propagation model guideline.doc

8/10/2019 Propagation Model Guideline.doc

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Propagation Models Practical Use

Propagation Models

Practical Use

Feb 2002

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1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................4

2. !R"# C#$.............................................................................................................4

2.1. APPROPRIATEPROPAGATIONMODEL O!UMURA"#ATA..........................................$

2.2. MODELLIMITATIONANDA%%URA%&.......................................................................$

2.'. (IMPLI)I%ATION)ORPRA%TI%ALU(E......................................................................*2.3.1. Rural, countryside or villages...........................................................................6

2.3.2. Residential or Industrial....................................................................................6

2.+. LO(, (INGLEANDMULTIDI))RA%TION%A(E.........................................................-2.4.1. LOS....................................................................................................................7

2.4.2. Single Diffraction..............................................................................................

2.4.3. !ulti"le Diffraction.........................................................................................1#

%. $M! C# #N&IRONM#NT..............................................................................10

'.1. APPROPRIATEPROPAGATIONMODEL %O(T2'1"AL)I(%#"I!EGAMI.................11'.2. MODELLIMITATIONANDA%%URA%&.....................................................................12

'.'. (IMPLI)I%ATION)ORPRA%TI%ALU(E....................................................................1''.+. LO(, (INGLEANDMULTIDI))RA%TION%A(E.......................................................1$

4. MICROC# #N&IRONM#NT...............................................................................1'

+.1. APPROPRIATEPROPAGATIONMODEL %O(T2'1"MI%RO%ELL..............................1*

(. )I* #N&IRONM#NT...........................................................................................1+

$.1. APPROPRIATEPROPAGATIONMODEL TERRAIN%LEARAN%EANGLEMET#OD.....1/

$.2. MODELLIMITATIONANDA%%URA%&.....................................................................10

$.'. (IMPLI)I%ATION)ORPRA%TI%ALU(E....................................................................2$.+. LO(, (INGLEANDMULTIDI))RA%TION%A(E.......................................................22

'. $#! #N&IRONM#NT................................................................................................22

*.1. APPROPRIATEPROPAGATIONMODEL ITU"R P.'-...............................................22

*.2. MODELLIMITATIONANDA%%URA%&.....................................................................2'

*.'. (IMPLI)I%ATION)ORPRA%TI%ALU(E....................................................................2+*.+. LO(, (INGLEANDMULTIDI))RA%TION%A(E.......................................................2$

+. INDOOR PROP!"!TION........................................................................................2(

-.1. IN"UILDING............................................................................................................2$

7.1.1. $""ro"riate %ro"agation !odel & I'()R %.123*............................................2+

7.1.2. !odel Liitation and $ccuracy......................................................................267.1.3. Si"lification -or %ractical (se....................................................................27

7.1.4. LOS, Single and !ulti Diffraction ase.........................................................2*-.2. TUNNEL...................................................................................................................2/-.2.1. APPROPRIATEPROPAGATIONMODEL A3EGUIDEAPPROA%#IT#

MEA(UREMENT(.............................................................................................................2/

7.2.2. !odel liitation and $ccuracy.......................................................................3+7.2.3. Si"lification -or %ractical (se....................................................................3+

7.2.4. !easureent...................................................................................................36

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,. CONCU$ION............................................................................................................%+

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1. IntroductionPropagation 4ec5anis4s are 6er7 co4ple8 and di6erse. )irst, 9eca:se o; t5e separation 9et


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t5e 4a8i4:4 co6erage do4inates t5e capacit7 re:ire4ent. T5e 9elo< ;ig:re ill:strates a pro;ile

6ie< o; s:c5 a circ:4stance.

2.1. Appropriate Propagation Model: Okumura-HataAs a classic R) propagation 4odel, t5e O?:4:ra"#ata 4et5od is 9ased on e4pirical data

collected in detailed propagation tests o6er 6ario:s sit:ations o; an irreg:lar terrain anden6iron4ental cl:tter. T5e res:lts are anal7@ed statisticall7 and co4piled into diagra4s. T5e 9asic

prediction o; t5e 4edian ;ield strengt5 is o9tained ;or t5e :asi"s4oot5 terrain in t5e :r9an area.

