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A VEHICLE TO VEHICLE COMMUNICATION
PROTOCOL FOR CO-OPERATIVE COLLISION
WARNING.
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
DHINESH NS [40507105010]
VELMURUGAN P [40507105048]
VENATARAMANAN S [4050710504!]
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
Of
"ACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
DHANALASHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ANNA UNIVERSIT#$ CHENNAI %00 0&5
APRIL - &011
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ANNA UNIVERSIT#$ CHENNAI %00 0&5
"ONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report 'A VEHICLE TO VEHICLE
COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL FOR CO-OPERATIVE
COLLISION WARNING( is the bonafide work of DHINESH NS)
VELMURUGAN P) VENATARAMANAN S(who carried out the
project work under my supervision.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr. N.T. Kumar Ph.D., .!.".T.#., $.!.#. r. "."hanmu%am .#.,
.!.".T.#., $.!.#.
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
#&ectrica& and #&ectronics #n%ineerin%, #&ectrica& and #&ectronics #n%ineerin%,
Dhana&akshmi Co&&e%e of #n%ineerin%, Dhana&akshmi Co&&e%e of #n%ineerin%,
Dr.'.P.( Na%ar, animan%a&am, Dr. '.P.( Na%ar, animan%a&am,
Chennai ) *+ -+ Chennai ) *+ -+
"ubmitted for the project vivavoce e/amination he&d at Dhana&akshmi Co&&e%e of
#n%ineerin%, Chennai on 0000000000000.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
!NT#(N12 #31!N#( #3T#(N12 #31!N#(
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ACNOWLEDGEMENT
4win% deep&y to supreme, we e/press our sincere thanks to our
honorab&e C*+,+/ D.V.P.R++*, P*.D.) Dhana&akshmi
Co&&e%e of #n%ineerin%, Chennai, for the faci&ities provided by him for
the comp&etion of this project.
5e e/press our who&e hearted thanks to our S232+
D.R.J2+3*+/+ S,/6* P*.D.) for his inva&uab&e support.
5e are very much revered to our P,/3,+
D.S.V29++3*+++* P*.D.)for his consistent %uidance shown in our
academic profi&e.
5e e/tend our heartfe&t %ratitude to our V,32 P,/3,+)H2+ :;
D2+2/ D. N.T. + P*.D.) M.I.S.T.E.) F.I.E) for his
consistent encoura%ement shown throu%hout our co&&e%e days.
5e are very much ob&i%ed to our P:
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A"STRACT
4ur Project proposes a vehic&etovehic&e communication protoco& for
cooperative co&&ision warnin%. #mer%in% wire&ess techno&o%ies for
vehic&etovehic&e 6'7'8 communications are promisin% to dramatica&&y
reduce the number of fata& roadway accidents by providin% ear&y
warnin%s. 4ne major technica& cha&&en%e addressed in this our project is
to achieve &ow&atency in de&iverin% emer%ency warnin%s in various road
situations. 9ased on a carefu& ana&ysis of app&ication re:uirements, we
desi%n an effective protoco&, comprisin% con%estion contro& po&icies,
service differentiation mechanisms and methods for emer%ency warnin%
dissemination. "imu&ation resu&ts demonstrate that the proposed protoco&
achieves &ow &atency in de&iverin% emer%ency warnin%s and efficient
bandwidth usa%e in stressfu& road scenarios. The wire&ess data
communication between two vehic&es is provided by introducin% ;i%bee
techno&o%y. !t is desi%ned around &owpower consumption a&&owin%
batteries to essentia&&y &ast forever. The distance measurement is provided
by
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TA"LE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE
LIST OF TA"LES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF A""REVIATIONS
1 INTRODUCTION
& "LOC DIAGRAM 7
- ULTRASONIC SENSORS -
-. $!T#CT
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% "U==ER
*. !NT(4D
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
(oad accidents account for a severe threat to human &ives from both an
injury as we&& as a financia& perspective. ?iven that vehic&es are desi%ned
to faci&itate a smooth means of transportation, manufacturers have &on%
been in the process of desi%nin% vehic&es based on princip&es of re&iabi&ity
and safety. >owever, due to reasons such as humanerror, circumstantia&
error and ne%&i%ence, accidents occur. Today, specia& attention is focused
on the techno&o%ies that can reduce traffic accidents. '7' techno&o%ies
are simp&e to imp&ement primari&y because of their re&iance on wire&esscommunication.
