Progressivism Review

Reform

• Change for the better

Rockefeller

• Dominated the oil industry

• Practiced horizontal integration

Carnegie

• Pioneered vertical integration

• Extremely wealthy by age 40

• Donated $350 million by the time he died

Gustavus Swift

• Invented the refrigerated rail car

Upton Sinclair

• Wrote The Jungle based on close observations of how meat packers lived

Trusts

• Lower retail prices

• Availability of items that were once luxuries

• Development and use of new machinery

Progressives

• Ida Tarbell- anti- Rockefeller and Standard oil company

• Uptn Sinclair- author

• Ida B. Wells- anti-lynching

• Lester Ward- thought science should be used to improve the human condition

Political Reforms

• Initiative

• Recall

• Referendum

Politicians

• Could stay in power by doing favors for people

Immigrants

• Settled in U.S. cities for JOBS

Positives of Cities

• Jobs

• Electricity- lighting

• Indoor plumbing

Education

• Laws were passed requiring children to attend school

• Illiteracy rates declined

Immigrant Challenges

• U.S. cities with-– Gambling– Robbery– Political Corruption

Problems of Cities

• Waste disposal problems

• Slum Housing

• Crime

Monopolies

• Attempted to control the market by eliminating competition

Progressive Reformers

• Wanted to give voters more direct say in lawmaking

New Immigrants

• Wave that came over around 1900

• Mainly from Italy, Greece, Russia, and other areas of Southern and Eastern Europe

• Came for opportunity- better wages, religious and political freedom

New Immigrants

• More likely to be– Illiterate– Poor– Catholic or non-Protestant

Arrival Points

Ellis Island for those coming across the Atlantic

Angel Island for those coming across the Pacific

Nativism

• Idea that America should NOT allow more immigrants

Theodore Roosevelt

• Became famous as a Rough Rider on San Juan Hill

• Western Rancher

• Asthmatic

• Became President when McKinley was assassinated

Roosevelt’s Accomplishments

• Meat Inspection Act of 1906

• Increased number of national parks

• Arbitrated the United Mine Workers Strike

1902 Coal Miner’s Strike

• TR threatened to send federal troops to take control of mines

Woodrow Wilson

• Due to the Republican split, won the election of 1912 in an electoral landslide

Wilson

• Allowed press conferences

• Supported the Underwood Tariff reduction bill

• Program was known as “New Freedom”

1912 Election

• Woodrow Wilson- Democrat

• William Howard Taft- Republican

• Teddy Roosevelt- Progressive

Booker T. Washington

• Felt African Americans should work hard and gradually earn the respect of Whites

• Some called this – “Accommodation”

Accommodation

• Idea that economic success for blacks was more important than racial equality

W.E.B. Du Bois

• Felt blacks should receive equality immediately

Federal Trade Commission

• Established to stop unfair business practices among companies

• Supported by Wilson

Underwood Tariff

• Established to reduce the tariff

• High tariffs had been protecting American business

Jane Addams

• Wealthy woman that moved to Chicago and built Hull House to help the poor

Issues of Alcohol• Viewed as a cause of violence against

women, cause of worker absenteeism and accidents, and a health concern

• Temperance Movement- wanted to eliminate alcohol and problems associated with it

• Women’s Christian Temperance Movement- campaigned for temperance

Rational Use

• TR’s idea that forests be preserved for public use

Amendments

• 16th- Allowed for Income Tax

• 17th- Direct election of senators

• 19th- Women gain the right to vote

Robert La Follette

• Wisconsin Governor responsible for a great deal of reform legislation

Muckrakers

• Writers whose articles attacked problems in the U.S.

19th amendment• Gave women the right to vote

Suffrage

• The right to vote

Leon Czolgosz

• Assassinated President McKinley

Immigrant

• Person entering a country to live there

Margaret Sanger

• Spoke to women about preventing pregnancy

Eugene V. Debs

• Socialists candidate in 1912 presidential election

Urbanization

• Growth of cities

Tenement Buildings

• Crowded, run down apartments in slums

Tariff

• Tax on imported goods

Nativism

• Preference for native-born Americans over immigrants

Teddy Roosevelt

• McKinley’s vice-president, became the youngest president ever

Temperance Movement

• Drive to restrict or prohibit use of alcohol

William Howard Taft

• Republican president from 1909-1913

UMW- United Mine Workers

• Called for a coal mine strike hoping for increased pay, less hours and union recognition

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

• 146 people died- mainly young women

• Showed dangerous working conditions

Sherman Anti Trust Act

• Attempt by the government to limit business activities such as monopolies or trusts

• Trying to ensure fair competition in business

American Federation of Labor

• Worked for improved wages, better working hours and conditions

White Collar Workers

• Managers needed in factories

• Led to an increased middle class

Trains

• Important to bring goods from the West to the East

Plessy v Ferguson

• US Supreme Court approved segregation

• “Separate but Equal” ruled constitutional

Asian Minorities

• Faced discrimination and prejudice, specially in the West

Political Machines

• Corrupt organizations that maintained control in large cities

Muller v Oregon

• Supreme Court said that states could limit the work hours of women

• Only affected women because they “needed to be protected”

Anti Defamation League

• Protects the rights of Jewish Americans

Federal Trade Commission

• Formed by Congress to monitor business practices that might lead to monopolies