Program Brief “COUNTER-TERRORISM: TRENDS – CHALLENGES – STRATEGIES” A talk and panel discussion with Peter BROOKES Senior Fellow, National Security Affairs and Chung Ju-Yung Fellow for Policy Studies The Heritage Foundation and

Raphael PERL Head of the Action against Terrorism Unit at the OSCE Vienna, May 28, 2008

Background information provided by the

American Reference Center U.S. EMBASSY VIENNA Boltzmanngasse 16, 1090 Vienna Tel.: 405 30 33 Fax: 406 52 60 e-mail: arc@usembassy.athttp://www.usembassy.at

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PPeetteerr BBrrooookkeess Senior Fellow, National Security Affairs and Chung Ju-Yung Fellow for Policy Studies,

Asian Studies Center, The Heritage Foundation (http://www.heritage.org/about/staff/PeterBrookes.cfm,

image: http://www.heritage.org/about/staff/images/peterbrookes.jpg)

Peter Brookes develops and communicates Heritage's stance on foreign policy and national security affairs through media appearances, research, published articles, congressional testimony and speaking engagements. He also serves as a Commissioner on the congressionally-mandated U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. In addition, Brookes is a columnist for the nation's sixth largest newspaper, the New York Post. His column also runs in several other domestic and foreign newspapers, and on numerous news and opinion-oriented websites.

He is also a contributing editor for Armed Forces Journal magazine, writing a monthly column called "Flashpoint." Brookes has over 300 published articles in over 50 newspapers, journals and magazines. He is the author of: A Devil's Triangle: Terrorism, Weapons of Mass Destruction and Rogue States (Rowman & Littlefield: hardback 2005, paperback 2007). Brookes has made nearly 1,000 appearances as a commentator on TV and radio, appearing on ABC, NBC, CBS, FOX, CNN, MSNBC, CNBC, NPR, BBC, CBC, VOA, Al Hurra, and Radio Free Asia, among others. He has hosted major market talk radio programs and has been quoted by many of the world's largest newspapers and magazines. He has testified numerous times before both the Senate and House of Representatives on foreign policy, defense and intelligence issues as a public official and as a private citizen. He is also a frequent public speaker both in the U.S. and overseas, making over 200 addresses, including public diplomacy speaking tours for the State Department in Japan, Germany, Australia, Poland, Ukraine, Fiji and Papua New Guinea. Before coming to Heritage, Brookes served in the George W. Bush administration as the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Asian and Pacific Affairs, where he was responsible for U .S. defense policy for 38 countries and 5 bilateral defense alliances. Prior to joining the Bush administration, he worked as a Professional Staff Member with the Committee on International Relations in the U.S. House of Representatives. He also served with the CIA; prior to his CIA service, he worked for the State Department at the United Nations, and in the private sector in the defense industry. Brookes is a decorated military veteran, having served on active duty with the U.S. Navy in Latin America, Asia, and Middle East in aviation and intelligence billets. Brookes has over 1300 flight hours aboard U.S. Navy EP-3 reconnaissance aircraft. Now a retired Navy Commander in the reserves, during his career he served with the NSA, DIA, Naval Intelligence, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Office of the Vice President, working as an intelligence analyst, strategic debriefer, Russian-language interpreter, defense attaché and associate professor at the Joint Military Intelligence College. Brookes is currently pursuing a Doctorate at Georgetown University. Publications by Peter Brookes: http://www.heritage.org/about/staff/PeterBrookespapers.cfmThe Heritage Foundation: http://www.heritage.org/

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RRaapphhaaeell FF.. PPeerrll Head of the Action against Terrorism Unit at the OSCE

(image: http://www.osce.org/photo_gal/2008/01/29373_web.jpg)

In January 2008 Raphael Perl was appointed the head of the Action against Terrorism Unit at the OSCE. Before he was a senior analyst for terrorism policy with the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress. A graduate of Georgetown University's Foreign Service and Law Schools, he is the author of more than 100 congressional and academic publications including International Terrorism: Threat, Policy, and Response (Congressional Research Service (CRS) 2006) Trends in Terrorism: 2006 (CRS, 2006), Combating Terrorism: The Challenge of Measuring Effectiveness (CRS, 2005), and Terrorism - Looking Ahead: Issues and Options for Congress (a report prepared for the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 1996).

Mr. Perl speaks regularly at academic institutions and governmental policy fora and has testified before Congress on terrorism policy issues including the 9/11 Commission Report recommendations. OSCE Action against Terrorism Unit: http://www.osce.org/atu/ Fact Sheet on the Action against Terrorism Unit: http://www.osce.org/item/13544.html?ch=47

SSoocchhiinngg TTssaaii Counselor for UN Affairs,

United States Mission to International Organizations in Vienna (http://vienna.usmission.gov/_unvie/about_us/1719.php)

Areas of responsibility: • UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) • UN Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) • UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) • International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)

Soching Tsai served as an economic officer at a number of posts, including Taipei, where she negotiated trade and financial issues with Taiwan. She also worked on the staff of the Deputy Secretary of State and the Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs in Washington. In 1995 she received the State Department’s Una Chapman Cox Sabbatical Fellowship, which she used to conduct research among immigrants about the meaning of being American. In 1996-2000 she served at the U.S. Mission to the United Nations in Geneva, where her portfolio included the UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the International Telecommunications Union, and the World Intellectual Property Organization, among others. She also helped to launch the Southeast Europe Cooperative Initiative (SECI), which held its inaugural meeting at the U.S. Mission in Geneva, in December 1996. Ms. Tsai was the director of the Office of Economic Policy in the Bureau of East Asia and Pacific Affairs in the State Department in Washington in 2002-2004. Her office coordinated U.S. participation in the 21-member Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC), and helped to prepare President Bush’s attendance at the APEC Leaders Meeting in Los Cabos, Mexico in 2002 and in Bangkok, Thailand in

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2003. Immediately prior to Vienna, she was the principal commercial officer at the U.S. Consulate General in Shenyang, China. Her efforts to promote U.S. products during her tenure there led to significant gains for U.S. exports to northeast China. Ms. Tsai received a B.A. in art history from Barnard College, and an M.B.A. in finance from the University of Chicago. She has native fluency in Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese, and the Shanghai dialect. She also speaks French and German. United States Mission to International Organizations in Vienna: http://vienna.usmission.gov

UUnniivv..--PPrrooff.. DDrr.. HHeeiinnzz GGÄÄRRTTNNEERR Permanent Fellow of OIIP since 1979

Professor at the Austrian Institute for International Affairs, Laxenburg/Vienna Lecturer at the Institute for Political Science at the University of Vienna

(http://www.oiip.at/oiip/e/page.asp?id=11735) Personal Data: Born March 7th, 1951 in Pisweg, Carinthia (Austria) Academic Education: - Doctoral Thesis at the Political Science at the University of Salzburg, Nov. 1977; - Graduation with honors: Political Science, Communication Theory; - Habilitation at the University of Innsbruck, March 1990 - Appointment to professorship at the University of Innsbruck, May, 2001 Positions: - Professor at the Austrian Institute for International Affairs, Laxenburg/Vienna (researcher since 1979 to present) - Lecturer at the Institute for Political Science at the University of Vienna - Guest Professor at the Institute for Political Science at the University of Vienna, 1999-2001 - Lecturing at the National Defense Academy in Vienna - Editor of the series of books “International Security,” Publisher: Peter Lang - Regular speeches at the universities of Harvard, Stanford, Princeton, Columbia, Oxford and many other American, European and Asian universities and research institutes Professional Experience: • Resident Fellow at the Institute for East-West Security Studies in New York • (Sept. 1987 - June 1989) • Visiting Professor at St. Hugh's College, Oxford (March - July 1992) • Visiting Professor at the Institute for International Relations, Vancouver, Canada • (June - August 1993) • Guest Professor at the University of Erlangen (Germany) (1994/95) • International Visitor Program „Special IV Project Honoring 50th Anniversary of NATO,“

Washington, D.C., New York, Boston, April/May 1999 • Fulbright Fellowship, Research project “European Security und the Transatlantic Link,” World

Policy Institute, New York, 2001 • Visiting Austrian Professor (Austrian Chair) in Stanford, 2001/2002 • International Visitors Program at the University of New Haven (with participation in programs of

Yale and Hartford), February/March 2005

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• Fulbright Professorship at the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) at Stanford University Summer/Fall 2008

• Regular speeches and presentations at the Universities of Harvard, Stanford, Princeton, Columbia, Oxford and many other U.S., European, and Asian Universities and Research Institutes

Selected Bibliography: http://www.oiip.at/magazin/00/artikel/11735/doc/e/Selected%20Bibliography.pdf (pdf) Austrian Institute for International Affairs: http://www.oiip.at/oiip/e/

TTAABBLLEE OOFF CCOONNTTEENNTTSS

Biographies 2 U.S. GOVERNMENT RESOURCES 6

Remarks, Statements and Briefings 6 Reports, Documents and Publications 10 Fact Sheets 13 Congressional Hearings 15 America.gov Items 18 CRS Reports 21 Useful Links 24

OTHER RESOURCES 26 Articles 26 Think Tank Items 31 Selected Organizations 33

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UU..SS.. GGOOVVEERRNNMMEENNTT RREESSOOUURRCCEESS RREEMMAARRKKSS,, SSTTAATTEEMMEENNTTSS AANNDD BBRRIIEEFFIINNGGSS Transcript of Remarks by Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Gen. Michael V. Hayden Landon Lecture Series, Kansas State University, April 30, 2008

... At CIA, we work more closely with our counterparts on the Continent on a wider range of issues than ever before. We wouldn’t have it any other way. Our cooperation with European allies has thwarted terrorist plots and saved lives—European lives and American lives. But it’s also true that more collaboration on more issues brings with it greater opportunity for disagreement. … So many of the disagreements that we have are centered on the perception of the threat and then the tactics we would want to use to thwart this perceived danger. So, for example, while we share the view in general that terrorism is a danger, there are serious disagreements between us and Europe on how best to confront it. … The United States believes that it is a nation at war—a war that is global in scope, and requires as a precondition for winning that we take the fight to our enemy wherever he may be. Those sentences are not widely shared by our European allies. In much of Europe, terrorism is seen differently: primarily as an internal, or a law enforcement problem, and solutions are more narrowly focused on securing one homeland or another. ... FULL TRANSCRIPT: https://www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches-testimony/landon-lecture-series.html

Release of the Country Reports on Terrorism 2007 Dell L. Dailey, Coordinator of the Office for Counterterrorism; and Russ Travers, Deputy Director of the National Counterterrorism Center; Gonzo Gallegos, Director, Office of Press Relations, Washington, D.C., April 30, 2008

... AMBASSADOR DAILEY: ... Besides meeting Congressional requirements, the 2007 edition of the Country Reports on Terrorism aims to inform, to stimulate constructive debate, and to enhance our collective understanding of the international terrorist threat. The Country Reports should serve as a reference tool to inform policymakers, the American public, and our international partners about our efforts, progress and challenges in the war on terror. The 2007 Report begins with a strategic overview to illustrate trends. We note some positives. First, working with allies and partners across the world, we created a less permissive operating environment for terrorists, kept leaders on the move or in hiding, and degraded their ability to plan and mount attacks. Dozens of countries have passed new legislation or strengthened preexisting laws that provide law enforcement and judicial authorities with new tools to bring terrorists to justice. ... Over time, our global and regional cooperative efforts will reduce terrorists’ capacity to harm us and our partners, while local security and development assistance will build up partners’ capacity. If we are to be successful, we must work together with our growing networks of partners towards our common goal in a strategic and coordinated manner to overwhelmingly defeat this terrorist compelling challenge. … FULL TRANSCRIPT: http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rm/2008/104233.htm

President Bush Discusses Iraq Cross Hall, April 10, 2008

THE PRESIDENT: ... Some in Washington argue that the war costs too much money. There's no doubt that the costs of this war have been high. But during other major conflicts in our history, the relative cost has been even higher. Think about the Cold War. During the Truman and Eisenhower administrations, our defense budget rose as high as 13 percent of our total economy. Even during the Reagan administration, when our economy expanded significantly, the defense budget still accounted for about 6 percent of GDP. Our citizens recognized that the imperative of stopping Soviet expansion justified this expense. Today, we face an enemy that is not only expansionist in its aims, but has actually attacked our homeland -- and intends to do so again. Yet our defense budget accounts for just over 4 percent of our economy -- less than our commitment at any point during the four decades of the Cold War. This is still a large amount of money, but it is modest -- a modest fraction of our nation's wealth -- and it pales when compared to the cost of another terrorist attack on our people. ... FULL TRANSCRIPT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/04/20080410-2.html

