prof. vencislav dimitrovski - osnovna gramatika na angliskiot jazik(basic english grammar)

Osnovna angliska gramatika Basic English Grammar

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CIP – Katalogizacija vo publikacija vo Narodna biblioteka “Goce Del~ev”, [tip 811.111’36 DIMITROVSKI, Vencislav Osnovna gramatika na angliskiot jazik / Vencislav Dimitrov. - [tip: “Kliment”, 2003 ([tip: “Kliment”). - 112 str. : ilustr. ; 20 sm. - (Leksikografija) Predgovor: str. 1


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Prof. Vencislav Dimitrovski

Basic English Grammar

Osnovna angliska gramatika

[tip, 2003 god.


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PREDGOVOR

Kaj nas se izdadeni pove}e razli~ni

knigi vo koi {to na razli~en na~in e prezentirana gramatikata na angliskiot jazik. Pove}eto od niv se dosta op{irni i stru~no koncipirani, taka da za u~enici-te (osobeno vo po~etnite godini), kako i za site onie koi {to pomalku go poznava-at angliskiot jazik, tie prestavuvaat zna-~itelno opteretuvawe.

Poradi tie pri~ini, vo ovaa prigoda nie se opredelivme za izdavawe na edna kratka, koncizna kniga vo koja {to na pristapen i jasen na~in }e bidat prikaà-ni osnovite na angliskata gramatika.

Se nadevame deka na ovoj na~in }e uspe-eme da pomogneme na site u~enici od os-novnite i sredni u~ili{ta koi {to go i-zu~uvaat angliskiot jazik, kako i na site ostanati zaiteresirani. Poradi toa, se potrudivme da gi obrabotime sodrìnite od ovaa oblast koi {to se predvideni vo programite za osnovnite i sredni u~ili{-ta vo na{ata zemja, vo sklad so aktuelnite u~ebnici i trendovi.

Do kolku kaj ~itatelite se javi èlba ili potreba za ponatamo{no usovr{uvawe na nivnite znaewa, toga{ ova na{e delo bi moèlo da prestavuva solidna osnova za nivnoto ponatamo{no izu~uvawe na an-gliskiot jazik i literatura. Od Izdava~ot


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IMENKA / NOUN

DEFINICIJA

Imenka e vid na zbor so koj {to se imenuvaat predmeti, su{-testva, poimi, odnosno zbor {to sluì za pokaùvawe (imenuva-we) na ne{tata.

VIDOVI IMENKI

Vo Angliskiot jazik, spored zna~eweto gi razlikuvame sled-nite vidovi na imenki: op{ti imenki (Common nouns), sopstveni imenki (Proper nouns), zbirni imenki (Collective nouns), materi-jalni imenki (Material nouns) i apstraktni imenki (Abstract nouns).

Op{ti imenki / Common nouns Op{tite imenki ozna~uvaat ili imenuvaat su{testva,

pojavi ili predmeti so op{ti odnosno zaedni~ki osobini (analogno na op{tite poimi vo logikata).

room = soba window = prozorec cat = ma~ka flower = cvet hand = raka house = ku}a

Sopstveni imenki /Proper nouns

Sopstvenite imenki po pravilo imenuvaat ili ozna~uvaat imi-wa na su{testva, predmeti ili mesta koi {to po svojata priroda se ednistveni, odnosno nemaat oblik na mnoìna. Tie imenki oz-na~uvaat li~ni imiwa, imiwa na mesta, dràvi, reki, planini, planeti, yvezdi i sli~no.

John = Xon , Macedonia = Makedonija, Glasgow = Glazgov


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Zbirni imenki / Collective nouns Ozna~uvaat zbir, onosno mnoèstva na pove}e ne{ta

(predme-ti ili su{testva) koi {to pretstavuvaat celina po svojata pri-roda, iako obi~no taa celina ne e precizno opredelena :

army, flock, crowd, herd, team, company, library…

• Sloèni imenki / Compound nouns Edna od karakteristikite na angliskiot jazik e da formira sloèni imenki, odnosno imenki sostaveni od dva zbora. earring = obetka postcard = po{tenska karti~ka newspaper = vesnik housewife = doma}inka

