Property Climate Risk Report:Residential

Including Variables:Monthly Precipitation and MeanTemperatureDaily Extreme PrecipitationExtreme Wind SpeedAridity IndexHeat Wave DaysCooling Degree DaysHeating Degree DaysSea Level RiseExtreme Water Level at the Coast

Powered By:

1/16

Units: imperial Elevation: 6.56ft

Latitude: For Property at:

Property Climate Risk Report:Residential Overview

This report has been generated based on the location you have identified, and for thevariables you have chosen. The utmost care has been made in developing the data that ispresented in your property report.

The report includes five sections. The first is background information that reflects theinformation you have provided on your property’s location. A general climatic region isidentified for the property, along with an earthquake risk rating and description of perceivedshaking effects for your property's rating.

The detailed report is presented on a variable-by-variable basis. First, the baseline informationfor the specific climate variable is provided, depicting the historical climate for your location.Secondly, the report presents future scenarios for the climate variable for the years 2030,2050, 2070 and 2100. Thirdly, and based on the changes from the baseline climate, weassess and provide risk outputs derived by the changes from baseline values.

Your property report is designed to alert you to current and potential future climate risks. Theowner/occupier should consider the information provided in the context of their experience andthe characteristics of their particular property.

Considering the risks identified, the owner/occupier may wish to consider taking action toreduce risks. Some options are provided for consideration. The adaptation options providedare not exhaustive, and we strongly advise the property owner to obtain additional local,professional advice before investing in adaptation planning and implementation of any plan.

We refer you to the following websites for additional information on data and methods appliedand the underlying approaches to climate data development:

https://climateinsights.global/property-climate-risk-report/residential/methodologies/https://climateinsights.global/faq

Copyright © 2021. All rights reserved. The information presented in this report is not to becopied, emailed, posted online to other sites or redistributed by any means by the recipientwithout permission from CLIMsystems Ltd.

2/16

Your Climate Zone ExplainedHumid Subtropical Climate

Coldest month averaging above 0 Celsius (32 Fahrenheit) and at least one month's averagetemperature above 22 Celsius (71.6 Fahrenheit) and at least four months averaging above 10Celsius (50 Fahrenheit). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neitherabovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).

Risk of EarthquakeThe 475-year return period Instrumental Intensity: 3

Intensity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Shaking Not felt Weak Weak Light Moderate Strong Very strong Severe Violent Extreme

Perceived shaking: Weak.

Description (Damage): Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors ofbuildings. Many people do not recongize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rockslightly. Vibration similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.

The intensity presented represents a 475-year return period (or 10 percent probability ofexceedance in 50 years) event. This is the most common standard used for assessing seismicrisk. It is also the basis for many building codes for seismic design.

Potential responses: Injuries in earthquakes stem from heavy items and objects falling onpeople. Access your local earthquake authority for detailed information for your location;evaluate the safety of your home; prepare an earthquake safety kit; secure wall hangings,bookcases, appliances, electronics like TVs and water heaters; move breakable valuables tolower shelves and secure; prune trees near your home; and, strap chimneys and anchorfoundations and bracing walls.

3/16

Monthly Precipitation and Mean TemperatureThe monthly mean temperature is the degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit of the location forbaseline (1995) and future time slices. The monthly precipitation is in millimetres (mm) orinches (in) for the location for baseline (1995) and future time slices.

▬ 1995 ▬ 2030 ▬ 2050 ▬ 2070 ▬ 2100▮ 1995 ▮ 2030 ▮ 2050 ▮ 2070 ▮ 2100

Monthly changes in temperature and precipitation represent slow onset potential changes inclimate. In some months precipitation models could show an increase while in other monthsthere could be a decrease. This then can be viewed as potential changes in the seasonality ofprecipitation for your property.

The combination of changes in seasonal precipitation and changes in temperature can lead towetter and warmer or drier and warmer shifts in climate. It is important to note that warmertemperatures can lead to increased evaporation from soils. In some cases even when yourclimate at your property's location is projected to get wetter through increased precipitation itcould actually become drier owing to the impact of higher temperatures that can lead to apotential evapotranspiration deficit.

4/16

Daily Extreme PrecipitationThis section represents 24-hour extreme rainfall in mm or inches for your property for baseline(1995) and 100 year return period with future year time-steps.

