professor john a. powell, haas diversity research center, director and the robert d. haas...
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Professor john a. powell, Haas Diversity Research Center, Director
and The Robert D. Haas Chancellor’s Chair in Equity and Inclusion
University of California, BerkeleyPresentation for the Northwest Area Foundation
August 17, 2012
Structural Racialization,
Implicit Bias, and Racial Equity
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What Are the Structuresthat Influence Our
Society?
Education Economic
Housing
Transportation
Healthcare Justice
Food
Communications
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Understanding Structures as Systems
These structures are not neutral
The implicit/unconscious helps to create them
Structures are systems
Systems are non-linear, complex, and function through feedback
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Towards Systems Thinking
Understanding structures as systems requires looking for patterns and relationships
Systems thinking necessitates focusing on outcomes rather than intents or inputs 4
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Differential Positioning in Structures
These structures interact in ways that produce differential outcomes
We are all situated within structures but not evenly
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Not only are people situated differently with regard to institutions, people are situated differently with regard to infrastructure
People are impacted by the relationships between institutions and systems…
…but people also impact these relationships and can change the structure of the system.
Differential Positioning in Structures
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How are women situated vis-à-vis men in the job market?
How are people with disabilities positioned within transportation?
How are undocumented immigrants positioned in the justice system?
Differential Positioning in Structures
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The Circle of Human Concern
Differential positioning in these structures is a way to understand who inhabits the circle of human concern as a full member and who is pushed out of it
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The Circle of Human Concern
Non-public/non-private
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Citizens
Non-public/non-private Space
Elderly
MothersChildren
Felons
Undocumented
The Circle of Human Concern
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Contextualizing Disparities How do we understand the
resulting problems?
Disparities in one part of a structure are not isolated from others
They need to be contextualized in relation to other structures, such as housing, education, employment, among others
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Mechanisms of Marginalization
There are similar mechanisms of marginalization within structures that work across social groups (women, immigrants, blacks, people with disabilities, Native Americans)
However, these social groups are not uniformly positioned in structures
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Differential Racialization
Structural racialization is when systems and processes produce and reproduce unequal outcomes along racial lines with or without intent
It is a relational process (i.e. groups are racialized in relation to other groups)
To go beyond the “Black-White” binary, we need to look at the “field of racial positions” (Kim 1999) that includes the public representation and groups relative positioning
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Difference & Inequality
An individual’s particular “co-formation” of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, class, language, religion, citizenship status, able-bodiedness, and geographic location marks how they are positioned in these structures as well as in concepts and stories
We can always refer to structural marginalizations along multiple axes of difference (i.e. structural gender marginalization)Bacchetta, Paola. 2007
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Five Faces of Oppression
1. Exploitation2. Marginalization 3. Powerlessness 4. Cultural Dominance5. Violence
Source: Young, Iris Marion (1990). “Five Faces of Oppression,” in Justice and the Politics of Difference
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Groups are differentially situated in relation to these forms of dehumanization
A group may be high in one area, but low in another
A group’s relational positioning may also differ in different geographies
Oppressing others through Othering and dehumanization become easier to do if done a lot
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Five Faces of Oppression
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Considering the Unconscious Mind
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Back to the Future
There is strong evidence that we are becoming more racially tolerant on a conscious level
Yet, more racially anxious on an unconscious level
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• People are meaning-making machines.
• Individual meaning• Collective meaning
• Only 2% of emotional
cognition is available to us consciously
• Racial bias tends to reside in the unconscious
network19
We unconsciously
think about race even when
we do not explicitly discuss it
The Role of the Unconscious Mind
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20The Stroop Test
Our Brains in Action
Blue
Blue
Green
Please state the color of the text
Black
Red
Green
Blue
Black
Blue
Black
Red
Green
Green
Green
Red
Black
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And now, in Greek
The Stroop Test
If you are a Greek speaker, this will show this works in any language.If you are not – how much easier it is now! But why?
Remember: state the colour of the text
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Awareness Test
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrqrkihlw-s
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Understanding Implicit/Unconscious Bias
People’s conscious values and beliefs are only part of how they process information and make decisions
Many biases affecting behavior towards others reside in the unconscious mind
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Understanding Implicit/Unconscious
BiasIn other words, people who
consciously value racial or other forms of equality can act and make decisions based on biases without even being aware that they have any biases at all
Implicit/unconscious bias is when a person’s actions are motivated by unconscious processes.