T5e correction ;actor ;or eit5er an open area or a s:9:r9an area s5o:ld 9e ta?en into acco:nt. T5e

additional correction ;actors, s:c5 as ;or a rolling 5ill7 terrain, t5e isolated 4o:ntain, 4i8ed land"

sea pat5s, street direction, general slope o; t5e terrain etc., 4a?e t5e ;inal prediction closer to t5e

act:al ;ield strengt5 6al:es. T5e 4odel is 4at5e4aticall7 represented as 9elo " 1'./2 log=59> " a=54> F ++.0 " *.$$ log=59>H log=d> d ! =1>

5ere

; " operating ;re:enc7 =M#@>

59" ase station antenna 5eig5t =4>

54" 4o9ile station antenna 5eig5t =4>

a=54> " correction ;actor ;or 4o9ile station antenna 5eig5t =d>

d " distance ;ro4 ase station =!4>

T-pe O !rea a/ 3

Open 1.1 log=;> " .-H54

1.$* log=;> " ./H

+.-/=log;>2 1/.''log; +.0+

(:9:r9an 2=log=;2/>>2F $.+

Medi:4"s4all %it7

Large %it7 =; J +> '.2=log11.-$54>2 +.0-

2.2. Model Limitation and Accuracy

D:e to t5e ;act t5at e4pirical 4odel is 9ased on a set o; 4eas:re4ent res:lts, t5ere;ore t5e

res:ltant 4odel s5o:ld onl7 9e applied


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)re:enc7 range 1$ 1$ M#@

ase station 5eig5t ' 2 4

Mo9ile 5eig5t 1 1 4

Distance range 1 2 ?4

)or t5e case o; ;re:enc7 9e7ond 1$M#@, t5ere are plent7 o; e8tended O?:4:ra"#ata 4odels,

54 1.$4 =T7pical 6al:e ;or t5e pri4ar7 co6erage o9Kecti6e i.e. to co6er gro:nd ;loor>

! 1d=T7pical 6al:e ;or co:ntr7side, 6illage

a=54> =T7pical 6al:e ;or t5e pri4ar7 co6erage o9Kecti6e i.e. to co6er gro:nd ;loor>

#ence, e:ation =1> is c5anged to,

PL 11* F '$log=d> d =2>

(5o:ld t5e 4a8i4:4 allo


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(5o:ld t5e 4a8i4:4 allo :s:all7

do not enKo7 a good propagation d:e to se6ere 9:ilding 9loc?age, 5ence t5e co6erage

distance is :s:all7 less t5an 1!4, a 6al:e


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T5e pat5 loss o; a LO( case can 9e 4odeled 97 :sing 2 sets o; pat5 loss slopes and a 9rea?pointseparating t5e4. g, t5e distance at


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2.4.2. Single Diffraction

)or t5e case o; a single o9stacle standing in 9et

5en 6 is ;o:nd, t5e di;;raction loss inc:rred, Ldi;;are t5en so:g5t o:t :sing t5e 9elo< e:ations.

Ldi;; 6 "1

Ldi;; 2log=.$".*26> "1 6

Ldi;; 2log=.$e8p=".0$6>> 6 1

Ldi;; 2log=.+"=.11/+"=.'/".16>2>12 1 6 2.+

Ldi;; 2log=.22$6> 6 J 2.+

0


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)or :ic?er res:lt Ldi;;can also 9e ;o:nd ;ro4 t5e 9elo< grap5


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3.1. Appropriate Propagation Model : &OS'231-(alfi"c)-*kegamiT5e %O(T 2'1"al;isc5"I?ega4i 4odel =%O(T 2'1"I> 5as 9een :sed e8tensi6el7 in t7pical

