Professional Architectural Professional Architectural Careers & OpportunitiesCareers & Opportunities

By Ms. JonesBy Ms. Jones

The Field of ArchitectureThe Field of Architecture

Architecture is the profession of Architecture is the profession of designing buildings, open areas and designing buildings, open areas and even whole communities, with an even whole communities, with an eye to the aesthetics of the end eye to the aesthetics of the end resultresult

Duties of An ArchitectDuties of An Architect

Construction ProjectConstruction Project Predesign servicesPredesign services

Feasibility Feasibility Environment impactEnvironment impact Selecting the siteSelecting the site Requirements the design must meetRequirements the design must meet

Final construction PlansFinal construction Plans Appearance Appearance Details for constructionDetails for construction

Structural, electrical, mechanical, site and Structural, electrical, mechanical, site and landscapelandscape

Employment OpportunitiesEmployment Opportunities

Private Architectural FirmsPrivate Architectural Firms Public and Government AgenciesPublic and Government Agencies Community DesignCommunity Design Urban PlanningUrban Planning Building and Construction FirmsBuilding and Construction Firms Community Development CorpCommunity Development Corp

Architectural Office PracticesArchitectural Office Practices

Two Basic ModelsTwo Basic Models Departmental SpecializationsDepartmental Specializations

DesignersDesigners Spec WritersSpec Writers Structural expertsStructural experts Landscape designersLandscape designers Production drafts peopleProduction drafts people

TeamworkTeamwork

Job OutlookJob Outlook

Classwork: What affects the Classwork: What affects the architecturalarchitectural

industry? industry?

Architectural Drafting Warm-upArchitectural Drafting Warm-up

Answer the following Questions:Answer the following Questions: 1. What are the two Office Models of an 1. What are the two Office Models of an

Architectural Firm?Architectural Firm? 2. What are the duties of an architect?2. What are the duties of an architect?

Skills Skills

Communicate ideas visually to a clientCommunicate ideas visually to a client Visual orientation and the ability to Visual orientation and the ability to

conceptualize and understand spatial conceptualize and understand spatial relationshipsrelationships

Verbal and written communication skillsVerbal and written communication skills Work independently or part of a teamWork independently or part of a team CreativeCreative Computer literacy – spec writing, Computer literacy – spec writing,

2D&3D drafting and financial 2D&3D drafting and financial managementmanagement

Design TeamDesign Team ArchitectArchitect - a person trained in the planning, design - a person trained in the planning, design

and oversight of the construction of buildings that have as and oversight of the construction of buildings that have as their principal purpose human occupancy or use. their principal purpose human occupancy or use.

Structural EngineerStructural Engineer - -a field of a field of engineering dealing with dealing with the the analysis and design of and design of structures that support or resist that support or resist loads..

Electrical EngineerElectrical Engineer - - a field of a field of engineering that that generally deals with the study and application of generally deals with the study and application of electricity, , electronics and and electromagnetism..

Mechanical EngineerMechanical Engineer - - a discipline of a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of that applies the principles of physics and and materials science for for analysis, design, analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of , and maintenance of mechanical systems

Civil EngineerCivil Engineer - - a a professional engineering discipline that discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like naturally built environment, including works like bridges, , roads, , canals, , dams, and , and buildings..

Warm-up

Who are the members of the design team and what role do they play?

Key Terms Architect Architects Duties Architectural Office

Models Design Team Design Role

Schematic Design Brief Design Process Documentation

Role Tender Technical drawings

Design Role The architect hired by a client is responsible for creating

a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. Program or brief, is an essential meeting between the

Architect and the owner/client to produce a project that meets all the needs and desires of the owner—it is a guide for the architect in creating the design concept.

Architects deal with local and federal jurisdictions about regulations and building codes. local planning and zoning laws

setbacks, height limitations, parking requirements, transparency requirements (windows), and land use.

Some established jurisdictions require adherence to design and historic preservation guidelines.

Design Role con’t… Basic design

Schematic design – development of graphic solutions to clients program Alternative conceptual design proposals Evaluate engineering systems needed for the project Prepare volume and area calculations and evaluate cost of

alternative design proposals Incorporate relevant code requirements Prepare presentation drawings and design models

Financial considerations Building cost analysis

Analyze and evaluate construction cost Prepare an analysis that meets the project requirements and

provides alternatives Use unit costs Quantity calculations (corner guards, windows..etc) Research Life-cycle cost for specifications Factor current inflation rate and other economic variables

Design Role con’t… Clientele relationships

Program or Brief Get all the requirements for the project Review schematic design and cost analysis

Within clients budget Cost estimates and source of financing

Get feedback Adjust schematic design if needed

Procedures of the design process Define or Identify the problem Brainstorm Research and Generate Ideas Identify Criteria and specify Constraints Explore possibilities Select and Approach Develop a design proposal Make a model or prototype Test AND Evaluate the design

Documentation Role Architects prepare the technical or "working"

documents (construction drawings and specifications), coordinate with and supplemented by the work

of a variety of disciplines [i.e., with varied expertise like mechanical, plumbing, electrical, civil, structural, etc.] engineers for the building services and

drawings are filed for obtaining permits (development and building permits) that require compliance with building, seismic, and relevant federal and local regulations.

construction drawings and specifications are also used for pricing the work, and for construction.