Materijalni imenki / Material nouns

Materijalnite imenki kvalitativno opredeluvaat odredena materija bez ogled na nejzinata koli~estvo. Mnoìna od ovie imenki se upotrebuva vo izvesna prenosna smisla za ozna~uvawe na po-ve}e poimi koi {to se od ista materijalna priroda :

gold = zlato, milk = mleko, food = hrana,

ice = mraz, copper = bakar

Apstraktni imenki ili Misleni imenki / Abstract nouns Apstraktni ili misleni imenki ozna~uvaat ne{ta {to ne

moàt objektivno da se percipiraat odnosno opredelat, {to ne zna~i deka ne postojat. Mnoìnata kaj ovie imenki se upotrebuva vo slu~aj na izrazuvawe na razlikite odnosno gradacijata na ne{tata {to gi opredeluva :

joy = radost, thirst = èd, health = zdravje,

sorrow = taga, intelligence = intelegencija


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MNO@INA KAJ IMENKITE

Mnoìna ili plural e gramati~ki oblik so koj se ozna~uvaat pove}e edinki odnosno osobini kaj istite. Ovoj oblik se javuva kaj imenkite, zamenkite, pridavkite, pridavskite zamenki i pridav-skite oblici kaj glagolite.

Vo Angliskiot jazik mnoìnata kaj imenkite voobi~aeno se pravi koga na edninskata forma se dodava nastavkata —s. Ovaa nas-tavka, po zvu~ni soglaski i samoglaski se izgovara -z :

chair = stol chairs window = prozorec windows

table = masa tables

Dodeka po bezzvu~nite se izgovara —c :

shop = prodavnica shops street = ulica streets

Ako imenkata vo ednina zavr{uva na s, ss, sh, x, tch - se dodava nastavkata –es, a ako imenkata vo edninska forma zavr{uva so zatvoreno -e se izgovara -iz :

bus = avtobus buses page = stranica pages

match = kibrit matches church = crkva churches

box = kutija boxes

Imenkite {to zavr{uvaat na -o pravat mnoìna koga na edninskata forma i se dodava nastavkata –es i se izgovara -z :

mailto:MNO@INA�


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potato = kompir potatoes volcano = vulkan volcanoes hero = heroj heroes

No, nekoi imenki {to zavr{uvaat na -o, moìnata ja pravat na normalen na~in i nastavkata –s se izgovara -s :

piano = pijano pianos photo = fotografija photos radio = radio radios

studio = studio studios disco = diskoteka discos kilo = kilogram kilos

Kaj imenkite {to zavr{uvaat na samoglaska -u, -u se menuva

vo –i i se dodava nastavkata –es, a se izgovara -z :

country = zemja countries lorry = kamion lorries

No, ako pred -u se nao|a samoglaska, mnoìnata se pravi na pravilen na~in, se dodavawe na nastavkata –s i se izgovara -z :

toy = igra~ka toys bay = zaliv bays

monkey = majmun monkeys

Golem broj imenki {to zavr{uvaat na –f ili na–fe, -f go menuvaat vo -v , se dodava nastavkata –es koja se izgovara - z :

leaf = list leaves thief = kradec thieves

half = polovina halves

No, imenkite {to zavr{uvaat na –oof, ief, -rf, i –ff, mnoìna pravat so dodavawe na nastavkata –s :

roof = pokriv roofs chief = {ef chiefs dwarf = xuxe dwarfs


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cliff = karpa cliffs

Nekoi imenki pravat mnoìna na nepravilen na~in, - so promena na osnovnata samoglaska :

man = ma` men = maì foot = stopalo feet = stapala

mouse = glu{ec mice = gluvci

- so dodavawe na nastavkata –en ili —ren na edninskata forma:

ox = vol oxen = volovi

child = dete children = deca

Kaj nekoi imenki edninskata i mnoìnskata forma se isti:

sheep = ovca sheep = ovci salmon = losos salmon = lososi

trout = pastrmka trout = pastrmki

Nekoi imenki imaat samo mnoìnska forma (nemaat ednina) i glagolot {to gi sledi e vo mnoìnska forma:

trousers, shorts, pianos, glasses, scissors …

goods = stoka The goods have been damaged.

trousers = pantaloni The trousers are dirty.