The result represents the statistical 50th percentile derived from daily future rainfall models(GCMs - see glossary). A return period, also known as a recurrence interval or repeat interval,is an average time or an estimated average time between events. Note that just because a 1 in100-year event occurs in a particular year does not mean that same or a greater event couldnot occur the following year. This is why statistical results need to be updated regularly asclimates change.

With a risk score or 2 or above risk reduction options could include: Raising the buildings orliving spaces above ground level. Installing electrical appliances off the floor. Be sure they canbe readily moved to higher levels if required. Improving water flow around the property tohasten drainage. Maintaining drains through the regular clearing of debris and overgrowth. Inhigh-risk areas consider the use materials that can endure wet /dry cycles.

5/16

Extreme Wind SpeedExtreme wind speeds, as presented in this report, could be derived from hurricanes, typhoonsand other tropical depressions, downslope or dericho winds BUT NOT tornado-related winds.

The extreme daily wind speed is in kilometres or miles per hour from the baseline (1995) with100-year return periods and future year time-steps for your location.

With a risk score at 2 or above you may consider the following adaptation methods: Installimpact-resistant windows. Avoid roof overhangs, particularly those facing the prevailing winds.Design your doors to be outward-opening. Build hurricane-resistant walls. Install rain-screensin vulnerable areas (such as coastal regions). Consider a back-up generator or renewablesite-generated electricity.

6/16

Aridity IndexAridity Index is an indicator of the dryness/wetness of the climate and resulting available waterat your location. It is determined by the relationship between the amount of rain, temperatureand evaporation that may occur.

The result is either a surplus of water or a deficit which translates to an aridity index number.Examine the trend in the aridity index and assess the rate of change. Minor changes (less thana few percent) in percentage from baseline for the index need not be a major concern.

When your index indicates a lack or excess of water, consider the following adaptationmethods: Adopt rainwater collection systems. Monitor with water meters. Use water-efficientappliances. Install a grey-water recycling system. Xeriscape your gardens so that native lesswater demanding vegetation dominates. When there is excess moisture consider the use ofpier foundations to raise your property above ground level. Install flood vents into foundationwalls. Store electrical equipment above potential high-water level.

7/16

Heat Wave DaysA heat wave day is defined as the local daily maximum and minimum temperaturesimultaneously exceeding the historical calendar-day 90th percentile. Therefore, heat wavedays are not necessarily an indicator of heat stress risk.

In most locations heatwave days will increase over time. Heatwave days and changes in heatwave days represent the number of days at each future time slice year that may exceed thehistorical (1995) 90th percentile local daily maximum and minimum temperature.

If your property has a risk score of 2 or above, consider the following adaptation options:Improve your wall insulation. Install energy-efficient air conditioning or fans. Install double-glazed windows with shutters and blinds. Install solar chimneys. Invest in your roof's materialsand colour. Plant more vegetation to shade your house and surrounding property. Paintexternal walls to reduce solar heat absorption.

8/16

Cooling Degree DaysIn most locations the number of cooling degree days will increase with time. This may result inadditional costs for summer cooling. It may also lead to reduced costs for winter heating. Seeheating degree days for changes to this risk for your property.

This is a measure of the number of cooling degrees which is the yearly cumulative degreesCelsius (above 22.0 degrees) or 72 Fahrenheit for your location for the baseline year of 1995and future time slices. The result represents the statistical 50th percentile value.

If you received a risk score that increases steadily over the time slices, you may consider thefollowing adaptation options: Invest in naturally ventilating materials. Consider the use ofrenewable energy options (particularly solar) or energy-efficient air conditioning. Adopt a greenlandscape design. If the percentage change in heating degree days is consdierable it may notpose a health risk, but comfort may be reduced. Energy costs for additional cooling may alsoincrease substantially and pose an economic risk.

9/16

Heating Degree DaysIn most locations the number of heating degree days will decrease with time. This may lead toreduced costs for winter heating. However, this may also result in additional costs for summercooling. See cooling degree days for changes to this risk for your property.

The yearly heating degree days in cumulative degrees Celsius (below 15.5 degrees) or 60degrees Fahrenheit for your location for baseline year of 1995 and future time slices. Theresults represent the statistical 50th percentile value.

With a risk score higher than 2, you may consider the following adaptation options: invest inenergy-efficient heating. Insulate your property’s walls and roof. Install double-glazed windowswith shutters and blinds. Build with heat-absorbing materials.

