Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson, 13 Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson, 13 Aug. 1813Aug. 1813

If nature has made any one thing less If nature has made any one thing less susceptible than all others of exclusive susceptible than all others of exclusive property, it is an idea… Its peculiar property, it is an idea… Its peculiar character …is that no one possesses the character …is that no one possesses the less, because every other possesses the less, because every other possesses the whole of it.… [I]deas should freely spread whole of it.… [I]deas should freely spread from one to another over the globe, for the from one to another over the globe, for the moral and mutual instruction of man, and moral and mutual instruction of man, and improvement of his condition, like fire… and improvement of his condition, like fire… and like the air incapable of confinement or like the air incapable of confinement or exclusive appropriation…exclusive appropriation…

Thomas Jefferson to Isaac Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson, 13 Aug. 1813McPherson, 13 Aug. 1813

……Inventions then cannot, in nature, be Inventions then cannot, in nature, be a subject of property. Society may give a subject of property. Society may give an exclusive right to the profits arising an exclusive right to the profits arising from them, as an encouragement to from them, as an encouragement to men to pursue ideas which may men to pursue ideas which may produce utility, but this may or may produce utility, but this may or may not be done, according to the will and not be done, according to the will and convenience of the society, without convenience of the society, without claim or complaint from anybody. claim or complaint from anybody.

Propiedad intelectualPropiedad intelectual

……the primary purpose of that law is the primary purpose of that law is not to create private fortunes, but is not to create private fortunes, but is to promote the progress of science to promote the progress of science and the useful arts and the useful arts

MOTION PICTURE PATENTS CO. V. MOTION PICTURE PATENTS CO. V. UNIVERSAL FILM CO., 243 U. S. 502 , 1917UNIVERSAL FILM CO., 243 U. S. 502 , 1917

La propiedad intelectual…

es un instrumento, no un fin en sí mismo

su reconocimiento y ejercicio debe subordinarse al interés público

Propiedad intelectual: un Propiedad intelectual: un escenario flexible pre-escenario flexible pre-

ADPICADPIC Denegatoria de derechos Denegatoria de derechos

autorales a extranjerosautorales a extranjeros No concesión de patentesNo concesión de patentes 50 países sin patentes de 50 países sin patentes de

productos farmacéuticos en productos farmacéuticos en 19861986

Patentes de corto plazoPatentes de corto plazo

Política de EEUU sobre Política de EEUU sobre ‘copyright’-siglo XIX‘copyright’-siglo XIX Expandir el acceso a libros excelentes Expandir el acceso a libros excelentes

pero baratos; pero baratos; No hay propiedad inherente en la No hay propiedad inherente en la

literatura; literatura; Conceder copyright a los extranjeros les Conceder copyright a los extranjeros les

daría un monopolio a expensas del daría un monopolio a expensas del público lector estadounidense; público lector estadounidense;

Las editoraiales estadounidenses y sus Las editoraiales estadounidenses y sus empleados necesitan la ventaja de facto empleados necesitan la ventaja de facto resultante de la falta de protección resultante de la falta de protección

Consejero Federal suizo Brenner –Consejero Federal suizo Brenner –debates de la ley de patentesdebates de la ley de patentes

‘‘En nuestras deliberaciones sobre esta ley, En nuestras deliberaciones sobre esta ley,

haríamos bien en tener en mente que ella haríamos bien en tener en mente que ella debería ser diseñada de manera que se debería ser diseñada de manera que se adapte a las necesidades de nuestras adapte a las necesidades de nuestras propias industrias y las condiciones de propias industrias y las condiciones de nuestro propio país. Estas consideraciones, nuestro propio país. Estas consideraciones, antes que las demandas y reclamos de antes que las demandas y reclamos de industrias extranjeras, deben ser nuestra industrias extranjeras, deben ser nuestra preocupación primaria al darle forma a la preocupación primaria al darle forma a la ley (1906). ley (1906). The Economic History of SwitzerlandThe Economic History of Switzerland, Intellectual Property Rights , Intellectual Property Rights Series #4, Third World Network, Penang, p. 10. Series #4, Third World Network, Penang, p. 10.