The communication protoco& inc&udes ;i%bee to communicate the
information between two vehic&es. The distance measurement between
two vehic&es is done by
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CHAPTER &
"LOC DIAGRAM
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5henever a sound wave movin% in air hits a so&id surface it
ref&ects . 5e often ca&& this ref&ected sound as an echo. The same app&ies
to a sound wave movin% throu%h water and hittin% an obstac&e. !f we
know the speed of sound in the air or water we can ca&cu&ate the distance.
To perform this we must measure the time taken for a pu&se of sound to
trave& to the object and back a%ain. The distance to the object and back is
%iven by 6distanceE"peed F Time8. 1s this is the tota& distance that the
sound has trave&ed to the object and back, we must divide by 7 to find the
oneway distance. This use of echoes is the basis of "4N1(. The pu&se
of sound that is used shou&d be short and hi%h fre:uencies are usua&&y
used as they trave& further without bein% absorbed. "ounds with a
fre:uency above 7+ k> are ca&&ed u&trasonic6beyond the ran%e of human
hearin%8. The speed of sound varies from one materia& to another. Typica&
speeds are appro/imate&y --+ mGs in air, @++ mGs in water, @+++ mGs in a
meta&. >ere the u&trasonic sensor ca&cu&ates the distance between the
sensor and the obstac&e and transmits it to the system. 4nce an object is
detected, a si%na& is sent to the onboard sense and avoids co&&ision and
corrective action is taken by the use of microcontro&&er.
DISTANCE MEASUREMENT$
Different techni:ues can be used to measure the distance by usin%
u&trasonic sensors. 1mon% them , continuouswave and pu&seecho
techni:ue are wide&y known. !n continuouswave methods, the transmitter
%enerates a continuous output, whose echo is detected by a separate
receiver. !n this case, accuracy depends on the measurement of the phase
shift between the transmitted and the ref&ected wave. 1&thou%h better
performance than with pu&seecho measurements can be obtained,
comp&e/ hardware is re:uired to measure the phase, and in most cases,
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different fre:uencies need to be used to determine the number of inte%er
wave&en%ths in the phase shift.
Pu&seecho techni:ues are wide&y used in commercia& systems due to &ess
comp&e/ity of hardware. !n pu&seecho techni:ue, a short train of pu&ses is
%enerated, enab&in% the same transducer to be used both as a transmitter
and as a receiver. !n the measurement methods, based on pu&seecho, the
distance information is retrieved from a timeoff&i%ht measurement, i.e.,
the time an u&trasonic wave needs to trave& from the transmitter to the
receiver after bein% ref&ected by an object. The pu&seecho techni:ue is
used in this paper to ca&cu&ate the distance of the obstac&e from the
vehic&e. The distance between the transmitter and the object is determined
usin% the fo&&owin% e:uationH
DE 6t F c8 G 7
5here D Distance between the source and the obstac&e
c
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CHAPTER 4
MICROCONTROLLER AT8!C51
4.1 FEATURES$
. Compatib&e with C"@I Products
7. =K 9ytes of !n"ystem (epro%rammab&e $&ash emory)
#nduranceH ,+++ 5riteG#rase Cyc&es
-. $u&&y "tatic 4perationH + > to 7= >.
=. Three&eve& Pro%ram emory 2ock
@. 7J / Jbit !nterna& (1
*. -7 Pro%rammab&e !G4 2ines
B. Two *bit TimerGCounters
J. "i/ !nterrupt "ources
. Pro%rammab&e "eria& Channe&
+.2owpower !d&e and Powerdown odes
4.& DESCRIPTION$
The 1TJC@ is a &owpower, hi%hperformance C4" Jbit
microcomputer with =K bytes of $&ash pro%rammab&e and erasab&e read
on&y memory 6P#(48. The device is manufactured usin% 1tme&s hi%h
density nonvo&ati&e memory techno&o%y and is compatib&e with the
industrystandard C"@ instruction set and pinout. The onchip $&ash
a&&ows the pro%ram memory to be repro%rammed insystem or by a
conventiona& nonvo&ati&e memory pro%rammer.
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4.> ARCHITECTURE$
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4.4 PIN DIAGRAM$
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4.5 PIN DESCRIPTIONS$
VCC"upp&y vo&ta%e.