:r9an en6iron4ents ;or '$ $$

Lori +. " .11+="$$> ;or $$ 0

Angle O; Incidence =degrees>

11


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L4sd 4:ltiscreen di;;raction loss

L9s5F ?aF ?dlog=d> F ?;log=;> " 0log=9>

;or #9J # ;or #9 #

?a $+ ;or #9J # $+ " ./=#9" #> ;or d J .$!4 and #9# $+ " ./=#9 #>=d.$> ;or d.$ and #9#

?d 1/ ;or #9J # 1/ " 1$=#9" #># ;or #9 #

?; "+ F .-=;02$ " 1> ;or 4edi:4 si@ed cities and

s:9:r9an centres ;or 4etropolitan centres

it5 a ;ree line"o;"sig5t 9et

Microcells =ase station antennas 9elo< roo; top le6el>

PLLO( +2.* F 2*log=d> F 2log=;> ;or d J .2 ?4 =$>

3.2. Model Limitation and Accuracy)or reasona9le prediction res:lt, t5e 9elo< para4eters 5a6e to 9e


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per;or4ance o; t5e al;isc5"I?ega4i 4odel is poor =*>

(:9stit:ting PLNLO( 1'd, e:ation =*> is rearranged to 9e,

d 1==12.*1"2Log=5"1.$>F1/Log=1F59"5>>'/>

=->

As e:ation =-> 5as t5e d descri9ed as a ;:nction o; 5and 59, it is rat5er co4plicated to 9e :sed

to get a :ic? esti4ation on sites. In ot5er


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T5is grap5 relates in t5e case o; 59J5, 5=4edian 5eig5t o; t5e s:rro:nding o9stacle> to d =t5e

e8pected co6erage distance at t5e 9ore site o; t5e T( antenna>. 3ario:s 59 and 5 5eig5t

di;;erence scenarios 5a6e 9een plotted, , a 5ori@ontal line is e8tended to F ='/"1$=59"5>5>log=d> 1.*log=59"5>d =/>

PLNLO( 11-.'0 F 2log==5"1.$> F ='/"1$=59"5>5>log=d> ./log=59"5>d =0>

it5 t5e ass:4ption o; PLNLO( 1'd, e:ation =/> and =0> are re5>log=d> ./log=59"5>d 12.* " 2log==5"1.$> =11>

ot5 e:ation =1> and =11> are di;;ic:lt to sol6ed, 5ence, as :s:al, so4e calc:lations are done

:sing t5e EQ%EL spreads5eet at t5e 9ac?gro:nd in order to generate a grap5 to 9e :sed on sites.

1+


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)ro4 t5e a9o6e grap5, it is ;o:nd t5at t5e drop o; co6erage distance . Ne6ert5eless, ;or t5e p:rpose o; :ic? co6erage distance esti4ate, t5ea9o6e grap5s are ;o:nd to 9e s:;;icient. In general, it is concl:ded ;ro4 t5e grap5, t5at ;or t5e

case o; 5 J 59, t5e 5ig5er t5e 5gets, t5e s5orter t5e co6erage distance d


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4. Microcell EnvironmentA 4icrocell is a relati6el7 s4all o:tdoor area s:c5 as a street , lo< 9ase station antennas =on t5e order o; '4 to 14>, and lo< trans4itting

po. T5ere are 4an7 prediction 4odels ;or a 4icrocell

sit:ation. In t5is article, t5e a:t5ors


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5. Hilly Environment

A 5ill7 en6iron4ent is de;ined as an area


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+.1. Appropriate Propagation Model : 'errain &learance AngleMet)od

T5e Terrain %learance Angle 4et5od =re;erred to 5ereina;ter as T%A> is proposed 97 t5eE:ropean roadcasting Union =EU>, and adopted 97 %%IR. T5e 4ain ideas o; t5e 4et5od 5a6e