Nekoi imenki, pak, imaat mnoìnska forma, no ozna~uvaat

ednina i glagolot {to gi sledi e vo edninska forma :

news = vesti The news is very interesting.

mathematics = matematika The mathematics is so boring.


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ROD KAJ IMENKITE / GENDER

Vo angliskiot jazik imenkite imaat priroden rod : • Ma{ki rod imaat onie imenki {to ozna~uvaat ma{ko su{-testvo : boy, father, brother …. • @enski rod imaat onie imenki {to ozna~uvaat ènsko su{testvo : sister, aunt, girl, mother …. • Sreden rod imaat onie imenki {to ozna~uvaat predmeti : book, table, bag, shoe ….

Kaj nekoi imenki, koi {to se vo ma{ki rod, so dodavawe na nastavkata –ess, se ozna~uva ènskiot rod :

lion = lav lioness = lavica

prince = princ princess = princeza

Vo slu~aj koga imenkata od ma{ki rod zavr{uva na –er ili – or, pri dodavawe na nastavkata za ènski rod –ess, se isfrla sa-moglasnikot -e ili -o :

tiger = tigar tigress = tigrica waiter = kelner waitress = kelnerka

Nekoi imenki vo ma{ki rod na nepravilen na~in pravat

èn-ski rod :

master = gospodar mistress = gospodarka


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duke = vojvoda dutchess = vojvotka hero = heroj heroine = heroina

Nekoga{, pred imenkata se dodava zbor {to go ozna~uva

rodot :

man-servant = sluga maid-servatnt = sluginka boyfriend = prijatel girlfriend = prijatelka

Ponekoga{, zborot {to go ozna~uva rodot doa|a zad

imenkata :

turkey-cock = misir turkey-hen = misirka peacock = paun peahen = paunka

Kaj nekoi imenki, formite za ma{ki i `enski rod sosema se razlikuvaat :

man = ma` woman = `ena uncle = tetin aunt = tetka

gentlemen = gospodin lady = gospo|a dog = ku~e bitch = ku~ka


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ZAMENKA / PRONOUN

DEFINICIJA

Zamenki se zborovi koi {to gi zamenuvaat imenkite i sluàt za upatuvawe kon lica, ne{ta ili osobini

VIDOVI ZAMENKI

Postojat li~ni (Personal pronouns), prisvojni (Possesive pronouns) , pokazni (Demonstartive pronouns), povratni (Reflexsive pronouns) i relativni imenki (Relative pronouns). Li~ni zamenki / Personal pronouns

Li~nite zamenki ozna~uvaat lice koe zboruva, na koe mu se

kaùva ne{to i lice za koe se zboruva. Tie se samojstojni zborovi kako i imenkite, odnosno ne zavisat od drugi zborovi, tuku ob-ratno, site drugi zborovi zavisat od niv. Li~nite zamenki moàt da bidat vo subjektna i objektna forma.

Li~nite zamenki (subjektna forma) imaat posebna forma za sekoe lice, osven za vtoro lice vo ednina i vo mnoìna : ∗ I = jas I e li~na zamenka za prvo lice ednina i sekoga{ se pi{uva so go-lema bukva. ∗ you = vie you e li~na zamenka za vtoro lice vo ednina i vo mnoìna.


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∗ he = toj he e li~na zamenka za treto lice vo ednina i se upotrebuva samo za ma{ki rod. ∗ she = taa she e li~na zamenka za treto lice vo ednina i se upotrebuva samo za ènski rod. ∗ it = toa it e li~na zamenka za treto lice vo ednina i se upotrebuva samo za : predmeti i ìvotni : I like your tie. It is smart. Look at my puppy! Isn’t it pretty?

vo nekoi bezli~ni izrazi :

It is raining. It is sunshine.

vo izrazi {to ozna~uvaat vreme i oddale~enost :

It was 6 o’clock when he arrived. ∗ we - nie we e li~na zamenka za prvo lice vo mnoìna. ∗ they - tie they e li~na zamenka za treto lice vo mnoìna.