Construction Role Architects typically put projects to tender (bid) on behalf of

their clients, advise on the award of the project to a general contractor, review the progress of the work during construction. They typically review subcontractor shop drawings and

other submittals, prepare and issue site instructions, and provide

construction contract administration and Certificates for Payment to the contractor

With very large, complex projects, an independent construction manager is sometimes hired to assist in design and to manage construction.

In the United Kingdom and other countries, a quantity surveyor is often part of the team to provide cost consulting.

Review: Basic Stages of Design

Initial Contact Preliminary design studies Initial working drawings Final design considerations Completion of working drawings Permit procedures Job supervision

Related Fields

Illustrator Model Maker Specification Writer Inspector Construction Field Worker

Warm-up (group work 2-3)

Imagine you work for a departmental architectural firm. Describe each departments involvement in the design role, documentation role and construction role. 20mins

Architectural Office Practices

Two Basic Models Departmental Specializations

Designers Spec Writers Structural experts Landscape designers Production drafts people

Teamwork

Architectural Drawings

• Architectural Diagram – – a drawing that uses geometric elements to abstractly represent

• phenomena such as sound, light, heat, wind, and rain; • building components such as walls, windows, doors and furniture; and • characteristics of human perception and behavior such as sight lines,

privacy and movement, as well as territorial boundaries of space or rooms.

– A diagram is made of symbols and is about concepts. • It is abstract and propositional: its elements and spatial relations can be

expressed as a set of statements. • It explores, explains, demonstrates, or clarifies relationships among

parts of a whole or it illustrates how something works (a sequence of events, movement, or a process).

• Its symbols may represent objects (e.g., a space or a piece of furniture) or concepts (e.g., service area, a buffer zone, accessibility or noise).

Architectural Drawings• Architectural Sketch –

– A sketch, in contrast, is about spatial form. – It is executed with a finer resolution that

indicates attributes of shape. – A sketch often comprises repetitive overtraced

lines made to explore precise shape, rather than the intentionally abstract shapes of a diagram

– it uses graphic modifiers such as tone and hatching to convey additional information.

Architectural Diagrams• Symbols

Designers used conventional symbols and configurations for architectural concepts in diagrams.

Types of Diagrams

(a) (b)a bubble diagram illustrates dimensions and adjacencies among functions in a floor plan.

Floor Plans - a view from above showing the arrangement of spaces in building in the same way as a map, but showing the arrangement at a particular level of a building.

Site Plans- a specific type of plan, showing the whole context of a building or group of buildings

Classwork• Graphic Vocabulary Worksheet

Warm-up: Complete last weeks classwork

• Graphic Vocabulary Worksheet

Homework• Using your graphic vocabulary

draw a diagram of a school courtyard

Architectural Sketches• Simple Sketch

– Freehand drawing

• Plan or elevation sketch – Scaled Sketch that may explore the proportions of

a building.

• Perspective sketch – Scaled Sketch that provides 3D information about

a scene, specifying the shape of physical elements and visual appearance from some location

Other kinds of Drawings

• softline (freehand) • hardline (drafted)• schematic drawings, • working drawings, as well as different

projections (plans, sections, elevations, elevation oblique, axonometric [is a type of

parallel projection, more specifically a type of orthographic projection, used to create a pictorial drawing of an object, where the object is rotated along one or more of its axes

relative to the plane of projection] )

Working drawings• A comprehensive set of drawings used in a building

construction project: logically subdivide into location, assembly and component drawings.[17]

– Location drawings, also called general arrangement drawings, include floor plans, sections and elevations: they show where the construction elements are located.

– Assembly drawings show how the different parts are put together. For example a wall detail will show the layers that make up the construction, how they are fixed to structural elements, how to finish the edges of openings, and how prefabricated components are to be fitted.

– Component drawings enable self-contained elements e.g. windows and doorsets, to be fabricated in a workshop, and delivered to site complete and ready for installation. Larger components may include roof trusses, cladding panels, cupboards and kitchens. Complete rooms, especially hotel bedrooms and bathrooms, may be made as prefabricated pods complete with internal decorations and fittings.

Working drawings con’t…

• Traditionally, working drawings would typically combine plans, sections, elevations and some details to provide a complete explanation of a building on one sheet. – That was possible because little detail was included, the

building techniques involved being common knowledge amongst building professionals.

• Modern working drawings are much more detailed and it is standard practice to isolate each view on a separate sheet. – Notes included on drawings are brief, referring to standardized

specification documents for more information. Understanding the layout and construction of a modern building involves studying an often-sizeable set of drawings and documents.

Classwork• In Writing: Differentiate between the types of

working drawings, how they are typically sequenced, who is responsible for their execution, what each drawing typically shows, and explain the typical sequence in which drawings are created.

The World of The World of ArchitectureArchitectureThe World of The World of ArchitectureArchitecture