9een to retain t5e %%IR re;erence ;ield strengt5 c:r6es gi6en in ITU"R P.'-, t5e si4plicit7 o;

application, and to i4pro6e t5e acc:rac7 97 ta?ing into acco:nt t5e terrain e;;ects in t5e region o;

t5e recei6ing area. T5ese terrain e;;ects are incorporated t5ro:g5 t5e correction 9ased on a

terrain clearance angle. T5is angle s5o:ld 9e a representati6e o; t5ose angles in t5e reception

area 4eas:red 9et


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calc:lations o; t5e ;ield strengt5 on 4ore t5an 2 pat5s. T5is correction ;actor s5o:ld 9e added

to t5e ;ield strengt5 le6el o9tained ;ro4 t5e %%IR re;erence c:r6es gi6en in ITU"R P.'-.

T5e Pat5 Loss o; t5is 4et5od can 9e represented 97,

PL PLO#F %T%A =1+>

5erePLO# Pat5 Loss =d> esti4ated :sing classic O?:4:ra"#ata 4odel

%T%A atten:ationgain in d >

6 "0'.1

Terrain %learance Angle =radian>, re;er to t5e diagra4 9elo


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+.2. Model Limitation and Accuracy

D:e to t5e ;act t5at T%A 4et5od still relies on classic O?:4:ra"#ata 4odel, all li4itations on

t5is classic 4odel s5o:ld also appl7 to t5e T%A 4et5od =re;er to Large cell section>. In addition

to t5at, t5ere are so4e li4itations on t5e T%A. )or T%A greater t5an F' degree or lo


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T5e a9o6e grap5 is 9ased on t5e ordinar7 O?:4:ra"#ata 4odel in t5e :r9an en6iron4ent,

ass:4ing 54=51on t5e grap5> 1.$4. It s5o:ld also 9e noted t5at B:r9anC is c5osen to get t5e

is :oted rat5er t5an Pat5 Loss, 5o


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)or e8a4ple, one needs to esti4ate t5e on street recei6e signal strengt5 at 2!4 radial distance

;ro4 a T( site


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6. Sea EnvironmentIn t5is doc:4ent, (ea en6iron4ent is :sed to categori@e all 5:ge


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It s5o:ld also 9e noted t5at t5e a9o6e grap5 represents t5e res:lt o; 1 o; all ti4e. In ot5er


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scenarios, =1->Using t5is e:ation, t5e d5o; 59 '-.$4 and -$4 are ;o:nd to 9e 2$!4 and '$!4 respecti6el7.

#ence, as a r:le o; t5:49, t5e 4a8i4:4 co6erage o6er sea s5all al


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Pr8 ERP PL $0d4 " =10/.- -$> =-$d34 read ;ro4 grap5>

"*$d4

,.#. LOS$ Single and Multi %iffraction &a"e

It 5as 9een e8plain in t5is section t5at in sea en6iron4ent, t5e pat5 loss slope . To esti4ate t5e pat5 loss

;or 9ot5 t5e LO( and di;;raction scenario, t5e sa4e grap5 presented can 9e :sed.

. Indoor !ro"agationPropagation prediction ;or indoor radio s7ste4s di;;ers in so4e respects ;ro4 t5at ;or o:tdoor

s7ste4s. T5e :lti4ate p:rposes, as in o:tdoor s7ste4s, are to ens:re e;;icient co6erage o; t5e

re:ired area and to a6oid inter;erence, 9ot5


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coe;;icients incl:des an i4plicit allo

n n:49er o; ;loors 9et.

Q= co6erage pro9a9ilit7 4argin to o6erco4e indoor s5ado< ;ading

T7pical para4eters, 9ased on 6ario:s 4eas:re4ent res:lts, are gi6en in 9elo< ta9les. Additional

general g:idelines are gi6en at t5e end o; t5e section.