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President Bush Visits Dayton, Ohio, Discusses Global War on Terror National Museum of the United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, March 27, 2008

THE PRESIDENT: ... The reality is that retreating from Iraq would carry enormous strategic costs for the United States. It would incite chaos and killing, destroy the political gains the Iraqis have made, and abandon our friends to terrorists and death squads. It would endanger Iraq's oil resources and could serve as a severe disruption to the world's economy. It would increase the likelihood that al Qaeda would gain safe havens that they could use to attack us here at home. It would be a propaganda victory of colossal proportions for the global terrorist movement, which would gain new funds, and find new recruits, and conclude that the way to defeat America is to bleed us into submission. It would signal to Iran that we were not serious about confronting its efforts to impose its will on the region. It would signal to people across the Middle East that the United States cannot be trusted to keep its word. A defeat in Iraq would have consequences far beyond that country - and they would be felt by Americans here at home. ... FULL TRANSCRIPT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/03/20080327-2.html

President Bush Discusses Global War on Terror The Pentagon, March 19, 2008

THE PRESIDENT: ... When the Iraqi regime was removed, it did not lay down its arms and surrender. Instead, former regime elements took off their uniforms and faded into the countryside to fight the emergence of a free Iraq. And then they were joined by foreign terrorists who were seeking to stop the advance of liberty in the Middle East and seeking to establish safe havens from which to plot new attacks across the world. The battle in Iraq has been longer and harder and more costly than we anticipated - but it is a fight we must win. So our troops have engaged these enemies with courage and determination. And as they've battled the terrorists and extremists in Iraq, they have helped the Iraqi people reclaim their nation, and helped a young democracy rise from the rubble of Saddam Hussein's tyranny. ... Throughout the war on terror, we have brought the enemy - we have fought the enemy on every single battlefront. And so long as the terrorist danger remains, the United States of America will continue to fight the enemy wherever it makes its stand. ... FULL TRANSCRIPT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/03/20080319-2.html

President Bush Commemorates Fifth Anniversary of U.S. Department of Homeland Security Constitution Hall, Washington, D.C., March 6, 2008

THE PRESIDENT: ... The Department of Homeland Security is vital to our safety, and it's just one of the institutions that have been built or transformed to keep our nation safe: We created the new Office of Director of National Intelligence, which led a broad restructuring of our nation's intelligence agencies for the threats of the 21st century. We transformed the FBI into an agency whose primary focus is stopping terrorism, and reorganized the Department of Justice to help combat the threat. We created the National Counterterrorism Center - where members of this department, as well as the FBI and the CIA and other departments and agencies, work side by side to track terrorist threats and prevent new attacks. At the Department of Defense, we created a new Northern Command responsible for homeland defense, and enhanced Strategic Command that is responsible for defending America against long-range attacks. We created the Proliferation Security Initiative - a coalition of more than 85 nations that are working together to stop shipments of weapons of mass destruction, their delivery systems, and related materials. And to find out what the terrorists know about planned attacks, we established a program run by the CIA to detain and question key terrorist leaders and operatives. My administration is determined to ensure those in our government charged with defending America have the tools they need to fight the terrorists. ... FULL TRANSCRIPT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/03/20080306-4.html

Remarks by Treasury Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing Patrick M. O’Brien Washington Institute for Near East Policy, February 27, 2008

... Last year, Treasury's Deputy Secretary Robert Kimmitt spoke to you about a Treasury Transformed. Today, I would like to build on those remarks and provide further detail on Treasury's Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence (TFI). I will explain TFI's perspective and strategic approach for combating not only terrorist financing, but also other threats to our national security, including WMD proliferation, rogue nations, kleptocracy, drug trafficking, money laundering, and organized crime more generally. I would then like to spend some time on TFI's efforts to combat terrorist financing and how those efforts advance the broader U.S. counterterrorism mission. Finally, I want to briefly update you on TFI's efforts to address the particular threats that we face from Iran, with respect to proliferation and

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its role as a state sponsor of terrorism. These efforts illustrate TFI's broad range of statutory authorities, its effective government and private sector relationships, and substantive expertise in developing a comprehensive strategy to disrupt the ongoing threat posed by Iran. ... FULL TRANSCRIPT: http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp841.htm

“Looming Challenges in the War on Terror” Remarks by Michael Leiter, Acting Director, National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), presented to the Washington Institute, February 13, 2008

... It has been six and a half years since 9/11. More than seven years since the attack on the USS Cole. Almost ten years since the attacks on the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. Nearly 15 years since the first attack on the World Trade Center and twenty-five years since the bombing of the U.S. Marine Corps barracks in Beirut. Over that quarter-century, the threat we face from terrorism has constantly mutated, sometimes in tragically unexpected ways. This has compelled us to adapt and evolve as well. Today I would like to speak to you about some components of that evolution—in particular, the enhancements brought about by the creation of my organization, the National Counterterrorism Center or NCTC. I also want to speak to the challenges and changing landscape we anticipate in the future, and what we know we must do going forward to defeat this enemy. ... FULL TRANSCRIPT: http://www.nctc.gov/press_room/speeches/wash-inst-written-sfr-final.pdf (pdf)

Remarks by the National Security Advisor, Stephen Hadley Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 8, 2008

MR. HADLEY: ... I would like to focus on one particular challenge to the security of the nation and of the world, indeed: the proliferation of nuclear weapons and nuclear materials into the hands of nations or individuals who would do us harm. I want to describe the nature of the challenge as it presents itself in this new century, our strategy for meeting it, and how our nation is implementing this strategy both here at home and in partnership with friends and allies around the world. The threat of a nuclear attack on the American homeland remains very real - though the nature of the threat has changed dramatically over the last two decades. The Cold War is over…. Yet new nuclear threats have emerged. North Korea has developed and tested nuclear weapons - and withdrawn from the Non-Proliferation Treaty that otherwise prohibited it from doing so. Iran continues to enrich uranium - in defiance of the international community - which could give it the capability to produce nuclear materials required for a nuclear weapon. And terrorists continue to seek to acquire nuclear weapons and nuclear materials so they can advance their ideological agenda of oppression and fear by threatening the slaughter of innocents in many nations, including our own. ... FULL TRANSCRIPT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/02/20080211-6.html

President Bush Discusses Global War on Terror in Las Vegas, Nevada Emerald at Queensridge, Las Vegas, Nevada, January 31, 2008

THE PRESIDENT: ... The world in which we live is a dangerous world, but a world full of great opportunity. We're involved in an ideological struggle - the likes of which we have seen before in our history. It's an ideological struggle between those of us who love freedom and human rights and human dignity, and those who want to impose their dark vision on how people should live their lives. ... And so we're facing this ideological struggle of people who use asymmetrical warfare. What distinguishes this ideological struggle from previous ideological struggles - those with - against fascism or communism, is that in this war, individuals use weapons to kill innocent people - car bombs and suicide vests. And they do so to frighten the West. They do so to create chaos and confusion. They do so with the aim of creating vacuums into which their hateful ideology can flow. And that's why you see the September 11th attacks, in London, in Madrid, in Jordan - attacks around the world. Some will say these are just isolated moments of - where all we need is a good, strong law enforcement response. I think they're all part of an ideological struggle. ... FULL TRANSCRIPT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/01/20080131-2.html

Countering Terrorist Ideology Foreign Press Center Briefing with Dr. Michael Doran, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Support to Public Diplomacy, U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., December 13, 2007

... DR. DORAN: ... a few lessons about how we can properly combat ideological support for terrorism. And the main point here is that this struggle against al-Qaida is going to be won locally, on the local level. It's important for us to focus on and understand the local conditions that make people think, even for a brief moment, that this ideology may somehow speak to their local conditions. I think when people - as we saw in Afghanistan, all the polls in Afghanistan

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show and as we see now in Iraq, when people are really put face to face with a choice of this ideology and what it really means and the alternative, if given the capability to counter it, they will choose the alternative, to counter the ideology. They will choose the alternative. ... FULL TRANSCRIPT: http://fpc.state.gov/fpc/97406.htm

An "All Elements of Power" Strategy for Combating Terrorism Remarks by Ambassador Dell C. Dailey, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism/U.S. Department of State, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Washington, D.C., December 12, 2007

... Together, the international community has created a less permissive operating environment for terrorists. A key achievement is antiterrorism legislation, upgraded by scores of countries around the world since September 11. Many countries have now passed anti-money laundering and counterterrorism finance legislation, making it more difficult for terrorists to operate. We have made progress in securing borders and transportation, enhancing document security, strengthening law enforcement capabilities, disrupting terrorist financing and restricting the international movement of terrorists. We have likewise increased our own awareness and understanding of the terrorist threat and we have inflicted serious setbacks on our adversaries. The international community has captured and incarcerated or killed numerous senior operatives in al-Qaida and affiliated terrorist groups, and has thus degraded the ability of terrorists to plan and mount attacks. ... FULL TRANSCRIPT: http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rm/07/97165.htm

President Bush Discusses Global War on Terror The Heritage Foundation, Washington, D.C., November 1, 2007

THE PRESIDENT: ... It's been now more than six years since the enemy attacked us on September the 11th, and we are blessed that there has not been another attack on our soil. With the passage of time, the memories of the 9/11 attacks have grown more distant. And for some, there's a temptation to think that the threats to our country have grown distant as well. They have not. The terrorists who struck America that September morning intend to strike us again. We know this, because the enemy has told us so. Just last year, Osama bin Laden warned the American people, "Operations are under preparation, and you will see them on your own ground once they are finished." Seven months later, British authorities broke up the most ambitious known al Qaeda plot since the 9/11 attacks - a plot to blow up passenger airplanes flying over the Atlantic toward the United States. Our intelligence community believes that this plot was just two or three weeks away from execution. If it had been carried out, it could have rivaled 9/11 in death and destruction. The lesson of this experience is clear. We must take the words of the enemy seriously. .. FULL TRANSCRIPT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/11/20071101-4.html

President Bush Visits National Defense University, Discusses Global War on Terror Washington, D.C., October 23, 2007

THE PRESIDENT: ... the great ideological struggle of our time - the global war on terror. We're at war with a brutal enemy. We're at war with cold-blooded killers who despise freedom, reject tolerance, and kill the innocent in pursuit of their political vision.... In this war, we're on the offensive against the enemy - and that's the only way to be. We'll fight them in foreign lands so we don't have to face them here in America. We'll pursue the terrorists across the world. We'll take every lawful and effective measure to protect ourselves here at home. In an age when terrorist networks and terrorist states are seeking weapons of mass destruction, we must be ready to defend our nation against every possible avenue of attack. … My administration made a commitment to the American people then that we will defend you against all forms of terror - including the terror that could arrive as a result of a missile. And we're keeping that commitment. ... FULL TRANSCRIPT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071023-3.html

Briefing by Fran Townsend, Assistant to the President for Counterterrorism and Homeland Security Via Conference Call, October 9, 2007

... MS. TOWNSEND: ... The President has issued an updated strategy today to help, guide, organize and unify our nation's homeland security efforts. It's worth noting this strategy is a national strategy, not simply a federal strategy, and articulates our national approach to secure the homeland over the next several years. It, of course, builds on the first National Strategy for Homeland Security issued in July of 2002, and is meant to complement both the National Security Strategy issued in March of 2006, and the National Strategy for Combating Terrorism issued in September 2006. ...