GND?round.
P: 0!t is an Jbit opendrain bidirectiona& !G4 port. 1s an output port,
each pin can sink ei%ht TT2 inputs. 5hen s are written to port + pins,
the pins can be used as hi%h impedance inputs it may a&so be confi%ured
to be the mu&tip&e/ed &ow order addressGdata bus durin% accesses to
e/terna& pro%ram and data memory. !n this mode P+ has interna& pu&&ups.
Port + a&so receives the code bytes durin% $&ash pro%rammin%, and
outputs the code bytes durin% pro%ram verification. #/terna& pu&&ups are
re:uired durin% pro%ram 'erification.
P: 1!t is an Jbit bidirectiona& !G4 port with interna& pu&&ups.The Port
output buffers can sinkGsource four TT2 inputs. 5hen s are written to
Port pins they are pu&&ed hi%h by the interna& pu&&ups and can be used
as inputs. 1s inputs, Port pins that are e/terna&&y bein% pu&&ed &ow wi&&
source current 6!!28 because of the interna& pu&&ups. Port a&so receives
the &oworder address bytes durin% $&ash pro%rammin% and verification.
P: &!t is an Jbit bidirectiona& !G4 port with interna& pu&&ups. The
Port 7 output buffers can sinkGsource four TT2 inputs. 5hen s are
written to Port 7 pins they are pu&&ed hi%h by the interna& pu&&ups and can
be used as inputs. 1s inputs, Port 7 pins that are e/terna&&y bein% pu&&ed
&ow wi&& source current 6!!28 because of the interna& pu&&ups. Port 7 emits
the hi%horder address byte durin% fetches from e/terna& pro%ram
memory and durin% accesses to e/terna& data memory that uses *bit
addresses 64'3 LDPT(8. !n this app&ication, it uses stron% interna&
pu&&ups when emittin% s. Durin% accesses to e/terna& data memory that
uses Jbit addresses 64'3 L (!8, Port 7 emits the contents of the P7
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"pecia& $unction (e%ister. Port 7 a&so receives the hi%horder address bits
and some contro& si%na&s durin% $&ash pro%rammin% and verification.
P: >-!t is an Jbit bidirectiona& !G4 port with interna& pu&&ups. The
Port - output buffers can sinkGsource four TT2 inputs. 5hen s are
written to Port - pins they are pu&&ed hi%h by the interna& pu&&ups and can
be used as inputs. 1s inputs, Port - pins that are e/terna&&y bein% pu&&ed
&ow wi&& source current 6!!28 because of the pu&&ups.
Port - a&so serves the functions of various specia& features of the
1TJC@ as &isted be&owH
Port - a&so receives some contro& si%na&s for $&ash pro%rammin% and
verification.
RST-(eset input. 1 hi%h on this pin for two machine cyc&es whi&e the
osci&&ator is runnin% resets the device.
ALE?PROG-1ddress 2atch #nab&e output pu&se for &atchin% the &ow byte
of the address durin% accesses to e/terna& memory. This pin is a&so the
pro%ram pu&se input 6P(4?8 durin% $&ash pro%rammin%. !n norma&
operation 12# is emitted at a constant rate of G* the osci&&ator
fre:uency, and may be used for e/terna& timin% or c&ockin% purposes. !f
desired, 12# operation can be disab&ed by settin% bit + of "$( &ocation
J#>. 5ith the bit set, 12# is active on&y durin% a 4'3 or 4'C
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instruction. 4therwise, the pin is weak&y pu&&ed hi%h. "ettin% the 12#
disab&e bit has no effect if the microcontro&&er is in e/terna& e/ecution
mode.
PSENPro%ram "tore #nab&e is the read strobe to e/terna& pro%ram
memory. 5hen the 1TJC@ is e/ecutin% code from e/terna& pro%ram
memory, P"#N is activated twice each machine cyc&e, e/cept that two
P"#N activations are skipped durin% each access to e/terna& data
memory.
EA?VPP- #/terna& 1ccess #nab&e. #1 must be strapped to ?ND inorder
to enab&e the device to fetch code from e/terna& pro%ram memory
&ocations startin% at ++++> up to $$$$>.This pin a&so receives the 7
vo&t pro%rammin% enab&e vo&ta%e 6'PP8 durin% $&ash pro%rammin%, for
parts that re:uire7vo&t 'PP.