Ed Pratt in 1995Ed Pratt in 1995

‘‘The current GATT victory, which The current GATT victory, which established provisions for intellectual established provisions for intellectual property, resulted in part from the hard-property, resulted in part from the hard-fought efforts of the US government and fought efforts of the US government and US businesses, including Pfizer, over the US businesses, including Pfizer, over the past three decadespast three decades. We’ve been in it from . We’ve been in it from the beginning, taking a leadership role’.the beginning, taking a leadership role’.

Ed Pratt Jr, CEO Pfizer (1972-91):Ed Pratt Jr, CEO Pfizer (1972-91):

PI e innovaciónPI e innovación

Indeed, the Indeed, the historical evidence provides historical evidence provides little or no support for the view that little or no support for the view that intellectual monopoly is an effective method intellectual monopoly is an effective method of increasing of increasing innovation.innovation.

M. Boldrin and D. Levine: Against Intellectual Monopoly, chapter 8, found at http://levine.sscnet.ucla.edu/papers/ip.ch.8.m1004.pdf, at 2. 2007.2007.

Lecciones de la historiaLecciones de la historia

…nations with patent systems were not more innovative that nations without patents systems. Similarly, nations with longer patent terms were no more innovative than nations with shorter patent terms.

James Bessen and Michael Meurer (2008), Patent Failure: How Judges, Bureaucrats, and Lawyers Put Innovators at Risk, Princeton University Express, Princeton and Oxford.

, p. 80., p. 80.

Evidencia empíricaEvidencia empírica

Survey of patent laws in over sixty countries:

strengthening of patent rights resulted in an increase in filings from foreign applicants, with no effect on filings by local inventors.

Lerner J ‘Patent Protection and Innovation Over 150 Years’ (2002) http://www.epip.eu/papers/20030424/epip/papers/cd/papers_speakers/Lerner_Paper_EPIP_210403.pdf

Evidencia empíricaEvidencia empírica

Survey of seventy two countries: ‘to date, there is no robust empirical

evidence that stronger patent rights indeed stimulate growth’ .

Hu AGZ & Png IPL ‘Patent Rights and Economic Growth: Evidence from Cross-Country Panels of Manufacturing Industries’ (2010)

Patents & industrial Patents & industrial innovationinnovation

‘…as economic studies have shown repeatedly, patents do not play a particularly important role in most fields of industrial innovation’

Scherer, F.M. (2009), Journal on Telecomm. & High Tech. L. Vol. 7

Machlup: study for the US SenateMachlup: study for the US Senate

““If we did not have a patent system, it If we did not have a patent system, it would be irresponsible, on the basis of our would be irresponsible, on the basis of our present knowledge of its economic present knowledge of its economic consequences, to recommend instituting consequences, to recommend instituting one. one.

Fritz Machlup, An Economic Review of the Patent System Fritz Machlup, An Economic Review of the Patent System (Washington, D.C.: Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and (Washington, D.C.: Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 1958), p.80.Copyrights, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 1958), p.80.

Joseph StiglitzJoseph Stiglitz

……are the incentives provided by the are the incentives provided by the patent system appropriate…? Sadly, the patent system appropriate…? Sadly, the answer is a resounding “no.” answer is a resounding “no.”

‘‘Prizes, not patents’ (3.3.07), Prizes, not patents’ (3.3.07), http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/prizes--not-patents http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/prizes--not-patents

Derechos de autorDerechos de autor

A vast majority of artists are not A vast majority of artists are not motivated by copyright protections, and motivated by copyright protections, and frequently not benefiting from them. frequently not benefiting from them. Instead, the slim prospect of widescale Instead, the slim prospect of widescale popularity, fame, and recognition may be popularity, fame, and recognition may be far stronger lures. far stronger lures.

Peter DiCola, Peter DiCola, Northwestern University SchoolNorthwestern University School of Law (2013) of Law (2013) http://www.digitalmusicnews.com/permalink/2013/201301http://www.digitalmusicnews.com/permalink/2013/20130116copyright16copyright