Final Review Packet Unit 1-3UNIT 1: Design Process 2% 1-2 questionsIn this unit you will learn an engineering design process (i.e., method to solve a problem or create a new product). You will also develop important skills, such as concept sketching and setting up and maintaining an engineering notebook and portfolio.

Essential Questions1. When solving an engineering problem, how can we be reasonably sure that we have created the best

solution possible? What is the evidence?2. How many alternate solutions are necessary to ensure a good final solution?3. What engineering accomplishment of the 20th century has had the greatest impact on society? Justify

your answer.4. What will be the biggest impact that engineering will have on society and your life in the 21st century?

Justify your answer. 5. Engineering tends to be a male-dominated profession. Why is that?

Vocabulary

Engineers - A person who is trained in and uses technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.

Designers - A person who designs any of a variety of things. This usually implies the task of creating drawings or in some ways uses visual cues to organize his or her work.

Design Process - A systematic problem-solving strategy, with criteria and constraints, used to develop many possible solutions to solve a problem or satisfy human needs and wants and to winnow (narrow) down the possible solutions to one final choice.

Engineering Notebook - A book in which an engineer will formally document, in chronological order, all of his/her work that is associated with a specific design project.

Concept Sketching - A graphical representation of an idea that can quickly communicate design intent and details. Can be quickly and roughly drawn to document brainstormed ideas or show more detail and include shading to communicate more precise information. Can include annotations to better explain technical details

Annotations – To add explanatory notes to a drawing.

Shading - Shading makes your drawings appear more realistic by adding depth and contrast . Shows value or tones light to dark.

An engineering notebook is used to formally document, in chronological order, all of the work that a person performs related to a specific design project. It should be clear and complete so that someone unfamiliar with the work could take over the project without additional information.

Engineering Notebook Best Practices

Use a bound notebook Use ink pen (not pencil) Document all steps of the design process Include summaries of research and conversations Add periodic progress reports

Reflect on tasks accomplished Reflect on future needs

Follow specific entry page guidance in Figure 2

Components of an Engineering Notebook:

The Design Process: Know the steps in this process.

Vocabulary:

Iterative – A process that repeats a series of steps over and over until the desired outcome is obtained.

Design Brief – A written plan that identifies a problem to be solved, its criteria, and its constraints. The design brief is used to encourage thinking of all aspects of a problem before attempting a solution.

Assess – To thoroughly and methodically analyze accomplishment against specific goals and criteria.

Validity – Well-founded on evidence and corresponds accurately to the real world.

Constraints - 1. A limit to a design process. Constraints may be such things as appearance, funding, space, materials, and human capabilities. 2. A limitation or restriction.

Criteria - A means of judging. A standard, rule, or test by which something can be judged.

Know the components of a Design Brief and what the Design Brief looks like

Design decisions should be based on analysis and logic, not personal opinion. A decision matrix is used to compare design solutions against one another using specific criteria. The matrix is a design tool that can be used multiple times throughout a design process.There are three main steps to creating a decision matrix.

1. Identify the criteria.2. List problem solution ideas.3. Create a grading scale.

Project PortfolioA portfolio is a collection of documents selected for a specific purpose. While there are many different types of portfolios, let’s focus on the elements of a project portfolio. A project portfolio is a collection of artifacts assembled to document the design process of a single project. It is used to showcase a student’s application of the design process.

Important: Project portfolios should not be confused with your course binder or your PLTW Engineering Notebook. Some duplication may occur, but the portfolio is an entirely separate deliverable.

The design process can be used to arrange a project portfolio in a logical manner. Your completed portfolio should clearly cite all sources and be able to stand alone as evidence of the entire project process. Explore the images in Figure 1 to learn details about the pages within a project portfolio.

Discover Engineering 1.6All engineers are problems solvers. The differences among the roles of engineers in varying disciplines are dependent on the types of problems that are solved. In general there are four major disciplines within the engineering field: chemical, civil, electrical, and mechanical. Many other engineering disciplines are derived as an extension of or a specialization within one of these major disciplines. For example, environmental engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering. Other engineering disciplines have resulted from the combination of aspects of two or more of the major disciplines. Mechatronics is a relatively new branch of engineering that incorporates both mechanical and electrical engineering principles.