10/16

Sea Level RiseThis measure of slow onset sea level rise varies across the coastlines of the world andincludes the effects of land ice melt, thermal expansion and changes in the vertical movementof land (some areas are rising and other sinking), among other factors. The rate of sea levelrise therefore can vary considerably from one coastal property to another.

The results represent the monthly median sea level rise in centimetres or inches for yourlocation for future time slices. There are no baseline values as 1995 is considered zero and allfuture values represent changes from that year. The result represents the statistical medianderived from the ocean GCM monthly median changes in projected sea level.

With a risk score of 2 or higher, you may consider the following adaptation options: Building onelevated land. Raising buildings with pier foundations. Building ditches and other drainageinfrastructure and check neighbouring properties for adequate drainage. Use buildingmaterials that can withstand flooding. Place electrical appliances above the flood level. Investin revegetation and dune restoration. Prepare for flooding in advance, upgrade resources andemergency supplies and have an evacuation plan.

11/16

Extreme Water Level at the CoastExtreme water level height from storm tides, sea level rise, and change in land movement(either rising, falling or stable) also known as Still High-Water Level at the coast is thetechnical term for the potential height of ocean water levels during storms. These high waterevents then have potential to move inland and impact the built and natural environmentthrough what is commonly referred to as a storm surge.

Often, the coastal extreme sea-level elevations (in addition to sea-level rise) arise with aconfluence of events such as exceptional seasonal high tides, wind and waves associated withtropical depressions or extratropical low-pressure systems, and coastal bathymetry (the depthto the ocean floor).

If you received a risk score of 2 or higher, you might consider the following adaptation options:Build physical barriers such as seawalls and green infrastructure (dunes with native sandbinding plant species). Install flood vents into foundation walls. Store electrical equipment wellabove the potential high-water level. Have well thought out evacuation routes and civil defencekits with fresh water and non-perishable food that is checked and refreshed regularly.

12/16

Property Report Glossary and AcronymsAdaptation: An adjustment that is either planned or unplanned (autonomous) within humanand natural systems, in response to climatic impacts experienced in the present or anticipatedin the future. The adjustment is expected to either reduce the harmful effects or use theclimatic impacts' beneficial opportunities.

Baseline: A reference period of time against which future change is measured. The baselinemay refer to climatic or non-climatic conditions and can represent an historical baseline (e.g.1986-2005), a current baseline (including observable present-day conditions), or a futurebaseline (that excludes that driver factor of interest). Therefore, multiple baselines arepossible, depending on how they are defined.

Climate sensitivity: The amount of global temperature rise that would occur (to a newequilibrium), when the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide is doubled above pre-industrial levels. In climate impact assessments, the climate sensitivity can be represented asLow, Medium or High, when generating future climate projections.

Ensemble: A group of climate simulations from multiple climate models, used to generatefuture climate projections. The variations across the various simulations in the ensemble,represented by a range, also estimate the future projections' uncertainty. Ensembles can bemade with multiple climate models (to test climate model differences) or by varying the initialconditions for a single climate model (to test internal climate variability).

General Circulation Models (GCMs) (or Global Climate Models): A numericalrepresentation of the global climate system based on the physical, chemical and biologicalproperties of its components, their interactions and feedback processes, and accounting for allor some of its known properties. Models of varying complexity are in use. CoupledAtmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) represent the climate system nearthe most comprehensive end of the spectrum currently available. Climate models are appliedas a research tool to study and simulate the climate, and for operational purposes, theyinclude monthly, seasonal and inter-annual climate predictions.

Impacts: The manifested effects of climate change on natural and human systems. ‘Potential’impacts refer to the total effects that are likely to occur for a given projection of climate change,while ‘residual’ impacts are the impacts after considering the effect of adaptation measures toreduce harm or exploit benefits of a projected climate change.

13/16

Projection: A possible future evolution of a measurable variable that is typically computedwith a model's aid. Projections are different to predictions since they are subject to the inherentuncertainty associated with underlying assumptions about socio-economic and technologicaldevelopments at global and regional scales in the future, for instance, which are not fullyknown at present.

Scenario: A plausible, though often simplified narrative, storyline or description of how thefuture may develop. This narrative is based on assumptions about driving forces of changeand the key relationships, and which must be internally consistent with one another. Futureprojections can be used to develop these scenarios in addition to other information.

