PROGRAMMINGPROGRAMMING LANGUAGELANGUAGE

GROUP MEMBER NIVHA RANI PRASAD SAURABH KISHORE PANDEY TANUJA MOHAPATRA SANGITA SWAIN IPSITA MOHANTY SAMBHIT KUMAR PANDA ASHUTOSH KUMAR DHAL

AGENDA

INTRODUCTION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE.

GENERATION

INTERPRETER

COMPILER

ALGORITHEM

TYPES OF PROGRAMMING

CHARACTERSTICS OF A GOOD PROGRAM

PROGRAMMING

It involves different processes:DesigningCode the programTesting & debuggingDocumentation

Programming is the process of writing, testing, debugging .This source code is written in a programming language. It is a multi step processing which identifies and defines any problem, and develops a solution by preparing a set of instruction that can run on a computer.

A , B C = A + B C

GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING1st generation (MACHINE LEVEL LANGUAGE): It is the

programming language having only binary numbers i.e. zero & one.

2nd generation (ASSEMBLY LEVEL LANGUAGE): Assembly languages are similar to machine languages, but is bit understandable as it allow user to replace numbers by names.

3rd generation (HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE): High-level programming languages are simple like human languages, similar to English language easily understandable to human e.g.. BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN and Pascal.

4th generation (special operation): a language similar to human language used in query and data base. ex. SQL

INTERPRETER

An interpreter translates high-level instructions into an intermediate form and then executes.

It does not need to go through the compilation stage during which machine instructions are generated.

It analyzes and executes each line of source code in succession, without looking at the entire program.

It can execute a program immediately.

COMPILER Compiler translates source code into object

code.

The compiler works looking at the entire piece of source code and collecting and reorganizing the instructions.

programs produced by compilers run much faster than programs executed by an interpreter.

ALGORITHEM -

• Graphical-FLOWCHART

• Structural-PSEUDO CODE

FLOWCHARTFlowchart for adding two numbers:

INPUT A, B

SUM=A+B

PRINT SUM

STOP

START

PSEUDO CODE Pseudo code for adding two numbers:Step 1: STARTStep 2: INPUT A, B.Step 3: SUM=A+BStep 4: PRINT SUMStep 5: STOP

TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

STRUCTURAL PROGRAMMING

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

STRUCTURAL PROGRAMMING:

A program is divided into small tasks or module, having its own functions.

when tasks gets completed, they are combined together to solve the problem.

It is often associated with a "top-down" approach to design.

Ex:C-programming,Ada,Pascal

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING:

In OOP both data structures and the types of operations are specified that can be applied to data structure.

This pairing of a piece of data with the operations is known as an object.

A program becomes a collection of cooperating objects, rather than a list of instructions.

E.g.. C++,C# ,JAVA.

#include<stdio.h> /*HEADER FILE*/main ( ) /*MAIN FUNCTION*/{int a, b, sum, diff, pro, div; /*INITIALIZATION*/printf (“enter the 1st no.:”);Printf (“enter the 2nd no.:”);scanf (“%d %d”, &a, &b); /*INPUT STATEMENT*/sum=a + b;diff=a-b; /*DATA MANIPULATION*/pro=a*b;div=a/b;printf (“the sum of two nos.=%d”, sum);printf (“the difference of two nos.=%d”, diff); /*OUTPUT

STATEMENT*/Printf (“the product of two nos.=%d”, pro);Printf (“the division of two nos.=%d”, div);getch ();} /*END OF PROGRAME*/

An object-oriented programe(c++)

#include < iostream.h> #include< conio.h > /*HEADER FILE*/ Class stud /*CLASS DEFINATION*/ { Public: /*SCOPE OF VARIABLE*/ char name[10],sub[10]; /*INITIALIZATION OF VARIABLE*/ int r_no; void main() /*MAIN FUNCTION*/ { cout<<”enter the name,sub,r_no:”; cin>>name>>sub>>r_no; /*INPUTING*/ cout<<endl<<name<<endl<<sub<<endl<<r_no;