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FULL TRANSCRIPT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071009-2.html RREEPPOORRTTSS,, DDOOCCUUMMEENNTTSS AANNDD PPUUBBLLIICCAATTIIOONNSS Violent Islamist Extremism, the Internet, and the Homegrown Terrorist Threat Majority & Minority Staff Report, United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, May 8, 2008

... As this report demonstrates, the use of the Internet by al-Qaeda and other violent Islamist extremist groups has expanded the terrorist threat to our homeland. No longer is the threat just from abroad, as was the case with the attacks of September 11, 2001; the threat is now increasingly from within, from homegrown terrorists who are inspired by violent Islamist ideology to plan and execute attacks where they live. One of the primary drivers of this new threat is the use of the Internet to enlist individuals or groups of individuals to join the cause without ever affiliating with a terrorist organization. As this homegrown terrorist threat evolves, so too must our response. Our nation’s efforts must go beyond classified intelligence and law enforcement programs. … To defeat the new homegrown terrorist threat, the United States must carefully develop and implement the cohesive and comprehensive approach called for in the NIP and apply it to an effective outreach and communications strategy. ... FULL REPORT: http://hsgac.senate.gov/public/_files/IslamistReport.pdf (pdf)

Country Reports on Terrorism 2007 Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism/U.S. Department of State, April 30, 2008

U.S. law requires the Secretary of State to provide Congress, by April 30 of each year, a full and complete report on terrorism with regard to those countries and groups meeting criteria set forth in the legislation. This annual report is entitled Country Reports on Terrorism. ... The key success factor in confronting violent extremism is the commitment by governments to work with each other, with the international community, with private sector organizations, and with their citizens and immigrant populations. Local communities are also a vital part of countering radicalization strategies. Where governments cooperate, build trusted networks, seek active, informed support from their people, provide responsive, effective, and legitimate governance, and engage closely with the international community, the threat from terrorism has been significantly reduced. ... FULL REPORT: http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2007/index.htm COUNTRY REPORT ON AUSTRIA - in Europe and Eurasia Overview: http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2007/103707.htm

2007 Report on Terrorism National Counterterrorism Center, April 30, 2008

... Consistent with its statutory mission to serve as the U.S. Government's knowledge bank on international terrorism, the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) is providing this report and statistical information to assist academics, policy makers and the public in understanding the data. ... NCTC Observations Related to Terrorist Incidents Statistical Material Approximately 14,000 terrorist attacks occurred in various countries during 2007, resulting in over 22,000 deaths. Compared to 2006, attacks remained approximately the same in 2007 while deaths rose by 1,800, a 9 percent increase from last year’s number. As was the case in the previous two years, the largest number of reported attacks and deaths occurred in Near East and South Asia. These two regions accounted for about 87 percent of the 355 casualty attacks that killed 10 or more people—only 45 casualty attacks occurred in Africa, East Asia & Pacific, Europe & Eurasia, and Western Hemisphere. ... FULL REPORT: http://wits.nctc.gov/reports/crot2007nctcannexfinal.pdf (pdf)

Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism Launches Exercise Planning Efforts Media Note, Office of the Spokesman/U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C., April 15, 2008

The United States participated in the first meeting of the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism Exercise Planning Group in Paris on April 15, to support the development and execution of international exercises aimed at combating the threat posed by nuclear terrorism. Exercise planners from defense, energy, foreign affairs, law enforcement, intelligence, and other ministries from over 20 nations participated in this inaugural meeting to set the agenda for the Initiative’s exercise program. … FULL TEXT: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2008/apr/103564.htm

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THE GLOBAL INITIATIVE TO COMBAT NUCLEAR TERRORISM: http://www.state.gov/t/isn/c18406.htm The Global Initiative To Combat Nuclear Terrorism was launched by President Bush and President Putin on July 15, 2006 in St. Petersburg, Russia to expand and accelerate the development of partnership capacity to combat the global threat of nuclear terrorism. …

United States Intelligence Community Information Sharing Strategy Office of the Director of National Intelligence, February 22, 2008

…Each intelligence agency has its own networks and data repositories that make it very difficult to piece together facts and suppositions that, in the aggregate, could provide warning of the intentions of our adversaries. The inability or unwillingness to share information was recognized as an Intelligence Community weakness by both the 9/11 Commission and the Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Commission. The President and the Congress have mandated that the Intelligence Community create a more integrated enterprise where information is routinely shared. Since these mandates were issued, progress has been made in information sharing through the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), the Information Sharing Environment (ISE), and related partnership efforts. … FULL REPORT: http://www.dni.gov/reports/IC_Information_Sharing_Strategy.pdf (pdf)

The Global War on Terrorism: A Religious War? By Lieutenant Colonel Laurence Andrew Dobrot, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, November 29, 2007

In this paper the author reviews the pertinent cultural history and background of Islam and then posits three root causes of this conflict: the lack of wealth-sharing in Islamic countries, resentment of Western exploitation of Islamic countries, and a U.S. credibility gap within the Islamic community. Following this discussion of root causes, this analysis compares the Ends, Ways and Means of the U.S. Strategy for Combating Terrorism with that of terrorist organizations such as al-Qai’da. The author concludes that the United States is not achieving its long-term strategic objectives in the GWOT. He then recommends that U.S. strategy focus on the root causes of Islamic hostility. Accordingly, the United States should combat radical Islam from within the Islamic community by consistently supporting the efforts of moderate Islamic nations to build democratic institutions that are acceptable in Islamic terms. FULL TEXT: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB822.pdf (pdf)

Terrorism 2002-2005 Counterterrorism Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation/U.S. Department of Justice, Web posted November 7, 2007

… This second edition of Terrorism provides an overview of the terrorist incidents and preventions designated by the FBI as having taken place in the United States and its territories during the years 2002 through 2005 and that are matters of public record. This publication does not include those incidents which the Bureau classifies under criminal rather than terrorism investigations. In addition, the report discusses major FBI investigations overseas and identifies significant events—including legislative actions, prosecutorial updates, and program developments—relevant to U.S. counterterrorism efforts. The report concludes with an “In Focus” article summarizing the history of the FBI’s counterterrorism program. … FULL REPORT: http://www.fbi.gov/publications/terror/terrorism2002_2005.pdf (pdf)

National Strategy for Information Sharing - Successes and Challenges in Improving Terrorism-Related Information Sharing National Security Council, The White House, October 2007

... Those responsible for combating terrorism must have access to timely and accurate information regarding those who want to attack us, their plans and activities, and the targets that they intend to attack. That information guides our efforts to: • Identify rapidly both immediate and long-term threats; • Identify persons involved in terrorism-related activities; and • Implement information-driven and risk-based detection, prevention, deterrence, response, protection, and

emergency management efforts. Experience has shown that there is no single source for information related to terrorism. It is derived by gathering, fusing, analyzing, and evaluating relevant information from a broad array of sources on a continual basis. … This Strategy provides the vision for how our Nation will best use and build upon the information sharing innovations which have emerged post-September 11 in order to develop a fully coordinated and integrated information sharing capability that supports our efforts to combat terrorism....

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FULL REPORT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/infosharing/ National Strategy for Homeland Security Homeland Security Council, The White House, October 2007

America is at war with terrorist enemies who are intent on attacking our Homeland and destroying our way of life. The lives and livelihoods of the American people also remain at risk from natural catastrophes, including naturally occurring infectious diseases and hazards such as hurricanes and earthquakes, and man-made accidents. Our National Strategy for Homeland Security recognizes that while we must continue to focus on the persistent and evolving terrorist threat, we also must address the full range of potential catastrophic events, including man-made and natural disasters, due to their implications for homeland security. The purpose of our Strategy is to guide, organize, and unify our Nation's homeland security efforts. It provides a common framework by which our entire Nation should focus its efforts on the following four goals: • Prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks; • Protect the American people, our critical infrastructure, and key resources; • Respond to and recover from incidents that do occur; and • Continue to strengthen the foundation to ensure our long-term success. … FULL REPORT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/homeland/nshs/2007/index.html

The Military Strategy of Global Jihad By Sarah E. Zabel, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Web posted October 25, 2007

According to the author, America entered the Global War on Terrorism with little understanding of the enemy. The author describes Al-Qaeda as a “splinter faction of militant Islamism intent on establishing its vision of strict Islamic rule in the Muslim world through armed action.” Jihadis have written copiously on their military strategy, and this paper uses those writings to explain their strategy to neutralize the superpowers. FULL TEXT: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB809.pdf (pdf)

The Terrorist Threat to the US Homeland National Intelligence Estimate, National Intelligence Council, July 2007

... We judge the US Homeland will face a persistent and evolving terrorist threat over the next three years. The main threat comes from Islamic terrorist groups and cells, especially al-Qa’ida, driven by their undiminished intent to attack the Homeland and a continued effort by these terrorist groups to adapt and improve their capabilities. We assess that greatly increased worldwide counterterrorism efforts over the past five years have constrained the ability of al-Qa’ida to attack the US Homeland again and have led terrorist groups to perceive the Homeland as a harder target to strike than on 9/11. These measures have helped disrupt known plots against the United States since 9/11. • We are concerned, however, that this level of international cooperation may wane as 9/11 becomes a more distant

memory and perceptions of the threat diverge…. FULL TEXT: http://www.dni.gov/press_releases/20070717_release.pdf (pdf)

Countering the Terrorist Mentality Electronic Journal, U.S. Department of State, May 2007

This edition of eJournal USA, "Countering the Terrorist Mentality," provides a look at the complex, global problem of terrorism. Several of the world’s leading scholars in this field, including Walter Laqueur, Bruce Hoffman, Jerrold Post, David Kilcullen, Mohammed Hafez, and Mia Bloom, examine the motivations of those who carry out terrorist attacks and the techniques terrorist organizations like al-Qaida use to recruit and motivate them. … As John Horgan, of St. Andrews University's Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, writes in this issue, the most common reaction to terrorist atrocities is baffled revulsion: "How could anyone do this?" And, of course, there is a second question to ask: What can be done to thwart the networks that recruit those who become terrorists and perform such acts? … FULL TEXT: http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/0507/ijpe/ijpe0507.htm

National Strategy for Combating Terrorism The White House, September 2006

America is at war with a transnational terrorist movement fueled by a radical ideology of hatred, oppression, and murder. Our National Strategy for Combating Terrorism, first published in February 2003, recognizes that we are at

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war and that protecting and defending the Homeland, the American people, and their livelihoods remains our first and most solemn obligation. … This updated strategy sets the course for winning the War on Terror. It builds directly from the National Security Strategy issued in March 2006 as well as the February 2003 National Strategy for Combating Terrorism, and incorporates our increased understanding of the enemy. … FULL REPORT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nsct/2006/

9/11 - Five Years Later: Successes and Challenges The White House, September 2006

... In the aftermath of the 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, the President led an historic transformation of the Government, improving our ability to protect and defend the Homeland, our citizens, and our installations, assets, and interests abroad. As a result, we are now better informed of terrorist threats, with improved intelligence collection and analysis painting a more complete picture; and we are better organized to address the threat, with a more robust information sharing capability and a greater capacity for coordinated and integrated action.... FULL REPORT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/waronterror/2006/index.html

FFAACCTT SSHHEEEETTSS Foreign Terrorist Organizations Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism/U.S. Department of State, April 8, 2008

Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) are foreign organizations that are designated by the Secretary of State in accordance with section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), as amended. FTO designations play a critical role in our fight against terrorism and are an effective means of curtailing support for terrorist activities and pressuring groups to get out of the terrorism business. ... The Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism in the State Department (S/CT) continually monitors the activities of terrorist groups active around the world to identify potential targets for designation. When reviewing potential targets, S/CT looks not only at the actual terrorist attacks that a group has carried out, but also at whether the group has engaged in planning and preparations for possible future acts of terrorism or retains the capability and intent to carry out such acts.... FULL TEXT: http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/08/103392.htm

Keeping America Safe by Fostering the Freedom Agenda U.S. Is Promoting Liberty as a Hopeful Alternative to Violent Extremism The White House, January 28, 2008

Tonight, President Bush will reaffirm his commitment to advancing freedom and justice as hopeful alternatives to the violent extremism embraced by America's enemies. The fight against the forces of violent extremism is the great ideological struggle of our time. In this fight, free nations have a weapon more powerful than bombs or bullets - the universal desire for freedom and justice. Expanding freedom is therefore not only a moral imperative but also the only path to a safe and secure America. ... FULL TEXT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/stateoftheunion/2008/initiatives/gwot.html

National Strategy for Information Sharing The White House, October 31, 2007

... Today, President Bush issued the first National Strategy for Information Sharing to prioritize and unify our Nation's efforts to advance the sharing of terrorism-related information. The Strategy sets forth our plan to build upon the progress we have made in improving information sharing since the September 11 attacks and establish an integrated National information sharing capability. It was developed using a collaborative process and based on significant input provided by members of the Federal Information Sharing Council, as well as State, local, tribal, and private sector officials from across the Nation. • The Strategy will help ensure those responsible for combating terrorism and protecting our local communities have

access to the timely and accurate information they need ... FULL TEXT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071031-10.html

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Defending America and Its Allies against Ballistic Missile Attack The White House, October 23, 2007

Today, President Bush addressed the National Defense University to give an update on the progress of efforts to defend America from ballistic missile attack, including the need for a missile defense system in Europe. The greatest threat facing our Nation in the 21st Century is the danger of terrorist networks or terrorist states armed with weapons of mass destruction. One of the most important defensive measures we have taken is the deployment of new capabilities to defend America from ballistic missile attack. ... FULL TEXT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071023-5.html