Design Innovation: Vocabulary

Product - A tangible artifact produced by means of either human or mechanical work, or by biological or chemical process.

Innovation - An improvement of an existing technological product, system, or method of doing something.

Invention - A new product, system, or process that has never existed before, created by study and experimentation.

Research - The systematic study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

Unit 2: Technical Sketching and Drawing 22% 13-14 questions

To properly communicate technical information about objects that must be manufactured, fluency in the universal language of technical drawing is required. One of the first steps to learning this language is developing the ability to sketch.

In this unit you will learn how to sketch isometric, oblique, perspective, and multiview sketches of various objects. You will also be introduced to accepted practices of technical drawing and the drawing standards that apply. 

Essential Questions1. How is technical drawing similar to and different from artistic drawing?2. In what ways can technical drawings help or hinder the communication of problem solution in a global community?3. Strong spatial-visualization skills have been linked to success in engineering. Why are spatial-visualization skills so

important to engineering success?

Types of Pictorials

Figure 1 illustrates three types of pictorial drawings: isometric, oblique, and perspective.

Figure 1. Types of pictorials Notice that there are two sub-types of oblique pictorials: cavalier and cabinet. For now, we will concentrate on distinguishing between isometric and oblique sketches. You will learn more about perspective views in a later activity.

2.1 Isometric Sketching:Isometrics are a common pictorial used both for concept sketches and to represent designs in technical drawings. Isometric views present a design in a realistic way that appears three dimensional.

Isometric Pictorials

An isometric pictorial is a type of technical sketch that realistically represents an object. Isometric views appear three-dimensional because they show three sides of an object and are proportional. If you measure the width, depth, and height of an object in an isometric view, the measurements will reflect the real proportions of the object.Characteristics of an isometric sketch Sketch appears three-dimensional because three sides are shown All principal dimensions (width, depth and height) are represented in true proportion Width and depth lines are drawn at 30 degrees from the horizontal lines All height lines are vertical The shapes of the object faces are distorted (not represented as true shapes)

Figure 1. Example of an isometric sketch

2.2 Perspective Pictorials A perspective drawing offers the most realistic three-dimensional view of all the pictorial methods, because it portrays the object in a manner that is most similar to how the human eye perceives the visual world.

Developing realistic sketches requires a sense of proportion. You must accurately represent the size, distance, angles, and other spatial relationships of the real object.

2.3 Glass Box

The idea of orthographic projections can be demonstrated using a glass box. Place an object in a glass box so that the faces of the object are parallel to the sides of the box. The features of each surface of the object can be projected onto a side of the glass box by drawing lines to indicate the object edges on the glass box surfaces. Typically a multi-view drawing will include a front, side, and top orthographic projection as well as an isometric view.

Vocabulary:

Isometric- A form of pictorial sketch in which all three drawing axes form equal angles of 120 degrees with the plane of projection.

Oblique- A form of pictorial in which an object is represented as true width and height, but the depth can be any size and drawn at any angle.

Perspective - A form of pictorial sketch in which vanishing points are used to provide the depth and distortion that is seen with the human eye.

Cavalier Oblique - Oblique pictorial where height, width, and depth are represented at full scale.

Cabinet Oblique - Oblique pictorial where depth is represented as half scale compared to the height and width scale.

Object Lines - A heavy solid line used on a drawing to represent the outline of an object.

Shading - The representation of light and shade on a sketch or map.

Scale - 1. A straight-edged strip of rigid material marked at regular intervals that is used to measure distances. 2. A proportion between two sets of dimensions used to develop accurate, larger or smaller prototypes, or models.

Proportion - 1. The relationship of one thing to another in size, amount, etc. 2. Size or weight relationships among structures or among elements in a single structure.

Point - A location in space.

Edge - The line along which two surfaces of a solid meet.

Vanishing Point - A vanishing point is a point in space, usually located on the horizon, where parallel edges of an object appear to converge.

