fertilizer)Treatment 3: 110N+ 90 P2O5 + 80 K2O + 100SiO2 kg/haTreatment 4: 110N+ 90 P2O5 + 80 K2O + 200SiO2 kg/haTreatment 5: 110N+ 90 P2O5 + 80 K2O + 300SiO2 kg/haTreatment 6: 110N+ 90 P2O5 + 80 K2O + 400SiO2 kg/ha27Experimental Application (continued) The application rate of N P K fertilizer applied in this experiment is decided based on National Technical Regulation on Testing for Value of Cultivation and Use of Rice varieties of Vietnam. The recommended rate is: 110N+ 90P2O5 + 80K2O kg/ha The application rate of Si fertilizer is randomly taken in order to find out the most suitable level for rice All kinds of fertilizers used in these experiments are produced by Tien Nong Industrial & Agricultural Join Stock Company28Farming method The time to grow seedlings is from 25/6/2015 to 20/7/2015. Seedlings are transplanted at the 2 leaf-stage, usually between 8 and12 days old.The density of plant: 38 42 hills /m2, 2 3 seedlings/hillIrrigation: From the time of seedlings transplanted to the end of the phase of tillering, the level of water in the paddy field is maintained from 3 5cm. After this phase, the level of water in the paddy is maintained less than 10cmPreventing of diseases and pest: There will be no chemical pesticides use in order to evaluate the effectiveness of Si based fertilizer in reducing disease incidence

29Data collectionSoil Plant nutrient contentDiseasesGrowth, yield and yield component criteria30Soil Analysis Surface soil (0 20 cm) analysis for physical and chemical properties of each experimental plot will be done to find out the soil physical and chemical properties before seedlings transplanting.Only one sample of soil is randomly taken. The soil sample will be oven-dried, ground and sieved with 2 mm sieve mesh and analyzed for its physical and chemical properties.Soil analysis criteria: pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total silicon, available phosphorus, exchange potassium, cation exchange capacity

31Plant nutrient content analysisAfter harvesting, in each treatment plot, 6 hills of rice will be randomly selected for plant nutrient content analysis purpose. There will be total 6 samples due to 6 treatments. The root will be removed, only aboveground part will become the subjects for analysis purpose.Analysis criteria: Silicon 32Disease Analysis In each experimental plot, 10 hills (both healthy and infected) will be randomly selected and tagged for each sample. In total, 24 samples represent will be selected due to 24 experimental plotsThe time for investigation for each kind of disease is different. The time will be selected according to the growth stage of rice described in Standard Evaluation for Rice (SES) - International Rice Research InstituteThe plant sample will be analyzed and classified into the scale 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 following the procedure of Standard Evaluation for Rice (SES) - International Rice Research Institute.

33Disease Analysis (continued) 34Growth, yield and yield component criteria35Fertilizer - use efficiency (continued)The Recovery efficiency and Agrononomic efficiency of Silicon - based fertilizer will be calculated for each treatments in order to determined the effective of using fertilizer. The resulst from plant nutrient content analysis after haversting will be used in order to compute the Recovery efficiency. The results form the yield and yield component criteria data collection will be used in order to compute the Agrononomic efficiency.The method for calculation described in the Rice: A practical guide to nutrient management (second edition) published by International Rice Research Institute 2007 will be followed.36Fertilizer - use efficiency 37Statistical analysisData will be subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine treatment effect on measured parameters. In order to compare treatments means, the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at the 5% level of significance will be performed. The statistical calculation will be conducted by software IRRISTAT Version 5.038Tentative time frame ActivitiesJanFebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDecLiterature ReviewProposal DefenseField preparationSoil analysisField experimentPlant nutrient analysisData collectionThesis writing39Expenses tableList of expensesAmount of money (Baht)Traveling 7000Fertilizer 2000Transportation 1000Facilities 4000Analysis cost 20000Total cost 3400040Thank you !