@TAL1- !nput to the invertin% osci&&ator amp&ifier and input to the
interna& c&ock operatin% circuit.
@TAL&- 4utput from the invertin% osci&&ator amp&ifier.
4.% AB:2 M+, R+,/6B$
4peratin% Temperature @@oC to M7@oC
"tora%e Temperature *@C to M@+C
'o&ta%e on any Pin with (espect to
?round
.+' to MB.+'
a/imum 4peratin% 'o&ta%e *.*'
DC 4utput Current @.+m1
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CHAPTER 5
=IG"EE
5.1 INTRODUCTION
;i%9ee is the name of a specification for a suite of hi%h &eve&
communication protoco&s usin% sma&&, &owpower di%ita& radios based on
the !### J+7.@.=7++* standard for wire&ess persona& area networks
65P1Ns8, such as wire&ess headphones connectin% with ce&& phones via
short ran%e radio. The techno&o%y is intended to be simp&er and &ess
e/pensive than other 5P1Ns, such as 9&uetooth.
!t is suitab&e for &ow data rate and &ow power consumption
app&ication with other wire&ess techno&o%ies such as 9&uetooth and 5i$i.
1pp&ication inc&udes home and bui&din% automation, industria& contro&,
vehic&e mana%ement systems. The ;i%9ee modu&e avai&ab&e in the re%u&ar
+m ran%e version, and the -+m pro version.
5.& WORING PRINCIPLE
;i%9ee hardware typica&&y consist of an ei%ht bit icrocontro&&er
combined with a miniature transceiver a sma&& amount 6e/. -7 K98 of
f&ash memory and (1. The 39ee modu&e is interconnected with the
ei%ht bit microcontro&&er. The C4" &o%ic is used between the
icrocontro&&es amd 39## modu&e, the fo&&owin% fi%ure e/p&ains how
the information is transmitted and received usin% ;i%9ee.
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5.> T#PES OF =IG"EE
=,6"22 C::,/+: =C
The most capab&e device, the coordinator forms the root of the
network tree and mi%ht brid%e to other networks. There is e/act&y one
;i%bee coordinator in each network since it is the device that started the
network ori%ina&&y. !t is ab&e to store information about the network,
actin% as the Trust Centre.
=,6"22 R:2 =R
!t can act as an intermediate router, passin% data from other
devices.
=,6"22 E/ D2,32B =ED
Contains just enou%h functiona&ity to ta&k to the parent node, it
cannot re&ay data from other devices. This re&ationship a&&ows the node to
be as&eep a si%nificant amount of the time thereby %ivin% &on% battery &ife.
1 ;#D re:uires the &east amount of memory, and can be &ess e/pensive to
manufacture than a ;( or ;C.
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5.4 AREAS OF APPLICATION
>4# 151(#N#""H 5ater sensors, power sensors, smoke and fire
detectors, smart app&iances and access sensors.
49!2# "#('!C#"H mpayement, mmonitorin% and contro&, m
security and access contro&.
!ND
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CHAPTER %
"U==ER
%.1 INTRODUCTION
1 buer is a si%na&in% device, used in automobi&es, househo&d
app&iances such as microwave oven. The pieoe&ectric sound components
operate on an princip&e uti&iin% natura& osci&&ation of pieoe&ectric
ceramics. Today, pieoe&ectric sound components are used in many wayssuch as home app&iances, audio e:uipment te&ephones. They are app&ied
wide&y in a&arms, speakers, te&ephone rin%ers, receivers, transmitters,
beep sounds, etc.
%.& WORING PRINCIPLE
9asica&&y, the sound source of a pieoe&ectric sound component is a
pieoe&ectric diaphra%m. !t consists of a pieoe&ectric ceramic p&ate which
has e&ectrodes on both sides and a meta& p&ate. Ceramic p&ate is attached
to a meta& p&ate with adhesives. 1pp&yin% D.C. vo&ta%e between
e&ectrodes of a pieoe&ectric diaphra%m causes mechanica& distortion due
to the pieoe&ectric effect.
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Diaphra%m operation
$or a misshaped pieoe&ectric e&ement, the distortion of the
pieoe&ectric e&ement e/pands in a radia& direction. The meta& p&ate
bonded to the pieoe&ectric e&ement does not e/pand. Converse&y , when
the pieoe&ectric e&ement shrinks, thus, when 1.C. vo&ta%e is app&ied
across e&ectrodes, producin% sound waves in the air.