Li~nite zamenki (vo objektna forma) se zamenki vo uloga na direkten objekt, po predlozi ili po than. * me - mene me/mi

He called me. Toj me povika. They gave me a book. Tie mi dadoa kniga.


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* you - tebe te/ti

We saw you in the park. Nie te vidovme vo parkot. She told you the truth. Taa ti ja kaà vistinata. * him — nego go/mu

I spotted him at once. Go zabeleàv vedna{. We told him to be nice. Mu kaàvme da bide

dobar.

* her — nea ja, nejze í

They visited her. Tie ja posetija nea. I told her to come there. Nejze í kaàv da dojde

tamu. Prisvojni zamenki / Possesive Pronouns

Ovie zamenki ozna~uvaat prisvojnost, pripadnost ili sopst-

venost. Prisvojnite zamenki ja zamenuvaat prisvojnata pridavka i imenka i stojat sami. Prisvojni zamenki vo angliskiot jazik se:

mine ours yours yours his/here, its theirs

This is their house. It is theirs. This is my pen. It is mine. It is our room. It is ours.

Li~ni zamenki

Zamenski formi

Prisvojni zamenki

Prisvojni pridavki

Subject pronouns

Object pronouns

Possessive adjectives

Possessive pronouns


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I you he she it we

me you him her it us

my yours his her its our

mine yours his hers its ours

you they

you them

your their

yours theirs

Pokazni zamenki / Demonstrative Pronouns

Pokazni zamenki se :

this these that those

this / these upatuva na lice, predmet ili sli~no {to se nao|a blisku do govornikot. that / those upatuva na lice, predmet i sli~no {to e oddale~eno od govornikot. Povratni zamenki / Reflexive pronouns

Povratnite zamenki se formiraat koga na prisvojnata

pridav-ka }e se dodade nastavkata – self za ednina i – selves za mno`ina:

myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself / herself / itself themselves

Relativni zamenki / Relative pronouns

Relativnite zamenki se javuvaat pred imenkata, zamenkata

ili pred imenskata fraza (grupa zborovi vo slu`ba na imenkata) i ja povrzuvaat zavisnata/relativna klauza so glavnata klauza. Rela-tivnata klauza u{te se imenuva kako


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pridavska klauza, bidej}i, kako i pridavkata, ja doobjasnuva imenkata na koja se odnesuva :

This is the book that/which I bought. That is the man who spoke to me. That is the man whom I saw.

PRIDAVKA / ADJECTIVE

DEFINICIJA

Pridavki se nesamostojni zborovi koi {to slu`at za odredu-vawe (pojasnuvawe) na imenkite ili zamenkite i stojat pokraj niv poka`uvaj}i osobina, pripa|awe, gradba (kvalitet), go opredelu-vaat vremeto, mestoto, ili na drug na~in ja pojasnuvaat imenkata ili zamenkata.

VIDOVI PRIDAVKI

Spored mestopolo`bata razlikuvame atributivni pridavki (Atributive adjectives) i predikativni pridavki (Predicative adjectives). atributivni pridavki / attributive adjectives Se javuvaat pred imenkata ili zamenkata :

a beautiful girl; tall man; young lady


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predikativni pridavki / predicative adjectives Se javuvaat po imenkata ili zamenkata :

The sea is deep.

SPOREDUVAWE NA PRIDAVKI

Pridavkite, pokraj osnovnata forma, pozitiv (positive), imaat u{te dve formi: komparativ (comparative) i superlativ (superla-tive). Osven pravilnata forma na sporeduvawe vo Angliskiot jazik se pojavuva i t.n. nepravilna sporedba (Irregular comparison).

♦ Pozitiv e osnovnata prirodna forma na pridavkata ♦ Komparativ e vtor stepen na sporeduvawe

Kaj ednoslo`nite pridavki (monosyllabic adjectives), kom-parativot se pravi koga na osnovnata forma se dodava nastavkata –er. I dvoslo`nite pridavki {to zavr{uvaat na –y, -le, -ow, komparativot go pravat so dodavawe na –er.