National Strategy for Homeland Security - A Comprehensive Guide for Securing the Homeland The White House, October 9, 2007

Today, the President issued an updated National Strategy for Homeland Security, which will serve to guide, organize, and unify our Nation's homeland security efforts. This Strategy is a national strategy – not a Federal strategy – and articulates our approach to secure the Homeland over the next several years. It builds on the first National Strategy for Homeland Security, issued in July 2002, and complements both the National Security Strategy issued in March 2006 and the National Strategy for Combating Terrorism issued in September 2006. It reflects our increased understanding of the threats confronting the United States, incorporates lessons learned from exercises and real-world catastrophes, and articulates how we should ensure our long-term success by strengthening the homeland security foundation we have built. This includes calling on Congress to make the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) reforms in the Protect America Act of 2007 permanent. ... FULL TEXT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071009-1.html

The Sixth Anniversary of 9/11: Remembering Lives Lost and Heroic Sacrifices Made What the United States and Its Partners Are Doing to Defeat Al Qaeda and Protect America against Attack The White House, September 11, 2007

Today, America remembers the innocent who lost their lives in the most barbaric attack in our nation's history. We remember the heroic men and women who risked and sacrificed their lives so others might survive; we extend our thoughts and prayers to the families and friends of those who were lost; and we honor the selfless men and women of our Armed Forces, the dedicated members of our law enforcement and intelligence communities, and the thousands of others at the local, State, and Federal levels who protect our country, secure our liberty, and work to prevent future attacks. • Since September 11, 2001, the President's top priority has been protecting the American people from attack. … • We are attacking terrorism at its roots by advancing freedom, liberty, and prosperity as the alternative to the

ideologies of hatred and repression. … • Our intelligence professionals are using available tools to stay a step ahead of our enemies and Congress must act

to make those tools permanent. ... FULL TEXT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/09/20070911.html

Making America Safer by Defeating Extremists in the Middle East President Bush Explains Why Winning the Fight in Iraq Is Key to Countering the Ambitions of Al Qaeda and Iran The White House, August 28, 2007

... America is engaged in a great ideological struggle against violent Islamic extremists around the world, and the fight for the future of the Middle East is a key aspect of this struggle. • America Has Enduring And Vital Interests In The Middle East.

o We seek a region of secure democratic states at peace with each other, participating in an open global market and existing as partners in the war on terror.

o We seek to dry up the stream of recruits for al Qaeda by helping nations offer their people a path to a more hopeful future.

o We seek an Iran whose government is accountable to its people – instead of to leaders who promote terror and pursue the technology that could be used to develop nuclear weapons.

o We seek to advance a two-state solution for Israelis and Palestinians to live side by side in peace and security; and

o We seek justice and dignity and human rights for all people of the Middle East.

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o Achieving this future requires hard work and strategic patience, but our security depends on getting it done. ...

FULL TEXT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/08/20070828-1.html Combating Terrorism Worldwide What the United States and Its Partners Are Doing to Fight Al Qaeda and Other Terrorists The White House, August 6, 2007

... Since 9/11, the United States has been on the offense against our enemies. We have built new institutions to better coordinate homeland defense and intelligence collection, developed new tools to monitor and track terrorists and their finances, established new coalitions to combat violent extremists wherever they reside, and marshaled national resources to attack the terrorist enemies at war with us. ... FULL TEXT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/08/20070806-1.html

The Terrorist Threat to the U.S. Homeland What the Administration Is Doing to Protect America from the Persistent, Evolving Threat from Al-Qaeda The White House, July 17, 2008

... Today, the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) Presented to the President and Congress a National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) on the Terrorist Threat to the U.S. Homeland. This NIE provides a broad, strategic, and coordinated framework for understanding the terrorist threat to the United States over the next three years. It provides the Intelligence Community's baseline judgments in order to help policymakers develop and prioritize the government's response. • This NIE Reinforces the Seriousness of the Terrorist Threat against the Homeland. The NIE found the main

terrorist threat to the United States comes from Islamic terrorist groups and cells, especially al-Qaeda. Their intent to attack the U.S. is undiminished, and they continue to adapt and improve their capabilities.

• The DNI Released Unclassified Key Judgments of the NIE, which included findings that: o Increased worldwide counterterrorism efforts since 9/11 have constrained the ability of al-Qaeda to

attack the U.S. again and have led terrorist groups to perceive the U.S. as a harder target to strike than it was on 9/11.

o Al-Qaeda has protected or regenerated three of the four key elements of homeland plotting: a safe haven in the Pakistan Federally Administered Tribal Area, operational lieutenants, and its top leadership.

o Al-Qaeda will leverage the contacts and capabilities of al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), its most visible and capable affiliate and the only one known to have expressed a desire to attack us here. ...

FULL TEXT: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/07/20070717-2.html CCOONNGGRREESSSSIIOONNAALL HHEEAARRIINNGGSS The Resilient Homeland: How DHS Intelligence Should Empower America to Prepare for, Prevent, and Withstand Terrorist Attacks U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information Sharing and Terrorism Risk Assessment May 15, 2008 http://homeland.house.gov/Hearings/index.asp?ID=140

Witnesses/Testimonies & Statements: Stephen E. Flynn, Ph.D., Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow in National Security Studies, Council on Foreign Relations: http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20080515103027-17585.pdf (pdf) Mr. Amos N. Guiora, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah: http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20080515103102-34333.doc Mr. R.P. Eddy, Executive Director of The Center for Policing Terrorism, The Manhattan Institute for Policy Research: http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20080515103016-61566.doc

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The Resilient Homeland - Broadening the Homeland Security Strategy U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security May 6, 2008 http://homeland.house.gov/Hearings/index.asp?ID=134

Witnesses/Testimonies & Statements: Hon. Stewart A. Baker, Assistant Secretary for Policy, Department of Homeland Security: http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20080506102214-20293.pdf (pdf) Dr. Yossi Sheffi, Professor, MIT School of Engineering, Head, MIT Engineering Systems Division, Director, MIT Center for Transportation and Logistics: http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20080506102223-23967.pdf (pdf) Mr. Erroll G. Southers, Assistant Chief, Homeland Security & Intelligence Division, Los Angeles World Airports Police Department, Associate Director for Educational Programs, Homeland Security Center for Risk & Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events, University of Southern California: http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20080506102233-79198.pdf (pdf) Susan R. Bailey, Ph.D., Vice President, Global Network Operations Planning, AT&T Inc.: http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20080506102203-38323.pdf (pdf) Ms. Mary Arnold, Vice President, Government Relations, SAP: http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20080506102152-56352.pdf (pdf)

Al-Qaeda U.S. House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence April 9, 2008 http://intelligence.house.gov/OpenHearings.aspx?Section=25

Witnesses/Testimonies & Statements: Robert L. Grenier, Managing Director and Chairman for Global Security Consulting, Kroll: http://intelligence.house.gov/Media/PDFS/Grenier040908b.pdf (pdf) Peter Bergen, Schwartz senior fellow, New America Foundation: http://intelligence.house.gov/Media/Word/Bergen040908.doc Steve Emerson, Executive Director, Investigative Project on Terrorism: http://intelligence.house.gov/Media/PDFS/Emerson040908.pdf (pdf)

Nuclear Terrorism: Assessing the Threat to the Homeland U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs April 2, 2008 http://hsgac.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?Fuseaction=Hearings.Detail&HearingID=42449878-5e68-4eef-978d-8e671fed2ab0

Witnesses/Testimonies & Statements: Charles E. Allen, Under Secretary for Intelligence and Analysis, U.S. Department of Homeland Security: http://hsgac.senate.gov/public/_files/040208Allen.pdf (pdf) Rolf Mowatt-Larssen, Director, Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, U.S. Department of Energy: http://hsgac.senate.gov/public/_files/040208MowattLarssen.pdf (pdf) Dr. Matthew Bunn, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University: http://hsgac.senate.gov/public/_files/040208Bunn.pdf (pdf) Gary Ackerman, Research Director, National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, University of Maryland: http://hsgac.senate.gov/public/_files/040208Ackerman3.pdf (pdf)

Current and Future Worldwide Threats to the National Security of the United States U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services February 27, 2008 http://armed-services.senate.gov/e_witnesslist.cfm?id=3152

Witnesses/Testimonies & Statements: Honorable John M. McConnell, Director, National Intelligence : http://www.senate.gov/~armed_services/statemnt/2008/February/McConnell%2002-27-08.pdf (pdf) Lieutenant General Michael D. Maples, U.S. Army, Director, Defense, Intelligence Agency : http://www.senate.gov/~armed_services/statemnt/2008/February/Maples%2002-27-08.pdf (pdf)

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Annual World Wide Threat Assessment U.S. House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence February 7, 2008 http://intelligence.house.gov/OpenHearings.aspx?Section=20

Witness/Statement: J. Michael McConnell, Director of National Intelligence: http://intelligence.house.gov/Media/PDFS/DNITestimony020708.pdf (pdf)

Using the Web as a Weapon: The Internet as a Tool for Violent Radicalization and Homegrown Terrorism U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information Sharing and Terrorism Risk Assessment November 6, 2007 http://homeland.house.gov/Hearings/index.asp?ID=102

Witnesses/Testimonies & Statements: Dr. Bruce Hoffman, Professor, Georgetown University: http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20071106144427-54947.pdf (pdf) Ms. Rita Katz, Director, SITE Institute: http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20071106144438-11991.pdf (pdf) Ms. Parry Aftab, Internet Attorney, founder and executive director, WiredSafety.org: http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20071106144350-93606.pdf (pdf) Mr. Mark Weitzman, Director, Task Force against Hate and Terrorism, Simon Wiesenthal Center: http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20071106144414-90408.pdf (pdf)

Homeland Security beyond Our Borders: Examining the Status of Counterterrorism Coordination Overseas U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security Subcommittee on Border, Maritime and Global Counterterrorism October 4, 2007 http://homeland.house.gov/Hearings/index.asp?ID=92

Witnesses/Testimonies & Statements: Mr. Michael E. Leiter, Principal Deputy Director, National Counterterrorism Center: http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20071004132204-02233.pdf (pdf) Ambassador Marisa R. Lino, Assistant Secretary for International Affairs, Department of Homeland Security: http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20071004132218-43895.pdf (pdf) Mr. Edgar Moreno, Assistant Director, Domestic Operations, Bureau of Diplomatic Security, Department of State: http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20071004132147-19225.pdf (pdf) Mr. Thomas V. Fuentes, Assistant Director, Office of International Operations, Federal Bureau of Investigation: http://homeland.house.gov/SiteDocuments/20071004132236-21257.pdf (pdf)

Confronting the Terrorist Threat to the Homeland: Six Years after 9/11 U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs September 10, 2007 http://hsgac.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?Fuseaction=Hearings.Detail&HearingID=08c0203e-2fee-47f4-9a9a-4c0c2e399abc

Witnesses/Testimonies & Statements: The Honorable Michael Chertoff, Secretary of Homeland Security, U.S. Department of Homeland Security: http://hsgac.senate.gov/public/_files/091007Chertoff.pdf (pdf) The Honorable J. Michael McConnell, Director of National Intelligence: http://hsgac.senate.gov/public/_files/091007McConnell.pdf (pdf) The Honorable John Scott Redd, Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy (Ret.), Director, National Counterterrorism Center: http://hsgac.senate.gov/public/_files/091007Redd.pdf (pdf) The Honorable Robert S. Mueller III, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice: http://hsgac.senate.gov/public/_files/091007Mueller.pdf (pdf)

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AAMMEERRIICCAA..GGOOVV IITTEEMMSS (published by the Bureau of International Information Programs/U.S. Department of State) Treasury’s Rosen Discusses How Terrorist Organizations Exploit Charities Ask America webchat transcript May 16, 2008

Michael Rosen, a policy adviser in the Treasury Department's Office of Terrorist Financing and Financial Crimes, discussed the U.S. and international strategy to combat the exploitation of charities by terrorist organizations in a May 15 Ask America webchat. … [Michael Rosen]: … We have seen cases in the past--and this is still ongoing--where terrorist groups have used charities to raise money that is then sent to fund their activities. They have also used charities as a front to provide cover for their activities and to move funds with the goal of avoiding detection. A separate issue from the practice of using charities to raise and move funds is the broader exploitation of the services of a charity. Sometimes charities are run by or on behalf of terrorist organizations. In this scenario, the hospital/school/social service agency is in fact providing legitimate services, but in the name of Al-Qaeda, LET, JUD or another Foreign Terrorist Organization. Often this happens when the government is weak or not providing a sufficient level of social services. When terrorist organizations fill this void it can radicalize a vulnerable population. In such circumstances, it is vital that the U.S. and other governments redouble their efforts to get aid into these areas. It also means that charities must adopt measures to protect themselves from this form of exploitation. Unfortunately, there is no easy answer to your question. We encourage charities that operate in high-risk areas to adopt appropriate due diligence measures. To the extent that is reasonable, they should operate in a transparent manner, verify their operations, know who their partners or grantees are, and so on. ... FULL TEXT: http://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2008/May/20080516160155xjsnommis0.7913172.html

