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Prokaryote - Bacteria Prokaryote:

**Unicellular, NO internal membranous structures

**(No membrane bound nuclei, mitochondria, etc…)

1. Bacteria –shape & stain color guides initial Rx

A. Shapes:(Diagram in Lab #1 Microscope)

i. Bacillus; rod

ii. Coccus; round

iii. Spiral; curved rod spirochete/syphillus

B. Cell wall: peptidoglycan, AKA murein

C. Reproduction: binary fission (asexual)

D. Treatment – Antibiotics.

• Easier to treat than other microbes – prokaryote targets.

• Discuss unethical survey

E. Bacteriology

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Prokaryote Shapes-Book Pictures p. 78-79 White Book

Meaning – SEM? um?

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Classification-Prokaryote Prokaryote: meaning?

2. Archea Extreme environments & unusual metabolism

A. No cell walls (or made of pseudomurein)

B. Examples – what do their names tell you?

i. Methanogens: Produce CH4 waste from respiration of CO2 & H2

ii. Halophiles: Salt-loving. REQUIRE EXTREME salt – Dead Sea & Great Salt Lake. (NOT ocean or most seas – not salty enough)

iii. Thermophiles: Use sulfur. Ocean vents. Yellowstone “pots”.

Halophile

Locations/Requirements

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Red Sea & Dead Sea are NOT

the same

Obligate halophiles (Archea)

require 20-30% salt Sea %Salinity

Red Sea 4%

Dead Sea 24-33%

Great Salt Lake Variable based on

water level 5-27%

Ocean 3.5%

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Classification- Fungi Eukaryotes

How evolve? Endosymbiotic Theory – Chap 4

1. Fungi (Discovery Video & PPT)

A. Yeasts-unicellular Larger than cocci

i. “Opportunistic” – infection when normal flora destroyed by

antibiotics. Causes thrush, vaginitis, diarrhea.

ii. Yogurt with “active cultures” good for replenishing normal flora

B. Molds & mushrooms-multicellular

i. Mycelia-mass of hyphae Size, shape, segmentation identify

ii. **Tape plates shut-airborne spores Tell survey exposure. Hood.

C. Cell walls; chitin

D. Heterotrophic & ABSORB nutrients (NOT photosynthetic)

E. Reproduction: asexual or sexual (both involve spores)

F. Mycology

Mold Reproduction

• Very complicated

• For the purposes of this class, it is sufficient to know molds can

reproduce sexually or asexually – both involve spores.

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Yeast Pictures-Oral Candidiasis (Candida albicans)

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Ringworm & Athlete’s Foot Pictures

Tinea pedis? Meaning?

• Pseudopod, … athlete’s foot

Tinea capitis? Meaning? What does per capita mean?

• Scalp/head

All ringworm, but diff areas, same genus, diff species

Trichophyton in hair – UV light & glows

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Classification-Protozoa 2. Protozoa

A. Unicellular

B. Examples? Amoebas, Giardia, Malaria

C. No cell wall – allows flexible & rapid movement

D. Movement:

i. Pseudopods

ii. Flagella

iii. Cilia

E. Reproduction: Sexual or asexual

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Giardia Pictures Discussion - Example

Shepherd’s hook

Liquid vs. solid stool

Suckers attach to intestinal wall

Alternate diarrhea & “rabbit” pellets

“Flu” for weeks

Backpacking. Beavers. Tetons.

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Classification – Helminths Discussion - Example

4. Helminths

A. Invertebrate animals (worms), some are infectious

parasites

B. Treatment difficult: As an animal their physiology

very similar to ours. Treatment is often toxic to our

cells.

C. COMPLEX reproductive cycles with multiple stages

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lg-1Vv4-58M

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcXdfofLoj0

3. https://www.google.com/search?q=Giardia&safe=strict&source

=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMz7644oLZAhUFIqwKH

b68D0cQ_AUICigB&biw=1344&bih=755#imgrc=UteYI6qDjXfsAM

:

4. https://www.google.com/search?q=types+of+helminths&safe=s

trict&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi62daM44L

ZAhXn6YMKHZc3BgkQ_AUICigB&biw=1344&bih=755#imgrc=fK

-Mbgj7G3PiSM:

5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHX5mlLjSqw

6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ab-Cd0k9Y1w

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Pinworm Discussion – Example

Also discussed Guinea Worm Previously

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Prions Prions – Separate category

1. Degenerative diseases of the CNS have been linked to an “infectious

PROTEIN”

2. All prion diseases lead to spongiform encephalitis or “holes” in the

brain”

3. Example disorder: Mad Cow (Show Video/make aware of video)

A. Cattle nervous system

B. Eat BEEF contaminated w/ spinal cord material – CAN’T cook out

C. Spongiform encephalitis years later – diagnosis only on autopsy

D. Prevention: Illegal to use mammal brains in feed, track each cow,

incinerate herd

E. No treatment/cure, fatal

4. Similar diseases:

• Creutzfeldt-Jakob (human),

inherited or spontaneous mutation

• Dura mater tissue (brain) & cornea

transplants & contaminated

surgical equipment

• Scrapie (sheep), Chronic Wasting

Disease (Deer & Elk)

Prion Video

1. Mad Cow

A. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aP-ShyyHiIc

2. Prion Disease

A. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xws0_I-xyOI

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Other Terms Miscellaneous Infectious Disease Terms