Construction Line - Lightly drawn lines to guide drawing other lines and shapes.

Orthographic Projection - A method of representing three-dimensional objects on a plane having only length and breadth. Also referred to as Right Angle Projection.

Multi-View - A drawing which contains views of an object projected onto two or more orthographic planes

View - Colloquial term for views of an object projected onto two or more orthographic planes in a multi-view drawing.

Box Net – a flat pattern that will fold into a box

Cube Nets - if cut along the exterior lines and folded on the interior lines, the flat pattern can be transformed into a box in the form of a cube

Hidden Lines - A line type that represents an edge that is not directly visible.

Orthographic Projections and Multi-views An Orthographic Projection is:

• A technique used to create multi-view drawings.

• Any projection of the features of an object onto an imaginary plane of projection.

– The projection of the features of the object is made by lines of sight that are perpendicular to the plane of the feature.

Multi-views• Shows two or more two-dimensional views of a three-dimensional object.

• Provides the shape description of an object.

• When combined with dimensions, serves as the main form of communication between designers and manufacturers.

All three-dimensional objects have width, height, and depth.

– Width is associated with an object’s side-to-side dimension.

– Height is associated with an object’s top-to-bottom dimension.

– Depth is associated with an object’s front-to-back dimension.

Recommendations for how to select the front view

– Most natural position or use

– Shows best shape and characteristic contours

– Longest dimensions

– Fewest hidden lines

– Most stable and natural position

Line Conventions

• Lines of varying style and thickness are used in specific ways to develop and communicate graphic messages about an object’s geometry. The next few slides show some basic line conventions and their use.

Where is the cutting plane line?

Unit 3 Measurement and Statistics 13% 8 questionsPrefaceThe International System of Units (SI units) is accepted as the international standard for acquiring and communicating measurements. Today, in the United States, we use both the U.S. customary system of units and the International System of Units.

In this unit, you will be introduced to measurement and precision of measurement using both of the common unit systems through the study of linear distance and angles. You will also learn to use statistics to organize, analyze, interpret, and present measurement data.

Essential Questions1. Can statistics be interpreted to justify conflicting viewpoints? Can this affect how we use statistics to

inform, justify, and validate a problem solution?2. Why is error unavoidable when making a measurement?3. What strategy would you use to teach another student how to use units and quantitative reasoning to

solve a problem involving quantities? 4. What would happen if engineers did not follow accepted dimensioning standards and guidelines, but

instead, used their own individual dimensioning methods?

Vocabulary:

International System of Units (SI) - A measurable extent, such as the three principal dimensions of an object as in width, height, and depth.

Accuracy - The degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to the actual (or accepted) value.

Precision - The degree to which repeated measurements show the same result.

Measured - To determine the size, amount, or degree of an object by comparison with a standard unit.

Units - A standard quantity in terms of which other quantities may be expressed.

Significant Figures -The digits in a decimal number that carry meaning contributing to the precision or accuracy of the quantity.

Dimensions - A measurable extent, such as the three principal dimensions of an object as in width, height, and depth.

U.S Customary Units (Inch) - System of measurement used in the United States.

Convert - To change money, stocks, or units in which a quantity is expressed into others of a different kind.

SI

US Customary

Unit Conversions:

1/4

1/23/4

Engineers of all disciplines are constantly required to work with measurements of a variety of quantities—length, area, volume, mass, force, time, temperature, electric current. It is often necessary to express those measurements in different units.

3.3 Making Linear Measurements

Caliper -A measuring instrument having two adjustable jaws typically used to measure diameter or thickness.

Scale - 1. A straight-edged strip of rigid material marked at regular intervals that is used to measure distances. 2. A proportion between two sets of dimensions used to develop accurate, larger or smaller prototypes, or models.

Measure - To determine the size, amount, or degree of an object by comparison with a standard unit.

Alternate View: Section View:

Overall Dimensions:

- Include all dimensions necessary to produce or inspect the part. - Dimensions should be attached to the view that best shows the contour of the feature to be dimensioned.

- A dimension should be attached to only one view; for example, extension lines should not connect two views.