/*OUTPUTING*/ } getch(); }

CHARACTERSTICS OF GOOD PROGRAMCHARACTERSTICS OF GOOD PROGRAMPORTABILITY

READABILITY

EFFICIENCY

STRUCTURAL

FLEXIBILITY

GENERALITY

DOCUMENTATION

SOURCE :

http:// www .internet.com

http:// webopedia.com

http://www.reddit.com/r/programming

Introduction to computer Science-Dorling Kindersley

GUIDED BY:GUIDED BY:

Pradip Kr. Sahu Pradip Kr. Sahu

Thank you Thank you

DATA BASE DATA BASE MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMSYSTEM

AGENDAINTRODUCTIONBENEFITS OF DBMSFILE SYSTEMDB VS FILE APPROACHHOW DBMS COMES UPCOMPONENTS OF DBMSDATA MODELDATA DICTIONARYDATA LANGUAGEER DIAGRAMSQLDATA WAREHOUSINGDATA MODELING

DBMS DB CAN BE DEFINED AS A COLLECTION OF INTERRELATED DATA

THE DBMS IS A SET OF PROGRAMS TO MANAGE AND MANIPULATE THE DATA CONTAINED IN THE DB.

DBMS IS A COMPUTERISED RECORD KEEPING SYSTEM WHOSE OVERALL PURPOSE IS TO MAINTAIN INFORMATION AND TO MAKE IT AVAILABLE ON DEMAND (ADHOC QUERYING).

IN ORDER TO CARRY OUT DATABASE OPERATIONS LIKE INSERTION,DELETION AND RETRIVAL,THE DATABASE NEEDS TO BE MANAGED BY A SOFTWAREPACKAGE.THIS SOFTWARE IS CALLED As “ DBMS (Database Management System)”

INTRODUCTION THE TERM DATA BASE IS MADE OF 2 WORDS: DATA & BASE.IT IS A BASE FOR DATA THAT IS ,ASSEMBLE GROUP

OF DATA.WHEN THE DATA IS PROCCESSED & CONVERTED INTO A MEANINGFUL INFORMATION.

IT IS A COMPUTER BASED RECORD KEEPING SYSTEM WHOSE PURPOSE IS TO RECORD AND MAINTAIN INFORMATION THAT IS RELEVANT TO THE ORGANIZATION NECESSARY FOR MAKING DECISIONS.

USES OF DATABASE IN VARIOUS APPLICATIONS

• Banking System and ATM's machines. • Stock Trading Systems. • Flight Reservation Systems. • Computerized Library Systems. • Super Market Product Inventory System. • Credit Card/Credit Limit Check System.

NEEDS&BENEFITS OF DBMS Reduction in Data Redundancy: *Redundancy means duplication of data. *Each application has its own separate files which lead to

redundancy in stored data and wastage of time. *DBMS doesn’t maintain separate copies of the same data.

Reduction in Inconsistency: *Some times two variable have variations i.e. one of the two

entries has been updated. At such times, the database is said to be inconsistent.

Sharing of Data: *Helps in developing new applications which will use the same

stored data .

Endorsement of Standards: *Standards are easier to enforce . *It relate to naming, format, structure of the data. setting of a DBMS enforce security which could have been quite

difficult, since the data is stored centrally.

FILE SYSTEM In data processing, a file is a related collection of records.

Each record would consist of fields for individual data items.

By providing the same information in the same fields in each record the file will be easily accessible for analysis and

manipulation.

File is an entity of data available to users that can be manipulated as an entity like data moved from one file

directory to another.

The file have a unique name in its directory known as file name extension like executable file have an ".exe" extension.

The extension describe the type of file and how it will work on any OS.

DB approach Vs FILE approach DATABASE

APPROACH

Redundancy is controlled.

Unauthorized access is restricted.

providing multiple user interfaces.

Enforcing integrity constraints.

Providing backup and recovery.

FILE APPROACH

Data redundancy & inconsistency is present.

Difficult in accessing data.

Data isolation. Data integrity. Concurrent access

is not possible.