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How Implicit/Unconscious Bias
Leads to DiscriminationWhen one holds a
negative stereotype about a group and meets someone who fits the stereotype s/he may discriminate against that individual
It occurs even among persons who are not consciously prejudiced
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Priming
Our environment affects our unconscious networks
Priming activates mental associations Telling someone a scary story activates a frame
of fear
Claude Steele’s“stereotype threat”: For example, tell students about to take a test that
Asian students tend to do better than whites, and the whites will perform significantly worse than if they had not been primed to think of themselves as less capable than Asians.
Source: http://www.eaop.ucla.edu/0405/Ed185%20-Spring05/Week_6_May9_2005.pdf
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Individuation: focus on the individual attributes of specific person versus categorization or perceiving person through filter of their social group
Source: Burgess, Van Ryn, Dovidio, and Saha, J Gen Intern Med (2007); Williams, 2012
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Counteracting Unconscious Prejudice and Stereotypes
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Social Cognition: Warmth and Competence
Competence
Warmth
Low
High
Low
High
Esteemed: Your own
group, who you identify
with
Despised: African
Americans, Undocument
ed immigrants
Envied: Competent, but don’t really like
them: Asians
Pity : women, elderly, disabled
Source: Douglas Massey. Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 2007.
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Bringing Together Implicit Bias and Structural Racialization
Structural RacializationSystems Approach
PowerOrganizing
Implicit BiasCulture and Communication
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The Problems of Race Neutral Poverty
Programs and PoliciesPoverty interventions must consider
the multiple underlying mechanisms of marginalization
When purportedly ‘neutral’ programs and policies for poverty alleviation are overlaid on already racialized practices, norms, and institutional arrangements, it is likely to not only leave such arrangements undisturbed, but perpetuate and exacerbate them
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Imagining a New Paradigm
What is an alternative vision?
A model where we all grow together
A model where we embrace collective, yet differentiated solutions
A vision that requires collective action to be successful
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Towards Targeted Universalism
This strategic framework starts with identifying the universal goals for all in education, health, civil rights, employment, etc.
Our strategies much be targeted based on the different situatedness of groups 32
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Towards Targeted Universalism
The framework should support the identification of specific obstacles in particular geographies and structures and stories that limit certain populations from reaching those goals
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Towards Targeted Universalism
Strategies are tailored to address the specific needs and situatedness of targeted populations
They may be geographically particular based on needs and resources in different locations
It is difficult to effectively benefit one group while leaving others marginalized
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Towards Targeted Universalism
Strategies often work on multiple scales based on the nature of the problem
They enable networks of institutions (funders, service providers, advocacy groups) with different assets/contributions to work together through linkages
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Creating Interventions
Interventions need to focus on the following:Targeting structures and
(un)conscious bias Healing the breach of exclusion
created through racialized disparities
Creating a process of inclusion based on fairness
A focus on racial equity has broader implications for social relations and systems in our societyThese disparities effect the well-
being of our entire society, not just marginalized communities
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Creating Interventions
If structural conditions are informed by implicit bias, then what is the organizational structure that can engage this?
How do you strategically fund to address this?Analyze the problems, create multi-
scalar interventions, and fund to build capacity
This necessitates a flexible network, not just organizations or coalitions
It also needs funding over the long term
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Reflections on Situatedness
How are we each differentially situated in structures?
How do our own conscious and unconscious biases affect our philanthropic work?
Where are the groups we fund situated?
How are we situated vis-à-vis the groups we fund?
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Challenges in Practice
In light of differential situatedness, how are collective decisions made regarding the targeted allocation of resources to different groups to meet universal goals?
What are the challenges of framing and allocating resources in this way? For example, can perceived notions of
scarcity be overcome by framing investments in a particular group as also investments in the social fabric of our society?
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Challenges in Practice
While targeted universalism provides is an important framework for developing communications and informing policy and programming, it will not do all of the necessary work
What other strategies need to be considered to deal with unintended consequences, unanticipated resistance, implementation problems, etc.?
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