United States Condemns Jaipur, India, Bombing America stands with India against terrorism, says State’s McCormack May 13, 2008

Washington - The United States has condemned a series of bombings targeting markets and temples in India’s western city of Jaipur. “There is no justification for the murder of innocent people,” State Department spokesman Sean McCormack said in a May 13 statement. “The United States stands with the government and people of India in their ongoing fight to eliminate the scourge of terrorism, and to ensure an open, democratic, peaceful and prosperous society.” ... FULL TEXT: http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2008/May/20080513175731idybeekcm0.6851007.html?CP.rss=true TERRORIST ATTACKS IN JAIPUR, INDIA, Press Statement, U.S. Department of State, May 13, 2008: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2008/may/104672.htm

Rice Condemns Terrorist Group Hezbollah’s Attacks in Lebanon United States supports legitimate Lebanese government May 9, 2008

Washington - The United States continues to offer its full support to the legitimate Lebanese government, and condemns the armed attack by Hezbollah and its allies, says Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. "We condemn the use of force by illegitimate armed groups and call upon all parties to respect the rule of law," Rice said May 9 in a prepared statement. Rice said the United States will stand by the Lebanese government and its citizens through the crisis and provide support as needed. … FULL TEXT: http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2008/May/20080509155736dmslahrellek0.9268.html?CP.rss=trueUNITED STATES CONDEMNS VIOLENCE IN LEBANON, Statement by Secretary Condoleezza Rice, Washington D.C., May 9, 2008: http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/05/104553.htm

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Terrorism, Crime Often Linked, Says Report United States builds new partnerships to confront terrorism-crime nexus May 6, 2008

Washington - While recent years have seen a decrease in terrorist activity in the Western Hemisphere, a U.S. government report highlights a growing link between terrorists and transnational organized crime. “Terrorist activities and support for terrorist infrastructure are funded by contributions from individuals, false charities and front organizations, but also, increasingly, through other illicit activities such as trafficking in persons, smuggling and narcotrafficking,” says the State Department’s 2007 Country Reports on Terrorism, released April 30. … FULL TEXT: http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2008/May/20080506115611idybeekcm0.3099176.html?CP.rss=true

New Report Showcases Global Progress against Terrorism Counterterrorism requires complex, comprehensive and collaborative strategy April 30, 2008

Washington - International gains against terrorist cells in 2007 highlight the continuing need for a complex, comprehensive and collaborative strategy against terrorism. “Working with allies and partners across the world, we've created a less permissive operating environment for terrorists, kept leaders on the move or in hiding and degraded their ability to plan and mount attacks,” said State Department counterterrorism coordinator Dell Dailey upon the April 30 release of. … FULL TEXT: http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2008/April/20080430154216idybeekcm0.4366114.html?CP.rss=true

Terrorism Report Highlights Continuing Global Challenge Decline in attacks shows result of improved international cooperation April 30, 2008

Washington - Improving international cooperation allowed new gains against terrorism in 2007, but shifting terrorist tactics, the role of state sponsors such as Iran and terrorists’ pursuit of weapons of mass destruction underline a continuing security challenge, according to an annual State Department report on global terrorism. “Working with allies and partners across the world, we have created a less permissive operating environment for terrorists, keeping leaders on the move or in hiding, and degrading their ability to plan and mount attacks,” says the 2007 Country Reports on Terrorism, released April 30. … FULL TEXT: http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2008/April/20080429162824idybeekcm0.8818018.html?CP.rss=true

United States Identifies 42 Foreign Terrorist Organizations Annual terrorism report released April 30, 2008

Washington - The U.S. State Department identifies 42 Foreign Terrorist Organizations in its 2007 Country Reports on Terrorism, released April 30. Designation of a group as a Foreign Terrorist Organization results in the U.S. government blocking assets held in U.S. financial institutions, denying visas to terrorist group members and making it a crime for U.S. citizens or others within U.S. jurisdiction to provide the group with support or resources. ... FULL TEXT: http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2008/April/20080429115651dmslahrellek0.9584772.html?CP.rss=true

Iran Is Most Significant State Sponsor of Terrorism, Report Says Annual list includes Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan and Syria April 30, 2008

Washington - Without state sponsors, terrorist groups would have far greater difficulty finding the funds, weapons and explosives, safe havens and recruits they need to plan and conduct acts of violence against others. "The United States will continue to insist that these countries end the support they give to terrorist groups," according to the 2007 Country Reports on Terrorism, released April 30. "State sponsorship of terrorism continued to undermine efforts to eliminate terrorism." … FULL TEXT: http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2008/April/20080429115422dmslahrellek0.963299.html?CP.rss=true

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U.S. Marks Anniversary of 1983 Beirut Embassy Bombing Bush condemns terrorism, reaffirms support for Lebanon April 18, 2008

Washington - President Bush marked the 25th anniversary of the 1983 attack on the U.S. Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, by calling on nations to condemn terrorism. "Since the Beirut attack, we and citizens of many countries have suffered more attacks at the hands of Hizballah [Hezbollah] and other terrorists, backed by the regimes in Tehran [Iran] and Damascus [Syria], which use terror and violence against innocent civilians," Bush said April 17. "All nations should condemn such brutal attacks and recognize that the purposeful targeting of civilians is immoral and unjustifiable." … FULL TEXT: http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2008/April/20080418142548idybeekcm0.6105005.html?CP.rss=trueSTATEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT ON 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF BEIRUT EMBASSY BOMBING, The White House, April 17, 2008: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/04/20080417-6.html COMMEMORATIVE CEREMONY ON THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BOMBING OF THE U.S. EMBASSY IN

BEIRUT, LEBANON, Secretary Condoleezza Rice, Ben Franklin Room, Washington, D.C., April 18, 2008: http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/04/103742.htm

Bush Calls Success in Iraq a Strategic Victory against Terror United States stands with Iraqis to face challenges ahead, president says March 19, 2008

Washington - Five years ago the United States led an international coalition into Iraq to topple a brutal dictator and free 27 million people. Many challenges remain in building a new democracy, but the United States will stand with the Iraqi people because Iraq’s success will be a strategic victory against extremists, says President Bush. … FULL TEXT: http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2008/March/20080319164457idybeekcm9.202212e-02.html?CP.rss=trueTRANSCRIPT: PRESIDENT BUSH DISCUSSES GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR, The Pentagon, March 19, 2008: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/03/20080319-2.html

Somali Extremists Added to U.S. Terrorist List Al-Shabaab designated foreign terrorist organization March 18, 2008

Washington - Al-Shabaab, a Somalia-based extremist group with known ties to the transnational terrorist group al-Qaida, has been named as the latest addition to the U.S. State Department’s list of foreign terrorist organizations. “Al-Shabaab has used intimidation and violence to undermine the Somali government and threatened civil society activists working to bring about peace through political dialogue and reconciliation,” the State Department said in a statement released by the Office of the Spokesman March 18. … FULL TEXT: http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2008/March/20080318160328idybeekcm0.6445429.html?CP.rss=trueDESIGNATION OF AL-SHABAAB, Media Note, U.S. Department of State, March 18, 2008: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2008/mar/102338.htm

Bush Condemns Terrorist Attack in Jerusalem Hamas claims responsibility, Bush offers condolences March 7, 2008

Washington - The United States joins the international community in strongly condemning a terrorist attack on Jerusalem rabbinical students in an apparent bid to derail Israeli-Palestinian peace talks. "This barbaric and vicious attack on innocent civilians deserves the condemnation of every nation," President Bush says. "I have just spoken with [Israeli] Prime Minister [Ehud] Olmert to extend my deepest condolences to the victims, their families, and to the people of Israel. I told him the United States stands firmly with Israel in the face of this terrible attack." In a separate statement issued in Washington, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice said "there is no cause that could ever justify this action." … FULL TEXT: http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2008/March/20080307143120idybeekcm0.899029.htmlPRESIDENT BUSH CONDEMNS TERRORIST ATTACK IN ISRAEL, March 6, 2008: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/03/20080306-5.html

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CONDOLENCES ON ATTACK AGAINST RABBINICAL STUDENTS, Statement by Secretary Condoleezza Rice, March 6, 2008: http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/03/101845.htm

Al-Qaida Remains Leading Threat, Say Intelligence Officials Annual Threat Assessment highlights terrorism, proliferation challenges February 28, 2008

Washington - Top U.S. intelligence officials warn that al-Qaida and its affiliates remain a leading threat to the United States and its allies around the world, followed closely by the rapid spread of missile technologies and ongoing efforts by terrorists or nation states to acquire weapons of mass destruction. “Despite our successes, the group [al-Qaida] has retained or regenerated key elements of its capability, including top leadership, operational mid-level lieutenants, and de facto safe haven in Pakistan’s border area with Afghanistan,” Director of National Intelligence Mike McConnell told members of the Senate Armed Services Committee February 27. … FULL TEXT: http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2008/February/20080227143033idybeekcm0.8279077.html

Terrorist Group List Highlights Why Terrorism Is Unacceptable List helps thwart support for terrorist groups January 17, 2008

Washington - The United States views action to identify and list "foreign terrorist organizations" as an effective tool for denying them financial support, blocking their international travel and criminalizing support for them. Such listing also helps to expose terrorism generally as an unacceptable means for political change, says a senior State Department official. "We must fight terrorists with precise, calibrated force in order to buy space and time to transform the environment and the conditions that terrorists exploit, and to build enduring solutions that transcend violence," Ambassador Dell Dailey, the State Department's coordinator for counterterrorism, said in a recent Washington speech. … FULL TEXT: http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2008/January/20080117140140dmslahrellek6.440371e-02.htmlFOREIGN TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS, Fact Sheet, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism/U.S. Department of State, April 8, 2008: http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/08/103392.htm

Religious Leaders Condemn Terrorist Acts Fiqh Council of North America issues fatwa December 7, 2007

Washington - Muslim, Jewish and Christian leaders in the United States have joined together in an interfaith peace-building effort to condemn terrorism and the violence it causes. In supporting this initiative, the Fiqh Council of North America issued a fatwa, or religious edict, saying "there is no justification in Islam for extremism or terrorism." Christian and Jewish leaders also issued a companion prayer that supports the message of the Fiqh Council fatwa, by asking for the security and safety of all people from the violence caused by terrorists. … FULL TEXT: http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2007/December/20071207174210dmslahrellek0.6342584.html

CCRRSS RREEPPOORRTTSS (published by the Congressional Research Service/Library of Congress) 2008-2009 Presidential Transition: National Security Considerations and Options By John Rollins, Specialist in Terrorism and National Security, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, April 21, 2008

A presidential transition is a unique time in America and holds the promise of opportunity, as well as a possible risk to the nation’s security interests. The 2008-2009 election marks the first presidential transition in the post-9/11 era, and is of concern to many national security observers. While changes in administration during U.S. involvement in national security related activities are not unique to the 2008-2009 election, many observers suggest that the current security climate and recent acts of terrorism by individuals wishing to influence national elections and change foreign policies portend a time of increased risk to the current presidential transition period. …

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FULL REPORT: http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/104698.pdf (pdf) The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11 By Amy Belasco, Specialist in U.S. Defense Policy and Budget, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, updated April 11, 2008

With enactment of the FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act (H.R. 2764/P.L. 110-161 on December 26, 2007, Congress has approved a total of about $700 billion for military operations, base security, reconstruction, foreign aid, embassy costs, and veterans’ health care for the three operations initiated since the 9/11 attacks: Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) Afghanistan and other counter terror operations; Operation Noble Eagle (ONE), providing enhanced security at military bases; and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). … FULL REPORT: http://www.usembassy.at/en/download/pdf/cost_terror.pdf (pdf)

U.S.-EU Cooperation against Terrorism By Kristin Archick, Specialist in European Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, updated January 28, 2008

The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks gave new momentum to European Union (EU) initiatives to improve law enforcement cooperation against terrorism both among its member states and with the United States. Washington has largely welcomed these efforts, recognizing that they may help root out terrorist cells and prevent future attacks. However, the United States and the EU continue to face several challenges as they seek to promote closer cooperation in the police, judicial, and border control fields. This report examines the evolution of U.S.-EU counterterrorism cooperation and the ongoing challenges that may be of interest in the second session of the 110th Congress. …