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CHAPTER 7
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS
B.
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B.- !C(4C4NT(422#(
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B.= 13-7-7#P#
B.= 2DB"-- "4T7--
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B.= T!P77
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; MO@ DA)7HIGH7DATA9A; L)ALL 3RITE7DA)7DATA; LJMP TO7GENERATE7IR7GAP1;IR7R'17LO36; MO@ A9DA)7HIGH7DATA; ANL A9B-!??ER17OFF7MAS.; MO@ DA)7HIGH7DATA9A; L)ALL 3RITE7DA)7DATA;TO7GENERATE7IR7GAP16; L)ALL GENERATE7IR7GAP; LJMP GENERATE7)ONTINO!S7IR7-IT71
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DELA6 MO@ R19 B10DELA16 MO@ R29 B255DELA26 NOP
NOPDJN? R29 DELA2DJN? R19 DELA1RET
;Ar+i4aely %i>e& 1 4ir+&e+,<
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L)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELAL)ALL DELA
RET
ONE7SE)OND7DELA6
L)ALL HALF7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL HALF7SE)OND7DELA
RET
THREE7SE)OND7DELA6
L)ALL ONE7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL ONE7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL ONE7SE)OND7DELA
RET
SE@EN7SE)OND7DELA6
L)ALL ONE7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL ONE7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL ONE7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL ONE7SE)OND7DELA
L)ALL ONE7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL ONE7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL ONE7SE)OND7DELA
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RET
TEN7SE)OND7DELA6
L)ALL THREE7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL SE@EN7SE)OND7DELA
RET
THIRT7SE)OND7DELA6
L)ALL THREE7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL SE@EN7SE)OND7DELA
L)ALL THREE7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL SE@EN7SE)OND7DELA
L)ALL THREE7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL SE@EN7SE)OND7DELA
RET
FORT7SE)OND7DELA6
L)ALL THREE7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL SE@EN7SE)OND7DELA
L)ALL THREE7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL SE@EN7SE)OND7DELA
L)ALL THREE7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL SE@EN7SE)OND7DELA
L)ALL THREE7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL SE@EN7SE)OND7DELA
RET
3RITE7DA)7DATA6MO@ P09B0FFH
MO@ DPTR9BDA)7HIGH7LEMO@ A9DA)7HIGH7DATA ;!PPER / -ITS OF DA) DATA9DA)7)S0
MO@' KDPTR9A
MO@ P09B0FFHMO@ DPTR9BDA)7LO37LEMO@ A9DA)7LO37DATA ;LO3ER " -ITS OF DA) DATAMO@' KDPTR9A
MO@ P09B0FFHMO@ DPTR9BDA)7HIGH7LE
MO@ A9DA)7HIGH7DATA ;!PPER / -ITS OF DA) DATAORL A9BDA)7)S ;DA)7)S1MO@' KDPTR9A
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RET
SEND7G6MO@ A9BGMO@ S-!F9A
SND7G6 JN- TI9SND7G)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7H6MO@ A9BHMO@ S-!F9A
SND7H6 JN- TI9SND7H)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7I6MO@ A9BIMO@ S-!F9A
SND7I6 JN- TI9SND7I)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7J6MO@ A9BJMO@ S-!F9A
SND7J6 JN- TI9SND7J)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7.6MO@ A9B.MO@ S-!F9A
SND7.6 JN- TI9SND7.)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7L6MO@ A9BLMO@ S-!F9A
SND7L6 JN- TI9SND7L)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7M6MO@ A9BMMO@ S-!F9A
SND7M6 JN- TI9SND7M)LR TIL)ALL DELA
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RET
SEND7N6MO@ A9BNMO@ S-!F9A
SND7N6 JN- TI9SND7N)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7O6MO@ A9BOMO@ S-!F9A
SND7O6 JN- TI9SND7O)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7P6MO@ A9BPMO@ S-!F9A
SND7P6 JN- TI9SND7P)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND76MO@ A9BMO@ S-!F9A
SND76 JN- TI9SND7)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7R6MO@ A9BRMO@ S-!F9A