1. Host: Organism infected by pathogen

2. Vector: Arthropod or insect that carries organism between hosts, but

does not get the disease itself

A. Lyme disease vector = deer tick

B. Malaria vector = mosquito

3. Reservoir = Site where infectious agent survives.

A. It is a continual source of infection

B. Reservoir can be human, animal or non-living

C. Rabies: reservoir = bats, skunks, …

D. Tetanus: reservoir = soil

E. Cholera: reservoir = water

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Lyme Disease – Discussion only B. Bacterial: Lyme disease

i. Host: Human

ii. Vector: Deer tick

iii. Reservoir: Deer & field mice

iv. Initially – Bullseye rash & “flu-like”. Antibiotics now limit disease.

v. Joints, nervous system (over time). Antibiotics to kill organism, but can’t undo damage.

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Life Cycle-

Lyme Disease

Shape of the bacteria?

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Malaria –

Discussion

only

C. Protozoa: Malaria

i. Host: Human

ii. Vector: Mosquito

iii. Fever, chills, lyzed RBCs

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E. Coli O157 E.coli O157

1. Bacteria

2. SOURCE: **COW INTESTINES

A. MAIN exposure TRANSMISSION - Undercooked beef

(contaminated with bovine intestinal material)

B. Other potential exposure sources; unpasteurized beverages,

spinach

3. Within days the following symptoms occur, including

hemorrhagic colitis & hemolytic uremic syndrome. What do the

terms mean?

• Hemorrhagic colitis

• Hemolytic uremic syndrome

• Dehydration

• Kidney shutdown & death if symptoms not treated in time.

4. Self-limiting. Treat symptoms. NOT antibiotics

Antibiotics MAY be linked to increased incidence

of hemolytic uremia & kidney shutdown, perhaps

due to release of toxins as antibiotic break bacteria

1. Ecoli

A. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ps_Kw4EX7A

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Flesh-eating Strep species

Flesh-eating Strep

1. Bacteria

2. Source & transmission

3. Rapidly growing wound

4. Antibiotics

Video: Flesh Eating Bacteria Amputee

Gets Bionic Hands

Information on Necrotizing Fasciitis from

CDC

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HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS

1. Virus

2. Blood & body fluids

3. Sex, needles, transfusions, prenatally

4. No symptoms for years

5. AIDS: Kaposi’s sarcoma, life-threatening pneumonia

(Pneumocystis carinii) yeast & other infections

6. Treatment to delay symptoms, no cure

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Diseases associated with AIDS

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HIV Worldwide Distribution

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Syphillus-p. 729

Syphillus

1. Bacterial (spirochete)

2. Blood & body fluids

3. Sex, prenatal

4. 3 symptomatic stages:

A. 1o (2 weeks- months): Chancre, treatable

B. Latent 2-4 years

C. 2o: Rash

D. 3o: Tissues-brain, blind, aorta, skin

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Prior Knowledge: Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

1. Break apart the words – meaning?

2. Differences?

3. Similarities?

4. Organism examples?

Lab #41 Koch’s Postulates Critical Thinking #1 1. Eighty-one patients became ill and 14 died in an outbreak at St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, Washington,

D.C., in 1965. Epidemiologic evidence suggested a link between infection and wind-blown dust from excavations on hospital grounds. In 1968, 1444 cases of self-limited illness occurred in employees at the health department building in Pontiac, Michigan. Investigations at that time demonstrated that the etiologic agent was present in the condenser of a malfunctioning air-conditioning system. In 1974, at least 20 persons attending a convention at the Bellevue Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia developed pneumonia, and two died. In 1976, 182 people became ill and 29 died at another convention at the Bellevue Stratford Hotel. What would you need to do to identify the causative agent of these outbreaks?

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CDC Information on Legionella

Mayo Clinic Legionnaires

http://www.cdc.gov/24-7/images/cdcdiscovery/legionnaire1.jpg

http://wiki.ggc.edu/images/2/2d/Sy.jpg

Lab #41 Koch’s Postulates Critical Thinking #2

http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/history.html

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1. Near Four Corners, New Mexico, on May 14, two people living in the same household died within 5 days of each other. Their illnesses were characterized by flu-like symptoms with rapid respiratory failure. The third case was the death of an 8-year-old girl in Mississippi. Over the next 120 days, 53 more people became ill near Four Corners, and 26 died. One man became ill 2 weeks after returning home from a visit to New Mexico. On July 9, a previously healthy woman living in eastern Texas died following acute respiratory distress. The woman had not traveled outside of Texas. What evidence do you have that this is an infectious disease?

http://www.idealpestcontrol.ca/images/17201.jpg

Lab #41 Koch’s Postulates – Penicillium italicum

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P. italicum – smaller bluish colony

P. digitatum – larger olive-green

Both – citrus fruits & $$$ loss in storage & transit

Penicillium = “brush” appearance under scope

Bread, cheese, cold meats…

Farm storage of cereal in bins for feed:

High moisture? Grows & produces toxins – affects animals

Other Penicilliums –

apple rot

Benefits of P. roquefortii?

Blue cheese! Blue caused by the spores! Eat spores by the million!

P. notatum & P.chrysogenum – produce antibiotic penicillin. Why do

fungal species make antibiotics?

Penicillium Photos

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