How DBMS came up:Bit

Bytes

Fields or entity

records

files

Data base

Data ware house+ Data mining

Components of DBMSDDL (Data definition language): DDL is used

to create and destroy database and its objects. These command are primarily used by the DBA (data base administrator) during the setup and removal phase of a database project.

DML (Data manipulation language): DML is used to retrieve, insert, modify and delete database information. user use this during the operation of database.

DATA ModelDATA Dictionary

DATA BASE ADMINISTRATOR(DBA)Role of a DBA:Keep backups of data base.Granting different

authorities to different users.

Keeping track of database updating.

Designing & modifying DB for new user & maintaining data dictionary.

Maintaining DB integrity & security through communication.

Identify user’s problem & resolve them.

DATA MODEL

Hierarchical

Network

Relational

Data modelHierarchical model: data in a hierarchical

model is represented by a collection of records and relationship between the data are represented by link.

NETWORK MODELThis model is similar to hierarchical modal with a

difference that data can be represented graphically through this model. Data have relations like:

One to oneOne to manyMany to many

RELATIONAL MODELIn relational model, the table in a Database has

fixed record length with fixed number of attributes or fields, where records are having relation among them.

Data is arranged in the form of rows and columns having relation between them.

R.NO NAME AGESUB

R.NO

YEAR

MARKS

SUB

THE DATA DICTIONARYThe data dictionary is an important part of the DBMS.

It contains data about data i.e. the database descriptions used by the DBMS. When the data dictionary is active, DBMS checks the data dictionary every time the database is accessed.

The data dictionary contains the following information:Logical structure of databaseSchemas, mappings and constraints.Description about application programs.Descriptions of record types, data item types.Description about physical database design, such as

storage structures, access paths etc.Descriptions about users of DBMS and their access

rights.

DATABASE ARCHITECTURE It is 3-layered system:

INTERNAL-It describes how the data is actually saved, the actual storage of data.

CONCEPTUAL-It describes the type of data and the relation among them. It is handled by DBA.

EXTERNAL-It is the view the an individual gets about the data, the data shown on the screen while working on DB. It is restricted accord. to authorization of user.

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE(SQL)

SQL means Structured Query Language, it was developed by IBM in 1970.

SQL is used to communicate with a database. SQL statements are used to perform tasks such

as update or retrieve data from a database. Some common relational database management

systems that use SQL are: Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft SQL Server, Access etc.

Few SQL commands are: "Select“-DML "Insert“-DML "Update“-DML "Delete“-DML "Create“-DDL "Drop“ -DDL

PL/SQL

DATA WAREHOUSING

DATA WAREHOUSING IS DEFINED AS A PROCESS OF CENTRALIZED DATA MANAGEMENT AND RETRIVAL.DATA WAREHOUSING LIKE DATA MINING,IS A RELATIVELY NEW TERM ALTHOUGHT THE CONCEPT ITSELF HAS BEEN AROUND FOR YEARS;IT REPRESENTS AN IDEAL VISION OF MAINTAINING A CENTRAL REPOSITORY OF ALL ORGANIZATIONAL DATA.

DATA MINING IS SOFTWARE OR ANALYTICAL TOOLS FOR ANALYZING DATA.IT ALLOWS THE USER TO ANALYZE THE DATA FROM DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OR ANGELS,CATEGORIZE IT AND SUMMERIZE THE RELATIONSHIP IDENTIFIED.DATA MINING IS A PROCESS OF FINDING CORRELATIONS OR PATTERNS AMONG DOZENS OF FIELDS IN LARGE RELATIONAL DATABASE.

DATA MINING GIVES YOU THE INFORMATION THAT IS NEEDED TO MAKE DECISIONS AND BUSINESS PROBLEMS.IN ANALYSIS SERVICES,YOU GET EASY TO USE,EXTENSIBLE & FLEXIBLE DATA MINING TOOLS THAT CAN HELP YOU IDENTIFY TRENDS PATTERNS IN THE HAND OF DECISION MAKERS.

GUIDED BY:GUIDED BY:PRADEEP KR. SAHOOPRADEEP KR. SAHOO

THANK YOU