Vulnerability: A measure of the degree to which a natural or human system cannot cope withthe projected adverse impacts of climate variability and change. It is a function of themagnitude and rate of climate change and other factors that influence the sensitivity orexposure of the systems and their capacity to adapt to the anticipated changes.

ARI– Annual Recurrence IntervalCMIP5– Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5GCM– General Circulation ModelGHG– Greenhouse gasesIPCC– Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeRCP– Representative Concentration Pathway

14/16

Disclaimer-LimitationsThe Property Climate Risk Report: Residential was prepared by Climate Insights ofCLIMsystems Ltd in accordance with the variables chosen by you, the Recipient of this report.The data and methods presented in this report represent Climate Insights’ professionaljudgment based on information made available by the recipient of this report and are true andcorrect to the best of the Climate Insights' knowledge as at the date of the report’sdevelopment.

Climate Insights did not independently verify information provided during the development ofthis report. While Climate Insights have no reason to doubt the outputs of the informationprovided, however the report is limited by the data applied in generating the report.

Climate Insights take great care to ensure the climate information in this report is as correctand accurate as possible. The climate information provided is subject to the uncertainties ofscientific and technical research; may not be accurate, current or complete; be subject tochange without notice and is not a substitute for independent professional advice, and usersshould obtain any appropriate professional advice relevant to their particular circumstances.Climate Insights do not guarantee the information provided and accepts no legal liabilitywhatsoever arising from, or connected to, the use of any material contained therein.

Climate data and related risk analytics are by their nature a dynamic and ongoing functions.Therefore, it is recommended that the recipient of this report routinely incorporate the latestclimate data into all future adaptation planning.

Climate Insights recommend that the recipient of this report use their skill and care concerningtheir use of the climatic and risk information and those users carefully evaluate the currency,completeness, and relevance of the material for their purposes. Be particularly mindful ofanalysis at the coastline where boundaries between the marine and terrestrial environmentsmay be inaccurate. Any use of the data is solely at the recipient’s own risk. We understandthat no party can rely upon the results of the assessments for planning purposes.

To the extent permitted by law, Climate Insights make no representation or warranty(expressed or implied) as to merchantability or performance of the data; about the fitness ofthe data for the permitted use; or that the data does not infringe the intellectual property rightsor any other right of any person. The recipient indemnifies and releases the Climate Insightsagainst all claims, demands, suits, liability, loss, or expense arising directly or indirectly fromthe recipient’s use of the data, or any breach of this agreement by the recipient. This reportdoes not purport to give legal advice. Qualified legal advisors can only give this advice.

This data has been prepared exclusively for the recipient of this report for the location therecipient identified and may not be relied upon by any other person or entity without ClimateInsights’ express written permission.

15/16

About CLIMsystemsCLIMsystems has assembled an excellent team of climate change adaptation and riskassessment experts with a combined experience of over 200 years with projects in over 50countries.

Our experience includes iconic projects in Australia, Africa, the Middle East, the United Statesand Canada.

Six members of the extended team (Staff, Associates, and Science Advisors) were part of thelarge team named as part of the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange) Nobel Peace Prize award in 2007 and, as such, represent the strong scientificunderpinning of the CLIMsystems suite of data products, software and services.

CLIMsystems is also a registered member of CTCN (Climate Technology Centre & Network).The CTCN is the operational arm of the UNFCCC Technology Mechanism, hosted by the UNEnvironment Programme (UNEP) and the UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).

Team members are registered in the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) NationalCommunications Support Programme (NCSP) Roster of Experts and our products andservices are recognized by the UNFCCC Nairobi Work Programme.

CLIMsystems maintains an impressive list of international associates and a scientific advisorypanel Chaired by Emeritus Professor Tom Wigley of the University of Adelaide and NCAR(National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado).

We work to IPCC standards in all our data preparation and validation. We have alsocontributed to IPCC guidelines as part of much larger scientific teams where peer review isalways occurring. For example, our sea-level rise methodology is widely referenced in theIPCC’s publication Constructing Sea-Level Scenarios for Impact and Adaptation Assessment ofCoastal Areas: A Guidance Document.

We maintain comprehensive documentation of all of our data applied and processing methodsthat are all based on peer-reviewed literature (over 180 pages).

16/16