Poer loss coeicients5 N5 or indoor transission loss calc6lation

Poer loss coeicients5 N

Fre76enc- /")8 Residential Oice Coercial

0 M#@ " '' 2

1./"2 G#@ 2/ ' 22

Floor penetration loss actors5 /n/d9 it n being te n6ber o loors penetrated5 or

indoor transission loss calc6lation (n >=1

Floor penetration /n/d9

Fre76enc- /")8 Residential Oice Coercial

0 M#@ " 0 =1 ;loor>

10 =2 ;loor>2+ =' ;loor>

"

1./"2 G#@ +n 1$F+=n"1> *F'=n"1>

)or t5e 6ario:s ;re:enc7 9ands


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It is 6er7 co44on no FL; =n> 2/d F Q=0> or

LID '0 FNlog=d> FL; =n> =10>

Ass:4ing, ;02$M#@, indoor standard de6iation o; /d, 0 co6erage pro9a9ilit7 re:ired

F "+*d4

P2 '0d4 PLID ''log=2-> F 0 "$*d4

P' "*/d4

P+ "-'d4

It s5o:ld 9e noted t5at t5e a9o6e e8a4ple is solel7 9ased on preli4inar7 co6erage consideration.

T5e ai4 o; t5is e8a4ple is to ill:strate 5o< t5e presented propagation is :sed ;or :ic?

esti4ation. In practice, t5ere are ot5er critical iss:es t5at need to 9e considered


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consideration, t5e a9o6e con;ig:ration is :s:all7 not adopted as t5e o4ni antenna on s:c5 a 5ig5

location . (:c5 a 4odel 5as alread7 t5e re;raction,

re;lection, trans4ission, single and 4:ltiple di;;raction p5eno4enon i4plicitl7 co6ered


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T5e a9o6e 4eas:re4ent


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Also, t5e sc5e4atic 6ie< o; t5e t:nnel is s5o


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It is o;ten ;or 4aintenance and installation reason, t5e trans4itting antenna = is installed o:tside o; a t:nnel. T5e e;;ect o; s:c5 ?ind o; installation is e8a4ined

:sing t5e deter4inistic 4odel e8plained in t5e a9o6e4entioned


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5en an e8ternal antenna installation is adopted, t5e e8act location o; t5e antenna in ter4s o; its

5eig5t ;ro4 gro:nd, lateral distance ;ro4 t5e t:nnel a8is, distance ;ro4 t5e t:nnel opening pla7

an i4portant role in ac5ie6ing t5e 9est propagation into t5e t:nnel. Once again, si4:lations 5ad

9een done and t5e ;indings and concl:sions are e8tracted and :oted 9elo


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)irst, t5e trans4itting antenna is sit:ated at a distance d 24 in ;ront o; t5e t:nnel opening at '

di;;erent 5eig5ts 5T1.$4, 5T22.$4 and 5T'+.$4. T5e predicted po leads to t5e lo


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Last, t5e i4pact o; a lateral s5i;t is in6estigated ;or t5e sa4e t:nnel 4odel. At 2 distances d24

and d/4 ;ro4 t5e t:nnel opening, ' di;;erent trans4it antenna locations are :sed, respecti6el7.

T5e ;irst is t5e centric position t5e 2ndposition is s5i;ted 97 $.$4 to t5e le;t,


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.2.2. Model li(itation and !ccuracy

All t5e si4:lation and 4eas:re4ent res:lts presented are ;or t5e de6elop4ent o; a 5ig5l7

sop5isticated t:nnel deter4inistic 4odel. I; an7 o; t5e 4eas:re4ent res:lts are to 9e :tili@ed to

aid an7 ;or4 o; preli4inar7 t:nnel co6erage design, it s5o:ld 9e ens:red t5at t5e p57sical

c5aracteristics o; t5e t:nnel :nder design to closel7 rese49lance t5e one


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Grap5 =9> can also 9e :sed ;or preli4inar7 co6erage design ;or a c:r6ed s5aped road t:nnel. As

ill:strated on Grap5 =9>, a straig5t line is dra


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Po


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4odel

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