National Strategy for Combating Terrorism: Background and Issues for Congress By Raphael F. Perl, Specialist in International Crime and Terrorism, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, November 1, 2007

On September 5, 2006, the White House released the 2006 National Strategy for Combating Terrorism. This report examines the Strategy in the context of its predecessor, released in 2003, and identifies issues and options for consideration by Congress. The 2006 National Strategy for Combating Terrorism provides a framework for protecting the United States and its allies from terrorist attacks. Core components of the Strategy are to disrupt and disable terrorist networks across the globe, and foster international cooperation in these efforts. Creating a global intolerance of terrorism is central as well. The 2006 Strategy differs from the 2003 version primarily in that it sets different priorities for the strategic elements designed to achieve its goals. Perhaps most significant of these differences is a major increase in emphasis on democratization as a method of combating terrorism. Additionally, the 2006 strategy places greater emphasis on denying terrorists sanctuary in underdeveloped, failed, and rogue states. The use of economic and political tools to strengthen nations vulnerable to the spread of terrorist influence appears to receive less emphasis in the 2006 Strategy than in the 2003 version. … FULL REPORT: http://www.usembassy.at/en/download/pdf/strategy_terrorism (pdf)

Al Qaeda: Statements and Evolving Ideology By Christopher M. Blanchard, Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, updated July 9, 2007

Al Qaeda leaders and affiliates have conducted sophisticated public relations and media campaigns since the mid-1990s. Terrorism analysts believe that these campaigns have been designed to elicit psychological reactions and communicate complex political messages to a global audience as well as to specific subpopulations in the Islamic world, the United States, Europe, and Asia. Some officials and analysts believe that Al Qaeda’s messages contain signals that inform and instruct operatives to prepare for and carry out new attacks. Bin Laden and other leading Al Qaeda figures have referred to their public statements as important primary sources for parties seeking to understand Al Qaeda’s ideology and political demands. Global counterterrorism operations since 2001 appear to have limited Bin Laden’s ability to provide command and control leadership to Al Qaeda operatives and affiliated groups. Other Al Qaeda leaders and affiliates continue to release statements that encourage and provide guidance for terrorist operations. … FULL REPORT: http://www.usembassy.at/en/download/pdf/alq.pdf (pdf)

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Islamist Extremism in Europe By Kristin Archick (Coordinator), John Rollins, and Steven Woehrel, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, updated March 13, 2007

Although the vast majority of Muslims in Europe are not involved in radical activities, Islamist extremists and vocal fringe communities that advocate terrorism exist and reportedly have provided cover for terrorist cells. Germany and Spain were identified as key logistical and planning bases for the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. The March 2004 terrorist bombings in Madrid have been attributed to an Al Qaeda-inspired group of North Africans. UK authorities have named four British Muslims as the perpetrators of the July 2005 terrorist attacks on London; in August 2006, British law enforcement arrested several British Muslims suspected of plotting to blow up airliners flying from the UK to the United States. This report provides an overview of Islamist extremism in Europe, possible terrorist links, European responses, and implications for the United States. …

Combating Terrorism: The Challenge of Measuring Effectiveness By Raphael Perl, Specialist in International Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, updated March 12, 2007

This report is designed to support efforts of the 110th Congress to understand and apply broad based objective criteria when evaluating progress in the nation’s efforts to combat terrorism. It is not intended to define specific, in-depth, metrics for measuring progress against terrorism. How one perceives and measures progress is central to formulating and implementing anti-terror strategy. Perception has a major impact, as well, on how nations prioritize and allocate resources. On the flip side, the parameters used to measure progress can set the framework for the measurement of failure. The measurement process is also inextricably linked to strategies. Progress is possible using diverse strategies, under very different approaches. The goals of terrorists and those who combat them are often diametrically opposed, but may also be tangential, with both sides achieving objectives and making progress according to their different measurement systems. … FULL REPORT: http://www.usembassy.at/en/download/pdf/combating_terrorism.pdf (pdf)

Trends in Terrorism: 2006 By Raphael Perl, Specialist in International Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, updated March 12, 2007

On April 28, 2006, the Department of State sent to Congress its annual report on global terrorism: Country Reports on Global Terrorism 2005. The 262-page report provides an annual strategic assessment of trends in terrorism and the evolving nature of the terrorist threat, coupled with detailed information on anti-terror cooperation by nations worldwide. The report and underlying data portray a threat from radical Jihadists that is becoming more widespread, diffuse, and increasingly homegrown, often with a lack of formal operational connection with al Qaeda ideological leaders such as Osama Bin Laden or Ayman al Zawahiri. Three trends in terrorism are identified in the Department of State report which are independently reflected in the work of analysts elsewhere. First is the emergence of so called “micro actors,” in part spurred by U.S. successes in isolating or killing much of al Qaeda’s leadership. The result is an al Qaeda with a more subdued, although arguably still significant, operational role, but assuming more of an ideological, motivational, and propaganda role. Second is the trend toward “sophistication”; i.e. terrorists exploiting the global flow of information, finance, and ideas to their benefit, often through the internet. Third is an increasing overlap of terrorist activity with international crime, which may expose the terrorists to a broad range of law enforcement countermeasures. … FULL REPORT: http://www.usembassy.at/en/download/pdf/trends_terrorism.pdf (pdf)

International Terrorism: Threat, Policy, and Response Raphael F. Perl, Specialist in International Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, updated January 3, 2007

This report examines international terrorist actions, threats, U.S. policies and responses. It reviews the nation’s use of tools at its disposal to combat terrorism, from diplomacy, international cooperation, and constructive engagement to physical security enhancement, economic sanctions, covert action, and military force. A modern trend in terrorism appears to be toward loosely organized, selffinanced, international networks of terrorists. Increasingly, radical Islamist groups, or groups using religion as a pretext, pose a serious threat to U.S. interests and to friendly regimes. Of concern as well is the growing political participation of extremist Islamist parties in foreign nations. Also noteworthy is the apparent growth of cross-national links among different terrorist organizations, which may involve combinations of military training, funding, technology transfer, or political advice. Looming over the entire issue of international terrorism is the specter of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). …

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U.S. policy toward international terrorism contains a significant military component, reflected in U.S. operations in Afghanistan, deployment of U.S. forces elsewhere for specific missions, and, according to the Administration and its supporters, the war in Iraq. ... FULL REPORT: http://www.usembassy.at/en/download/pdf/intl_terror.pdf (pdf)

European Approaches to Homeland Security and Counterterrorism By Kristin Archick, Coordinator; Carl Ek, Paul Gallis, Francis T. Miko, and Steven Woehrel, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, July 24, 2006

The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States and the subsequent attacks on European countries such as the United Kingdom and Spain have prompted both sides of the Atlantic to reinvigorate their respective efforts to ensure homeland security and combat terrorism. However, U.S. and European approaches to these issues differ. While the United States has embarked on a wholesale reorganization of its domestic security and border protection institutions, European countries have largely preferred to work within their existing institutional architectures to combat terrorism and respond to other security challenges and disasters, both natural and man-made. This report examines homeland security and counterterrorist measures in six selected European countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. None of these European countries currently has a single ministry or department equivalent to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. In most of these countries, responsibility for different aspects of homeland security and counterterrorism is scattered across several ministries or different levels of government. ... FULL REPORT: http://www.usembassy.at/en/download/pdf/eu_homeland_sec.pdf (pdf)

Terrorism and National Security: Issues and Trends By Raphael F. Perl, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, updated April 21, 2006

International terrorism has long been recognized as a serious foreign and domestic security threat. This issue brief examines international terrorist actions and threats and the U.S. policy response. As the 9/11 Commission report released on July 19, 2004, concludes, the United States needs to use all tools at its disposal, including diplomacy, international cooperation, and constructive engagement to economic sanctions, covert action, physical security enhancement, and military force. A modern trend in terrorism is toward loosely organized, self-financed, international networks of terrorists. Another trend is toward terrorism that is religiously- or ideologically-motivated. Radical Islamic fundamentalist groups, or groups using religion as a pretext, pose terrorist threats of varying kinds to U.S. interests and to friendly regimes. A third trend is the apparent growth of cross-national links among different terrorist organizations, which may involve combinations of military training, funding, technology transfer, or political advice. Looming over the entire issue of international terrorism is the specter of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). … FULL REPORT: http://www.usembassy.at/en/download/pdf/natl_sec.pdf (pdf)

UUSSEEFFUULL LLIINNKKSS • The White House

o National Security http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/nationalsecurity/

o Homeland Security http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/homeland/

o National Security Council http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/The National Security Council is the President's principal forum for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials. Since its inception under President Truman, the function of the Council has been to advise and assist the President on national security and foreign policies. The Council also serves as the President's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies.

• U.S. Department of State

o Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism

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http://www.state.gov/s/ct/ International terrorism threatens the United States, its allies and interests, and the world community. Defeating the terrorist enemy requires sound policies, concerted U.S. Government effort, and international cooperation. ... The primary mission of the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism (S/CT) is to forge partnerships with non-state actors, multilateral organizations, and foreign governments to advance the counterterrorism objectives and national security of the United States. Working with our U.S. Government counterterrorism team, S/CT takes a leading role in developing coordinated strategies to defeat terrorists abroad and in securing the cooperation of international partners. In all activities, we are guided by the National Security Strategy and the National Strategy for Combating Terrorism.

o Peace & Security - Confronting Terrorism - America.gov/Bureau of International Information Programs http://fpolicy.america.gov/fpolicy/security/counterterrorism.html

• Office of the Director of National Intelligence

http://www.dni.gov/ The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) serves as the head of the Intelligence Community (IC), overseeing and directing the implementation of the National Intelligence Program and acting as the principal advisor to the President, the National Security Council, and the Homeland Security Council for intelligence matters related to the national security. Working together with the Principal Deputy DNI (PDDNI) and with the assistance of Mission Managers and four Deputy Directors, the Office of the DNI's goal is to effectively integrate foreign, military and domestic intelligence in defense of the homeland and of United States interests abroad.

o National Counterterrorism Center http://www.nctc.gov/In August 2004, the President established the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) to serve as the primary organization in the United States Government (USG) for integrating and analyzing all intelligence pertaining to terrorism and counterterrorism (CT) and to conduct strategic operational planning by integrating all instruments of national power.

• U.S. Department of Homeland Security

http://www.dhs.gov Mission: We will lead the unified national effort to secure America. We will prevent and deter terrorist attacks and protect against and respond to threats and hazards to the Nation. We will ensure safe and secure borders, welcome lawful immigrants and visitors, and promote the free-flow of commerce.

• Counterterrorism Division – Federal Bureau of Investigation/U.S. Department of Justice

The mission of the Counterterrorism Division is to help our nation prevent acts of terrorism against the U.S. and U.S. targets. http://www.fbijobs.gov/311122.asp

o Counterterrorism and Terrorism Today, the FBI is part of a vast national and international campaign dedicated to defeating terrorism. Working hand-in-hand with partners in law enforcement, intelligence, the military, and diplomatic circles, our job is to neutralize terrorist cells and operatives here in the U.S. and to help dismantle terrorist networks worldwide. http://www.fbi.gov/terrorinfo/counterrorism/waronterrorhome.htm

• Terrorism - U.S. Embassy Vienna

http://www.usembassy.at/en/policy/terrorism.htm

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OOTTHHEERR RREESSOOUURRCCEESS AARRTTIICCLLEESS (for full text please contact the American Reference Center at: arc@usembassy.at) The List: The Worst Places to Be a Terrorist Foreign Policy, web exclusive, posted May 2008

Fighting transnational terrorism often involves making unsavory choices between protecting civil rights and providing security. The following regimes have opted for the latter and are definitely not the kind of places you want to get caught if you’re plotting some terrorist mayhem. FULL TEXT: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4316

The Next Generation of Terror By Marc Sageman, Foreign Policy, March/April 2008

The world's most dangerous jihadists no longer answer to al Qaeda. The terrorists we should fear most are self-recruited wannabes who find purpose in terror and comrades on the Web. This new generation is even more frightening and unpredictable than its predecessors, but its evolution just may reveal the key to its demise. FULL TEXT: http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20080301faessay87203/jerry-z-muller/us-and-them.html

Global Jihadist Recidivism: A Red Flag By Dennis A. Pluchinsky, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, March 2008

The author, a research analyst in Washington, raises an important issue about terrorists and the likelihood that, once released from custody by authorities, they will return to terrorism. Research in this area has been nearly completely lacking because most governments have been unable to effectively track the whereabouts of terrorists once released from custody, though in a few instances there have been reports by authorities that former terrorists were captured conducting new terrorist activities. Pluchinsky argues that, given the sharp rise in transnational terrorism across multiple national boundaries, terrorist recidivism has the potential to become a major counterterrorism problem over the next several decades. "It is a manpower issue that has the potential to periodically refuel the global jihadist movement," he writes. There are clearly valid presumptions, preliminary indicators and anecdotal evidence that suggest that global jihadist recidivism needs to be further examined, and tracking systems developed.