- Whenever possible, locate dimensions between adjacent views.

- Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines.

- Do not place dimensions on the object unless it is absolutely necessary.

- Do not cross a dimension line with another dimension line or with an extension line.

- Avoid crossing dimension or extension lines with leader lines.

- In general, a circle is dimensioned by its diameter and an arc by its radius.

- Holes should be located and sized in the view that shows the feature as a circle.

- Holes are located by their centerlines, which may be extended and used as extension lines.

General Rules for Dimensioning

1. Dimensions should reflect the actual size of the object, not the scaled size.2. Include overall dimensions in the three principle directions – height, width, and depth.

a. Overall dimensions should be placed the greatest distance away from the object so that intermediate dimensions can nest closer to the object to avoid crossing extension lines.

3. Include all dimensions necessary to produce or inspect the part.a. Dimensions should be placed so that it is not necessary for the observer to calculate, scale, or assume any

measurement.4. Do not include unnecessary dimensions.

a. Dimensions should NOT be duplicated, nor should the same information be given in two different ways.b. Do not include chain dimensions that add up to a given overall dimension.

Important: In the case of chain dimensions, in general, you do not need to know the measurement of every smaller dimension in a chain that contributes to an overall dimension if the overall dimension is given. At least one of the contributory dimensions should be omitted to avoid duplication. This omission does not require a calculation of the omitted dimension, since the part can be produced without knowing the specific magnitude of that dimension. That magnitude is simply the distance remaining after the part is built according to the overall dimensions and the other contributory dimensions that are provided.

5. Dimensions should be attached to the view that best shows the contour of the feature to be dimensioned.6. A dimension should be attached to only one view (that is, extension lines should not connect two views).7. Place dimensions between adjacent views whenever possible.8. Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines.9. Do not place dimensions on the object unless it is absolutely necessary.10. Do not cross a dimension line with another dimension line or with an extension line.11. Avoid crossing dimension or extension lines with leader lines.12. Leader lines point toward the center of the feature at an angle and should never be placed horizontally or vertically.13. Dimension numbers should be centered between arrowheads, except when using stacked dimensions where the

numbers should be staggered.14. In general, a circle is dimensioned by its diameter; an arc is dimensioned by its radius.15. Holes should be located in the view that shows the feature as a circle.16. Holes should be located by their center lines which may be extended and used as extension lines.

Applied Statistics: Collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on data.

Vocabulary:

Quality Control - A system used to verify the quality of a product.

Statistics – Collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on data.

Variation – A change or slight difference in condition, amount, or level.

Data Set – A group of individual values or bits of information that are related in some way or have some common characteristic or attribute.

Histogram – A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data.

Dot Plot –See line plot.

Class Interval -A group of values that is used to analyze the distribution of data.

Mean – A measure of center in a set of numerical data, computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing by the number of values in the list.

Median – A measure of center in a set of numerical data. The median of a list of values is the value appearing at the center of a sorted version of the list – or the mean of the two central values if the list contains an even number of values.

Mode –The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set.

Range – The difference between the top and bottom number of a data set

Normally Distributed - A function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph.

Precision and Accuracy of Measurement

There are two distinct terms that are related to uncertainty in measurement – accuracy and precision. Although precision and accuracy are often confused, there is a difference between the meanings of the two terms in the fields of science and engineering.

Empirical Rule

Given normally distributed data, 68% of the data values should fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean, 95% should fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean and 99.7 % should fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean. This is referred to as the Empirical Rule.

Manufacturing a BoxMass Production - The method of producing a large volume of product for a lower cost.

Quality Control - A system used to verify the quality of a product.

Testing Trueness and Squareness:1. Scope

1.1 This test method covers locations for measuring trueness and squareness of boxes manufactured for the Automata Mechanism in Introduction to Engineering Design.1.2 This standard does not claim to address all safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the tester to take appropriate precautions to protect the tester and the product from injury or damage.

2. Key Terms2.1 squareness – the lack of deviation from a right angle.2.2 trueness – the lack of deviation from straightness or flatness.