♦ Superlativ e tret stepen na sporeduvawe

Superlativ se pravi so dodavawe na nastavkata -est na pridavkata :

positive comparative superlative noble nobler the noblest narrow narrower the narrowest lively livelier the liveliest


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Vo angliskiot jazik se javuvaat dva karakteristi~ni slu~ai na obrazuvawe na komparativ i superlativ so pomo{ na pret-stavkite more i the most.

♦ Kaj pove}eslo`nite pridavki komparativ i superlativ se obrazuva so more i the most :

beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful interesting more interesting the most interesting

adjective comparative superlative one syllable young younger the youngest one syllable –ending in -e

nice late

nicer later

the nicest the latest

one syllable –short vowel + one consonant

wet thin big

wetter thinner bigger

the wettest the thinnest the biggest

two syllables – consonant + y

heavy sunny

heavier sunnier

the heaviest the sunniest

two or more syllables

attractive interesting

more attractive more interesting

the most attractive the most interesting

irregular

good bad far

better worse further

the best the worst the furthest

♦ Isto taka dvoslo`nite pridavki {to zavr{uvaat na –

ed, - ful i – ing, obrazuvaat komparativ i superlativ so more i the most :

careful more careful the most careful twisted more twisted the most twisted

♦ Nepravilna sporedba / Irregular Comparison

Nekoi mnogu ~esto koristeni pridavki imaat nepravilna spo-redba, odnosno pozitivot, komparativot i superlativot imaat raz-li~ni formi :


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much/many more the most little less the least far further

farther the furthest the farthest

old older elder*

the oldest the eldest*

late later latter

the latest the last

♦ Pridavkata far pravi komparativ i superlativ na dva na~ina. Prvata forma se upotrebuva samo za oddale~enost, dodeka vtorata forma se koristi za oddale~enost i vo prenosna smisla. ♦ Pridavkata old pravi komparativ i superlativ na dva na~ina. Prvata forma e pravilna sporedba, odnosno, na osnovnata forma na pridavkata se dodavaat nastavkite za komparativ i superlativ - er, i – est, a se koristi koga se sporeduva starost ili vozrast, do-deka vtorata forma se koristi atributivno, pokraj imenki {to gi ozna~uvaat ~lenovite na semejstvoto :

The book is older than its owner. *The elder sister is Maria.

♦ Pridavkata late vo prvata forma ima pravilna sporedba i to-ga{ ima zna~ewe “podocna”, dodeka pak vtorata forma ima zna~e-we na “vtor od dvajca” (vo superlativ “posleden od drugite”). If she had a choice to choose between John and Tom, she would choose the latter. He was the last passenger in the train


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^LEN / ARTICLE

Vo angliskiot jazik ~lenot se javuva kako neopredelen (Inde-finite article) i opredelen (Definite article).

♦ Neopredelen ~len / Indefinite article

Neopredeleniot ~len ima dve formi :

a i an. A se javuva pred imenka {to zapo~nuva so soglaska:

a woman, a leg, a house, a cat An se javuva pred imenka {to zapo~nuva so samoglaska:

an apple, an ice-cream, an hour * neopredeleniot ~len a/an se javuva pred imenka vo ednina, koga imenkata za prvpat se spomenuva, a voedno i ne e opredelena so kontekstot :


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I bought a new car. She brought an apple.

* ili pred imenka vo ednina za da ja izdvoi kako pretstavnik na vidot ili grupata:

A cat is a domestic animal. A tiger is wild animal.

* pred imenka so zna~ewe na “eden/edna/edno” :

Have a cup of tea! (Zemi eden filxan ~aj!) We earned a heap of money. (Zarabotivme eden kup pari.)

* pred imenka vo ednina kako dopolnuvawe na subjektot i ozna~uva zanimawe ili nekoja osobina na subjektot :

John is a pupil. Xon e u~enik. She is a girl. Taa e devojka.

♦ Opredelen ~len / Definite atricle

Opredeleniot ~len the stoi pred imenka {to ozna~uva odredeno lice, predmet ili grupa {to ve}e e spomnato vo kontek-sot ili liceto, predmetot ili grupata se prisutni vo momentot na zboruvaweto. Opredeleniot ~len stoi i pred rednite broevi.