Questionable Reward: Arms Sales and the War on Terrorism By Rachel Stohl, Arms Control Today, February 2008

The author, a senior analyst at the private, Washington-based Center for Defense Information, investigates how various forms of U.S. military security assistance is being used to solidifying partners in the global war against terrorism. In the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks against the United States, she examines the pattern of arms sales and military training and aid given to 25 nations in every part of the world (except the Americas) which are either front-line states in counterterrorism efforts or face significant terrorist threat in their region. Her article includes two helpful sidebars: one addressing U.S. weapons export policy and another comparing changes in U.S. military assistance and arms sales from fiscal years 1997-2001 to FY 2002-2006. FULL TEXT: http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_01-02/stohl.asp

Intelligence and the War on Terror: How Dirty Are We Willing to Get Our Hands? By James M. Olsen, SAIS Review of International Affairs, Winter/Spring 2008

The author, who served in the Directorate of Operations in the Central Intelligence Agency, wonders whether Americans are prepared to stretch ethical limits for U.S. spies and relinquish some individual rights in the interest of U.S. security. He asks what the costs of victory might be if the war on terror leads the U.S. side to fight back in the unprincipled way of terrorists. U.S. spies should not set the rules for themselves; Congress and the president need to act, Olsen said, "but few politicians have been willing to put their names on any document, law, or order that could later be construed ... as stretching moral limits." They can no longer wait; they must craft in a nonpartisan way the unambiguous guidelines urgently need to confront terrorism.

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Stopping Nuclear Terrorism By Michael Levi, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2008

Nuclear terrorism poses a grave threat to global security, but seeking silver bullets to counter it does not make sense. Instead of pursuing a perfect defense, U.S. policymakers should create an integrated defensive system that takes advantage of the terrorists' weaknesses and disrupts their plots at every stage, thereby chipping away at their overall chances of success.

Prevention of Terrorism in Post-9/11 America: News Coverage, Public Perceptions, and the Politics of Homeland Security By Brigitte Nacos, et al., Terrorism and Political Violence, January 2008

This study finds that the issue of preventing terrorist attacks has received surprisingly little attention by decision-makers and the news media, and only sporadic interest by pollsters. When it comes to homeland security, how to protect the nation and its people from actual attacks takes a back seat to press coverage of threats and other aspects of terrorism, particularly the administration's arguments for fighting the 'war on terrorism' abroad as a means to prevent further terrorism at home. This inattention to the difficult task of preventing further catastrophic terror attacks by taking measures at home may affect the nation's vigilance as time has passed since 9/11.

Connecting Terrorist Networks By Justin Magouirk, Scott Atran and Marc Sageman, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, January 2008

Terrorism, a defining phenomenon of the current times, is a varied class of political violence that can be characterized with multiple ideological motivations, varied tactics, and varying levels of lethality, according to the authors. They have recently completed research from the Global Transnational Terrorism Project, but plan an additional study later in 2008. Clearly in their research, they have revealed that terrorism is not monolithic as is often characterized by the news media and policymakers. The research also demonstrates two important components to terrorism -- the groups are global and they target the "far enemy" not of local origin.

Democracy, Al Qaeda, and the Causes of Terrorism: A Strategic Analysis of U.S. Policy By Michael Freeman, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, January 2008

New research indicates that the widespread belief that the power of democracy can defeat terrorism in its many forms is misplaced. Professor Freeman of the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School argues that promoting democracy does little to change perceptions when a nation is also occupied by a foreign army. The belief that promoting democracy will stop the spread of terrorism is based on the idea that terrorism is caused by or encouraged by a lack of democracy and political participation by citizens in a particular nation.

Executive Power in the War on Terror By John O. McGinnis, Policy Review, December 2007/January 2008

This article analyzes the U.S. government's legal performance and executive power in the war on terror: [...] Before analyzing the Bush administration's legal strategy on the war on terror, it is important to reject some lines of criticism made popular by its opponents. First, critics are wrong to suggest that terrorism requires only enhanced law enforcement rather than the use of war powers. Second, critics are also wrong to suggest that the United States is bound by international law even if that law is not incorporated into our domestic law. FULL TEXT: http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/11893481.html

“iWar”: A New Threat, Its Convenience – and Our Increasing Vulnerability By Johnny Ryan, NATO Review, Winter 2008

With a computer in virtually every home and office, the chances for mass communication are better than ever before. But how well protected are we if that communication is malicious or hostile? Johnny Ryan makes the case that iWar attacks could be the most innovative form of warfare since the invention of gunpowder. FULL TEXT: http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2007/issue4/english/analysis2.html

New Challenges and Old Concepts: Understanding 21st Century Insurgency By Steven Metz, Parameters, Winter 2007/2008

In this article, the author develops his thesis that America erred in looking to the insurgencies of the twentieth century when formulating counterinsurgency doctrine following 9/11. He believes that the United States has used lessons from old conflicts to derive new strategies. He challenges the military and the defense analytical community to reexamine the "lessons learned" from the insurgencies of the twenty-first century.

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FULL TEXT: http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/07winter/metz.htm A European View of American Foreign Policy By Willem Frederik Van Eekelen, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, December 2007

The U.S. Strategy of 2002, by and large confirmed in 2006, focused on preserving hegemonic power, preventing a "peer competitor" from arising, strengthening alliances to defeat global terrorism, working to prevent attacks against the U.S. and our friends, and preventing our enemies from threatening the U.S. and our friends with weapons of mass destruction. FULL TEXT: http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1514/1510404.pdf (pdf)

Disarming Rogues: Deterring First-Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction By David Szabo, Parameters, Winter 2007/2008

Military-led reconstruction operations play a key role in a cohesive (national) approach to the conduct of successful counterinsurgency operations. Such an approach requires the precise, discriminate application of nonkinetic effects in support of a unified campaign plan. The conduct of reconstruction operations does not negate the requirement for robust combat forces. Kinetic operations, however, play a supporting role in population-centric, counterinsurgency warfare. FULL TEXT: http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/07winter/szabo.htm

The National Security Election By Curt Campbell and Derek Chollet, The Washington Quarterly, Winter 2007/2008

The authors, with the Center for a New American Security, assert that “given the current state of world affairs, it is a wonder that anyone would want to be the next president of the United States.” He or she will have to face concerns about nuclear programs in Iran and North Korea, changing relations with Russia and China, conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, instability in Pakistan, allegations of torture by Americans, privacy concerns, and the deteriorating image of the U.S. abroad. Nonetheless, the number of qualified candidates for the job is inspiring and a bit surprising, they note; “perhaps more than any presidential contest since 1980 or even as far back as 1968, 2008 will be a national security election.” The major contenders have already tried to outline distinct visions of national security issues; questions about national security and foreign policy have received a lot of attention in the debates. FULL TEXT: http://www.twq.com/08winter/docs/08winter_campbell.pdf (pdf)

The Nuclear Dimensions of Jihadist Terrorism By Michael Rühle, NATO Review, Winter 2007

Suicide bombings are bad enough. But suicide nuclear bombs would spell catastrophe. Michael Rühle looks at how jihadists’ attempts to join the nuclear club have been thwarted – and what’s needed to stave off this threat. FULL TEXT: http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2007/issue4/english/analysis1.html

Can the War on Terror Be Won? By Philip Gordon, Foreign Affairs, November/December 2007

The author, senior fellow for U.S. foreign policy at the Brookings Institution, says the right questions to ask first about the war on terrorism concern how, or even whether, people can recognize that the war is won or lost. He said the end won't come on a battlefield where the defeated enemy is forced to accept political terms. "It is essential to start thinking seriously about these questions," Gordon wrote, "because it is impossible to win a war without knowing what its goal is." The war on terrorism resembles the Cold War, a long-term, multidimensional struggle against an insidious and violent ideology. Although terrorists will not be eradicated, the war against them will come to an end once the West demonstrates that their ideology is not worth fighting for - "when bin Laden's cause comes to be seen by its potential adherents as a failure, when they turn against it and adopt other goals and other means." FULL TEXT: http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20071101faessay86604/philip-h-gordon/can-the-war-on-terror-be-won.html

What Makes a Terrorist By Alan Krueger, The American, November/December 2007

Public policymakers have been grappling for decades trying to understand what it takes to make a terrorist so that effective anti-terrorism and counterterrorism measures can be developed and implemented. One of the most popular explanations is that terrorism is caused by economic deprivation and a lack of education, which creates the growth media for extremism that leads to terrorism. Princeton economics professor Alan Krueger has recently completed

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research that indicates that neither economic deprivation nor a lack of education are serious contributing factors. Krueger's research indicates that consistent with the work on international terrorist incidents, countries with fewer civil liberties and political rights were more likely to be the birthplaces of foreign terrorists. FULL TEXT: http://www.american.com/archive/2007/november-december-magazine-contents/what-makes-a-terrorist/?searchterm

Knowing the Enemy By Ariel Cohen, Policy Review, October/November 2007

Since 9/11, democracies have fought three wars against nonstate Islamist actors. The West needs to draw important lessons from Iraq, Afghanistan, and the clash between Israel and Hezbollah to address these strategic deficits. Lack of clarity in defining the enemy and delays in formulating political and information strategy severely endanger U.S. national interests and the security of the West. FULL TEXT: http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/10185726.html

Beyond the Dirty Bomb: Re-thinking Radiological Terror By James M. Acton, M. Brooke Rogers and Peter D. Zimmerman, Survival, Autumn 2007

The threat of radiological terror is normally viewed in the context of the ‘dirty bomb’ – a device designed to spread radioactivity with conventional high explosive. Such devices are often called weapons of mass disruption because they are likely to result in small numbers of casualties but massive clean-up costs and considerable inter­ference to everyday life. Inspired by the high-profile murder of Alexander Litvineko, terrorists are likely to seek more effective ways of employing radiation as a weapon of terror. Ingestion, inhalation and immersion (I3) attacks, in which radiation doses are delivered internally or by direct contact with the skin, can credibly kill an order of magnitude more people than a dirty bomb, are likely to incite con­siderably more fear among members of the public, and may require a much lower level of technical skill to execute. However, the security of radioactive sources can be enhanced and the consequences of an I3 attack mitigated.

The Return of the Knights: al-Qaeda and the Fruits of Middle East Disorder By Bruce Riedel, Survival, Autumn 2007

Almost six years after 11 September, al-Qaeda has spread through­out the Greater Middle East, with franchises from Indonesia to the Maghreb. Thanks to the war in Iraq it survived the West’s counterattack in Afghanistan. It has a secure sanctuary in Pakistan and it is building avenues of approach to attack Europe and America using the Muslim Diaspora community in Western Europe. In Iraq it is the dynamic edge of the Sunni insurgency, albeit only a small minority within the movement, and its goal now is to break the Iraqi state apart and create a jihadist state in the heart of the Arab world. Al-Qaeda wants to play a larger role in the Palestinian conflict but it has had a conflicted relationship with Hamas: very critical of Hamas’s participation in electoral politics but supportive of the Hamas coup in Gaza. Understanding al-Qaeda’s ideology and operations are the key to defeating it.

Weak States, State Failure, and Terrorism By Edward Newman, Terrorism and Political Violence, Fall 2007

Policymakers and scholars have been making the common assertion for a number of years that weak or failed states are the incubators of terrorism. The author, professor of political science and international studies at the University of Birmingham, notes, however, that terrorist groups have come from and operated within countries which have strong, stable governments. Weak and failed states may offer terrorist groups a tactical advantage, but the economic and logistical opportunities of stronger states gives these same groups strategic advantages, he notes. What weak and failed states offer is "an enabling environment," but are not incubators, Newman says.