SND7R6 JN- TI9SND7R)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7S6MO@ A9BSMO@ S-!F9A
SND7S6 JN- TI9SND7S)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7T6MO@ A9BTMO@ S-!F9A
SND7T6 JN- TI9SND7T)LR TIL)ALL DELA
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RET
SEND7!6MO@ A9B!MO@ S-!F9A
SND7!6 JN- TI9SND7!)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7@6MO@ A9B@MO@ S-!F9A
SND7@6 JN- TI9SND7@)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND736MO@ A9B3MO@ S-!F9A
SND736 JN- TI9SND73)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7'6MO@ A9B'MO@ S-!F9A
SND7'6 JN- TI9SND7')LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND76MO@ A9BMO@ S-!F9A
SND76 JN- TI9SND7)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7?6MO@ A9B?MO@ S-!F9A
SND7?6 JN- TI9SND7?)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND706MO@ A9B0MO@ S-!F9A
SND706 JN- TI9SND70)LR TIL)ALL DELA
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RET
SEND716MO@ A9B1MO@ S-!F9A
SND716 JN- TI9SND71)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND726MO@ A9B2MO@ S-!F9A
SND726 JN- TI9SND72)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND76MO@ A9BMO@ S-!F9A
SND76 JN- TI9SND7)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7/6MO@ A9B/MO@ S-!F9A
SND7/6 JN- TI9SND7/)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND756MO@ A9B5MO@ S-!F9A
SND756 JN- TI9SND75)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7#6MO@ A9B#MO@ S-!F9A
SND7#6 JN- TI9SND7#)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND76MO@ A9BMO@ S-!F9A
SND76 JN- TI9SND7)LR TIL)ALL DELA
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RET
SEND7"6MO@ A9B"MO@ S-!F9A
SND7"6 JN- TI9SND7")LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7*6MO@ A9B*MO@ S-!F9A
SND7*6 JN- TI9SND7*)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7!OTE6MO@ A9BMO@ S-!F9A
SND7!OTE6 JN- TI9SND7!OTE)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7)OMMA6MO@ A9B9MO@ S-!F9A
SND7)OMMA6 JN- TI9SND7)OMMA)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7)OLLON6MO@ A9B6MO@ S-!F9A
SND7)OLLON6 JN- TI9SND7)OLLON)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7SPA)E6MO@ A9B MO@ S-!F9A
SND7SPA)E6 JN- TI9SND7SPA)E)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
SEND7NE37LINE6MO@ A9B00-HMO@ S-!F9A
SND7NE37LINE6 JN- TI9SND7NE37LINE)LR TIL)ALL DELA
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RET
SEND7)ARRIAGE7RET!RN6MO@ A9B00DHMO@ S-!F9A
SND7)ARRIAGE7RET!RN6 JN- TI9SND7)ARRIAGE7RET!RN)LR TIL)ALL DELARET
)37))LE6L)ALL ONE7TENTH7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL STEP1L)ALL ONE7TENTH7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL STEP2L)ALL ONE7TENTH7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL STEPL)ALL ONE7TENTH7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL STEP/RET
))37))LE6L)ALL ONE7TENTH7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL STEPL)ALL ONE7TENTH7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL STEP2L)ALL ONE7TENTH7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL STEP1L)ALL ONE7TENTH7SE)OND7DELAL)ALL STEP/RET
;Se Se1STEP16
MO@ A9B01EHMO@ DA)7LO37DATA9AL)ALL 3RITE7DA)7DATARET
;Se Se2STEP26
MO@ A9B#HMO@ DA)7LO37DATA9AL)ALL 3RITE7DA)7DATARET
;Se SeSTEP6
MO@ A9BHMO@ DA)7LO37DATA9AL)ALL 3RITE7DA)7DATARET
;Se Se/STEP/6MO@ A9B1-H
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MO@ DA)7LO37DATA9AL)ALL 3RITE7DA)7DATARET
END
C>1PT#(
D1T1 ">##T"
.
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.7 !C(4C4NT(422#(
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.- ;!?9##
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CHAPTER 10
REFERENCES
. uhammad (ashid.>, Power #&ectronics circuits, Devices and
1pp&ication , #astern #conomy #dition Prentice >a&& of !ndia
Private 2imited.
7. Charu&atha Pub&ication, icroprocessor 1nd icrocontro&&er
4N2!N# "4