* The man I met was from the USA. ^ovekot {to go sretnav be{e od SAD. * The school belongs to a textile factory. U~ili{teto í pripa|a na tekstilnata fabrika. * This is the third time she is aboard. Ova e tretpat kako taa e vo stranstvo.

Opredeleniot ~len the se izgovara (δc) pred imenka {to

zapo~nuva so soglaska, a (δi) pred imenka {to vo izgovor zapo~-nuva so samoglaska. Opredeleniot ~len ja ima istata forma, i se upotrebuva pred imenka vo ednina ili vo mno`ina :


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the house the houses the book the books

Opredeleniot ~len the ne se upotrebuva :

* pred geografski imenki {to se vo ednina :

France is a state in Europe. Vesuvius is a volcano in Italy.

• no, se upotrebuva pred geografska imenka vo mno`ina :

the Netherlands * pred apstraktni i materijalni imenki koga za niv se

zboruva voop{teno :

Success is impossible without hard work. Coffee does not grow in Macedonia.

* pred imenki {to ozna~uvaat obroci :

Breakfast is very important for John. I always have a cup of coffee after lunch.


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GLAGOL / VERB

DEFINICIJA

Glagoli se nesamostoji zborovi so koi {to se iskaùva dej-stvie, sostojba ili osobina. Tie se javuvaat kako predikativni ili del od predikativ so koi {to na imenkite ili zamenkite im se pripi{uva dejstvie, slu~uvawe, sostojba ili osobina. Vo anglis-kiot jazik glagolite se javuvaat vo pravilna i nepravilna forma.

PODELBA NA GLAGOLITE

Spored svojata konstrukcija glagolite moàt da bidat pra-vilni (regular) i nepravilni (irregular verbs).

Spored svojata funkcija glagolite moàt da bidat: pomo{ni

glagoli (auxilary verbs) i modalni glagoli (modal verbs). Spored svojata forma glagolot moè da se javi vo

infinitiv (infinitive), i t.n. ing-forma.

♦ Pravilni glagoli / Regular verbs Pravilnite glagoli pravat minato prosto vreme i minat

par-ticip so dodavawe na nastavkata – ed na glagolskata osnova (infinitiv bez to) :


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ask / asked work / worked arrive / arrived

♦ Nepravilni glagoli / Irregular verbs

Nepravilnite glagoli pravat prosto minato vreme i minat

particip na nepravilen na~in. Tie se menuvaat na slednite na~i-ni :

1) Prosto minato i minat particip imaat ista forma :

think / thought / thought 2) Site tri formi se razli~ni :

sing / sang / sung

3) Site tri formi se isti :

put / put / put 4) Prvata i tretata forma se isti :

come / came / come

Glagol Verb

Prosto minato vreme Past Tense

Minat particip Past Participle

abide abode abode, abided arise arose arisen awake awoke awoken be was, were been bear bore borne / born beat beat beaten become became become begin began begun behold beheld beheld bend bent bent beseech besought besought


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bet bet, betted bet, betted bid bid bid bind bound bound bite bit bitten, bit bleed bled bled blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought build built built burn burnt, burned burnt, burned burst burst burst buy bought bought cast cast cast catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost creep crept crept cut cut cut deal dealt dealt dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn dream dreamt, dreamed dreamt, dreamed drink drank drunk drive drove driven dwell dwelt dwelt eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found flee fled fled fly flew flown forbid forbade, firbad forbidden forget forgot forgotten


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freeze froze frozen get got got, gotten give gave given go went gone grow grew grown hang hung hung have had had hear heard heard hide hid hid, hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel knelt knelt know knew known lay laid laid lead led led lean leant, leaned leant, leaned leap leapt, leaped leapt, leaped learn learnt, learned learnt, learned leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain light lit, lighted lit, lighted lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant pay paid paid read read read rid rid rid ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run say said said see saw seen seek sought sought