Terrorism Index Foreign Policy, September/October 2007

In the third Terrorism Index, more than 100 of America’s most respected foreign-policy experts see a world that is growing more dangerous, a national security strategy in disrepair, and a war in Iraq that is alarmingly off course. FULL TEXT: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3924

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Rethinking Transnational Counterterrorism: Beyond a National Framework By Jeremy Pressman, The Washington Quarterly, Autumn 2007

Many offensive strategies that the United States currently relies on, such as sanctions or deterrence, that might be successful against national terrorist organizations are not as useful against transnational terrorists. They could actually make the problem worse. FULL TEXT: http://www.twq.com/07autumn/docs/07autumn_pressman.pdf (pdf)

The UN Security Council's Response to Terrorism: Before and after September 11, 2001 By Hilde Haaland Kramer and Steve A. Yetiv, Political Science Quarterly, Fall 2007

The authors argue that the UN Security Council’s response to global terrorism has been more forceful and comprehensive since September 11 and that it has broken some new ground. The authors posit that although the UN remains controversial in the United States, Washington benefited from its response to September 11, as imperfect as it was. FULL TEXT: http://www.psqonline.org/cgi-bin/99_article.cgi?byear=2007&bmonth=fall&a=03free&format=view (pdf)

NATO's International Security Role in the Terrorist Era By Renée De Nevers, International Security, Autumn 2007

What role does NATO play in combating terror? NATO's missions have expanded dramatically since the end of the Cold War, and most of the United States' closest allies are members of the alliance. Nevertheless, NATO plays, at best, a supportive role in U.S. efforts to combat terrorism. The alliance contributes to preventive and defensive missions to address the threat of terrorism, and its consequence management plans aim to respond to terrorist attacks and to mitigate their effects.

Abu Reuter and the E-Jihad: Virtual Battlefronts from Iraq to the Horn of Africa By Hanna Rogan, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, Summer/Fall 2007

Terrorists have built a pervasive media presence in print, satellite broadcasts, and the Internet. In her survey of “global jihadist” propaganda, the author, a visiting fellow at the Terrorism Research Center and a member of the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, concludes that in addition to traditional wartime roles of legitimating its actions and intimidating its foes, terrorist media is geared primarily to followers and potential recruits, facilitating operational command and control as well as inspiring individuals from a “virtual community” to stage attacks of their own. While its overall effectiveness is debatable, the author stresses the need for continued close monitoring to inform future counterterrorism policies. FULL TEXT: http://journal.georgetown.edu/82/rogan.pdf (pdf)

Making Intelligence Smart By Elbridge A. Colby, Policy Review, August/September 2007

In today’s world the intelligence challenges have become much more political in nature. How will “rogue states” behave? What motivates radical terrorists? What is the drift in Muslim or Iraqi public opinion? These are questions of intention and of human decisions. They are not questions that can be answered satisfactorily by being run through a computer. They require a depth of knowledge, a humility about our ability to understand and predict, and a holy fear of the power of contingency." In this article the author reinforces that "it is precisely in the nexus between capabilities and intentions that the toughest intelligence challenges are to be found. The article examines theoretically and practically what intelligence can do; how it can be improved and how it should fit into a smoothly national security system. FULL TEXT: http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/8817787.html

Subversion and Countersubversion in the Campaign against Terrorism in Europe By David J. Kilcullen, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, August 2007

The author, a former Australian Army officer and currently a counterinsurgency advisor with the multinational force in Iraq, examines in this article how Europe fits into the campaign against terrorism. Europe has found itself both as a source and a target for terrorist activity. Kilcullen says that Europe faces, as a primary threat, terrorist-linked subversion with two key objectives –- to manipulate and exploit immigrant communities. Noteworthy in Kilcullen's analysis is that counterterrorism analysis focused on the nature of Islam in Europe is a dead-end, offering no value to how best to arrest the trend. The threats facing western nations requires terrorism analysts to re-think existing paradigms of warfare, intelligence, law enforcement, terrorism and insurgency, Kilcullen says.

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U.S.-EU Cooperation on Counter Terrorism By Frank Kerber, American Diplomacy, August 8, 2007

Many observers think that political and philosophical differences have driven the United States and Europe further apart in recent years. This is not the case with regard to law enforcement cooperation on counter-terrorism, according to the recently retired point person for counter-terrorism in the U.S. Mission to the European Union. In fact, he says, we are working together more closely than ever in this vital sector. FULL TEXT: http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2007/0406/kerb/kerber_useu.html

Measuring Effectiveness in Irregular Warfare By James Clancy and Chuck Crossett, Parameters, Summer 2007

Regardless of the near-term effects of America’s efforts in Iraq and the global war on terrorism, one unmistakable fact has become apparent. The style of warfare for which we prepared ourselves in the post-Vietnam era, namely traditional force-on-force engagements waged within a finite campaign, is not as likely to occur as irregular-style Long War conflicts. FULL TEXT: http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/07summer/clancy.pdf (pdf)

TTHHIINNKK TTAANNKK IITTEEMMSS Militant Extremists in the United States By Holly Fletcher, Backgrounder, Council on Foreign Relations. April 21, 2008

The September 11, 2001, attacks in New York and Washington were the most destructive ever on U.S. soil. But law-enforcement officials have also long struggled with a range of U.S.-based terrorist groups. Domestic extremists include hate groups motivated by ultra-conservative ideals that are often anti-Semitic and racially motivated; ecoterrorists who use violence to campaign for greater environmental responsibility; and socialist groups who oppose the World Trade Organization. While homegrown Muslim extremists have proven more lethal in Europe than in the United States, U.S. authorities continue to worry about the prospect of attacks by militant Muslims who are American citizens. Domestic extremists have a “longstanding [sic] trend” of committing terrorist attacks on U.S. soil, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s 2002–2005 Terrorism Report (PDF), the bureau’s latest comprehensive report on such incidents. … FULL TEXT: http://www.cfr.org/publication/9236/militant_extremists_in_the_united_states.html?breadcrumb=%2Fissue%2F135%2Fterrorism

Safe at Home: A National Security Strategy to Protect the American Homeland, the Real Central Front By P. J. Crowley, Center for American Progress, February 25, 2008

This report discusses a new national security strategy and a renewed commitment to homeland security, one that builds capabilities from the ground up rather than imposing unfunded mandates from the top down. Adequate resources must be committed to all dimensions of national power, not just one. Investments should not just enhance our ability to counter the terrorism threat, but also promote far-reaching systemic improvements that will better position the United States to cope with a range of challenges and major disruptions regardless of the origin—terrorism, yes, but also pandemics, natural disasters, and man-made events. FULL TEXT: http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/02/pdf/safe_at_home.pdf (pdf)

Combating Enemies Online: State-Sponsored and Terrorist Use of the Internet By James Jay Carafano, Ph.D., and Richard Weitz, Ph.D., Backgrounder #2105, The Heritage Foundation, February 8, 2008

Even before the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, security experts were becoming increasingly concerned about the vulnerability of U.S. computer systems and associated infrastructure. The 9/11 attacks amplified these concerns. Less attention, however, has been paid to state sponsors of illicit computer activity, which are increasingly using the Internet to conduct espionage, deny services to domestic and foreign audiences, and influence global opinion. In addition, insufficient focus has been given to how terrorists exploit the Internet as a tool for recruiting, fund raising, propaganda, and intelligence collection and use it to plan, coordinate, and control terrorist operations. Combating

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these malicious activities on the Internet will require the cooperation of federal entities, as well as friendly and allied countries and the private sector. … FULL TEXT: http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/upload/bg_2105.pdf (pdf)

The Challenge of Islamists for EU and US Policies: Conflict, Stability and Reform By Muriel Asseburg, Joint Publication of SWP and United States Institute of Peace (USIP), Washington, D.C., SWP Research Paper 2007/RP 12, November 2007

Islamist politics pose one of the most important and complex set of challenges that the US and Europe face today. Foreign policies have not reflected that complexity adequately, but have focused to a large degree on Islamist actors with a global jihadist agenda and the global "war on terror." Also, while the debates in the academic and think tank community around the inclusion of moderate Islamists have found their way into US democracy promotion approaches, they have been much less reflected in European policies. FULL TEXT: http://www.usip.org/muslimworld/events/berlin_report.pdf (pdf)

Stealing the Sword: Limiting Terrorist Use of Advanced Conventional Weapons By James Bonomo, Giacomo Bergamo, David R. Frelinger, John Gordon IV, and Brian A. Jackson. Homeland Security Program, RAND Corporation, prepared for the Department of Homeland Security, Web posted November 14, 2007

In this document, we focus on how the United States can shape the environment, including the perceptions of terrorists, to discourage the use of advanced conventional weapons. We review weapons under development, assess prospective and previous terrorist uses of such weapons, identify ways to make particular kinds of weapons less attractive to terrorist groups, and explore reasons that terrorist groups choose or reject certain weapons. The analyses presented here should be of interest to homeland security policymakers who need to understand the threat posed by advanced conventional weapons. Those concerned with developing security or defensive systems can allocate research and development and technology funding to countermeasures and defense systems with the greatest possible potential payoff. Those concerned with training security forces can adjust their curricula and concepts appropriately. And those interested in limiting the access of terrorists to advanced weapons can learn where to focus their efforts. Overall, these efforts should influence terrorist decisionmaking, deterring their use of particular weapons. … FULL TEXT: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2007/RAND_MG510.pdf (pdf)

Terrorism Risk Modeling for Intelligence Analysis and Infrastructure Protection By Henry H. Willis, Tom LaTourrette, Terrence K. Kelly, Scot Hickey, and Samuel Neill, Center for Terrorism Risk Management Policy, RAND Corporation, prepared for the Department of Homeland Security, Web posted October 30, 2007

The Office of Intelligence and Analysis at the Department of Homeland Security is responsible for using information and intelligence from multiple sources to identify and assess current and future threats to the United States. Recognizing that there are not enough available resources to reduce all risks, DHS is moving to greater use of risk analysis and risk-based resource allocation, a process that is designed to manage the greatest risks instead of attempting to protect everything. Efforts to develop analytical tools necessary to support this approach and institutionalize their use across the department are just beginning. In this context, the Office of Intelligence and Analysis is exploring how existing risk-analysis tools might be useful for its Homeland Infrastructure Threat and Risk Analysis Center. This report presents the results of three applications of a model routinely used by the insurance industry to assess liability from terrorism risk: the Probabilistic Terrorism Model developed by Risk Management Solutions, Inc. (RMS). … FULL TEXT: http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/2007/RAND_TR386.pdf (pdf)

Sharing the Dragon's Teeth: Terrorist Groups and the Exchange of New Technologies By Kim Cragin, Peter Chalk, Sara A. Daly, and Brian A. Jackson, RAND Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment Program, RAND Corporation, Web posted June 19, 2007

The authors examined case studies of eleven terrorist groups that revealed vulnerabilities in their technology exchange processes. The terrorist groups examined operate in three areas—Mindanao, the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and southwest Columbia. The authors reached eight conclusions that relate to (1) improving threat assessments; (2) disrupting innovation processes, and (3) affecting terrorists groups’ cost-benefit analysis. FULL TEXT: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2007/RAND_MG485.pdf (pdf)

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SSEELLEECCTTEEDD OORRGGAANNIIZZAATTIIOONNSS • UN Action to Counter Terrorism – United Nations

http://www.un.org/terrorism/o United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, September 20, 2006

http://www.un.org/terrorism/strategy-counter-terrorism.shtmlo Uniting Against Terrorism: Recommendations for a Global Counter-Terrorism

Strategy, Report of the Secretary-General, April 27, 2006 http://www.un.org/unitingagainstterrorism/

• The EU & Counterterrorism: Actions in 2008 – Delegation of the European Commission to

the USA http://www.eurunion.org/partner/EUUSTerror/EURespUSTerror.htm

o TE-SAT 2008 - EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2008, European Police Office, April 2008 http://www.europol.europa.eu/publications/TESAT/TESAT2008.pdf (pdf)

• Terrorism – The Brookings Institution

http://www.brookings.edu/topics/terrorism.aspx • Terrorism - Center for Defense Information

http://www.cdi.org/program/index.cfm?ProgramID=39 • Terrorism & Transnational Threats – Center for Strategic & International Studies

http://www.csis.org/researchfocus/TNT/ • Terrorism – Council on Foreign Relations

http://www.cfr.org/issue/135/terrorism.html • The Heritage Foundation

Homeland Securi

ty /research/features/nationalsecurity/homelandsecurity.cfm

ohttp://www.heritage.org

o melanddefense/

Homeland Security/Terrorism http://www.heritage.org/research/ho

• International Institute for Counter-Terrorism

http://www.ict.org.il/

Terrorism and Homeland Security - RAND Corporation •

http://rand.org/research_areas/terrorism/

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