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sell sold sold send sent sent set set set shake shook shaken shed shed shed shine shone shone shoot shot shot shrink shrank shrunk shut shut shut sing sang sung sink sank sunk sit sat sat sleep slept slept slide slid slid smell smelt smelt speak spoke spoken speed sped, speeded sped, speeded spell spelt, spelled spelt, spelled spend spent spent spill spilt, spilled spilt, spilled spin spun spun split split split spoil spoilt spoilt spread spread spread spring sprang sprung stand stood stood steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck stink stank, stunk stunk strike struck struck, stricken swear swore sworn sweep swept swept swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told


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think thought thought throw threw thrown thrust thrust thrust tread trod trodden wake woke woken wear wore worn weep wept wept win won won wring wrung wrung write wrote written ♦Pomo{ni glagoli / Auxiliary verbs

Pomo{nite glagoli sluàt za formirawe sloèni

glagolski vremiwa, kako i za pretvorawe na potvrdnata re~enica vo pra-{alna ili odre~na forma. Pomo{ni glagoli se :

be, have, do, shall, should, will would Na primer: Sega{no prosto vreme od glagolot to go e :

I go to school every day from Monday till Friday.

Dodeka minatoto prosto vreme od glagolot to go e :

I went to school last week.

No, sega{no nesvr{eno vreme / minatoto nesvr{eno vreme e sloèno glagolsko vreme i go bara pomo{niot glagol to be :

I am going to school now. I was going to school.

Perfektnite vremiwa (Present Perfect Tense i Past Perfect Tense) se sloèni glagolski vremiwa i go baraat pomo{niot glagol to have :


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We have never read that book. (Present Perfect Tense) We had played the piano once. (Past Perfect Tense)

Idnoto vreme (Future Tence) e slo`eno glagolsko vreme i go bara pomo{niot glagol shall/will :

I shall go home. You will learn to sing.

No, i prostite/svr{eni glagolski vremiwa, za pravewe negativna i pra{alna forma go baraat pomo{niot glagol to do :

She visits her parents every Sundey. (Potvrdna forma) She does not visits her parents. (Negativna forma) Does she visit her parents? (Pra{alna forma)

♦ Modalni glagoli / Modal verbs

Modalni / Modal ili defektni / Defective glagoli se :

can, may, must, need, ought to, shall, will, should, would Ovie glagoli se razlikuvaat od site drugi glagoli bidej}i : • Vo sega{no prosto vreme, vo 3 to lice ednina ne ja

dobi-vaat nastavkata –s :

He can play; She must learn; He ought to go home. • Pra{alnata forma ja pravat so inverzija :

Can he? Must she?

• Negativnata forma ja gradat so dodavawe na negacijata not :

I cannot – I can’t; I must not – I mustn’t; He may not.

• Nemaat infinitiv, sega{en patricip i gerund.


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So isklu~ok na modalniot / defektniot glagol ought to, tie

sekoga{ odat so infinitiv bez to.

• can

Ovoj modalen / defekten glagol ima glagolska forma samo za se-ga{no i minato vreme. Za site drugi glagolski vremiwa se zame-nuva so to be able to :

I can play football. (Sega{no prosto vreme) I could play football. (Minato vreme) I will be able to play football. (Idno vreme)

• may, might

Ovoj modelen/defekten glagol ima forma samo za sega{no vreme, dodeka za minato vreme se zamenuva so was/were alloved to ili was / were permitted to :

She may go now. (Sega{no prosto-vreme)

She was alloved to do. (Minato vreme)

Inaku, i may i might imaat isto zna~ewe, so toa {to might go zamenuva may samo vo indirektniot govor :

“You may learn English”, she said. (Direkten govor) She said that I might learn English. (Indirekten govor)

• must

Ovoj modalen/defekten glagol ima ista forma za sega{no i za idno vreme :

I must stop running. (Sega{no prosto vreme) I must call her tonight. (Idno vreme)


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Za pravewe minato vreme se koristi negovata zamenka had to

:

She had to go home. • need

“Problemot” kaj ovoj glagol e {to postojat vsu{nost dva glagola :

∗ need - kako polnozna~en/pravilen glagol i ima zna~ewe na glagolot want i

∗ need - kako modalen / defekten glagol.

Modalniot glagol need nema infinitiv, nema particip, nema forma za minato vreme i ima zna~ewe na “potrebno e”. Kako i site modalni glagoli, pra{alnata forma ja pravi so inverzija, a nega-tivnata forma so prosto dodavawe na negacijata not, a vo treto li-ce ednina, sega{no vreme, ne dobiva nastavka –s. Neobi~nosta kaj ovoj glagol e vo toa {to toj nikoga{ ne se koristi vo potvrdni re~enici, tuku samo vo negativnite izjavi ili pra{awa. Vo retki slu~ai , koga se koristi vo potvrdni re~e-nici, sekoga{ odi so hardy, scarcely {to delumno imaat negativno zna~ewe :

I hardly need say how much I enjoyed my holiday.

Kako i drugite modalni glagoli, i need mo`e da se upotrebuva vo pra{alni frazi :

You needn’t to go yet, need you? I needn’t tell you the answer, need I?

Mo`e da se upotrebuva kako kus negativen odgovor :

Who needn’t go before 11 o’clock? I needn’t.

No, kaj kusite potvrdni odgovori, need sekoga{ se zamenuva so must :


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Need you go before 11 o’clock? Yes, I must.

• ought to

Ovoj modalen / defekten glagol ima forma samo za sega{no prosto vreme i nema nikakva zamena za drugi glagolski vremiwa.

Ovoj glagol e poseben bidej}i pra{alnata forma ja pravi so inverzija, a negativnata forma ja pravi koga na nego se dodava negacijata not. Ovoj modalen glagol nema infinitiv, ima samo se-ga{no vreme, a vo treto lice ednina ne ja dobiva nastavkata –s. Za da formira minato vreme, na ovoj modalen glagol se dodava glagolot HAVE + minat particip od glavniot glagol :

I ought to go now. I ought to have gone yesterday.

• shall / will

Ovoj modalen / defekten glagol ja ima samo ovaa forma, so toa {to shall se upotrebuva za prvo lice vo ednina ili vo mnoìna, dodeka will se upotrebuva za site drugi lica vo ednina ili vo mnoìna.

• should

Ovoj modalen/defekten glagol naj~esto se upotrebuva za iska-ùvawe obvrska, sovet ili dol`nost :

You should learn it better. She should be home at 10 pm.

• would

So ovoj modalen/defekten glagol iskaùvame u~tivo barawe ili pokana :

We would like to see Mrs. Grant. Would you like a cup of tea?


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♦ Infinitiv / Infinitive

Infinitiv ili neodredena forma na glagolot se upotrebuva so to , vo na{iot jazik to go preveduvame so DA, no ne so afirmativnoto / potvrdnoto zna~ewe :

She wants to buy this book.

Infinitiv so to doa|a zad glagolite :

want, wish, desire - glagoli {to izrazuvaat èlba order, command, ask - glagoli {to izrazuvaat naredba tell, invite - glagoli {to izrazuvaat iskaùvawe like, love, hate, dislike - glagoli {to izrazuvaat ~uvstvo know, learn - so toa {to pred infinitivot doa|a -

how

Infinitiv so to doa|a pred pridavki {to iskaùvaat ~uvstva :

happy, glad, sad, furious, delighted Infinitiv so to doa|a po zborovite too i enough :

I have enough money to buy the house.

♦ ing – forma

Formite {to se pravat od infinitiv i so dodavawe na nas-tavkata - ing moàt da bidat :

• glagolska imenka / gerund - glagolska forma {to gi ima

osobinite na glagol, a e imenka :

Smoking is forbidden. The swimming is a summer sport.


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Glagolskata imenka naj~esto se upotrebuva posle glagolite {to ozna~uvaat po~etok, kraj ili prodol`uvawe na nekoe dejstvie:

begin; start; end; finish; stop; continue; go on He began writing his homework. They stopped drinking tea.

Glagolskata imenka se upotrebuva i posle glagoli {to

ozna~u-vaat nekoe ~uvstvo :

like; love; enjoy; dislike; detest; resent

I like travelling with my parents. We enjoy dancing.

Glagolskata imenka se upotrebuva posle site predlozi :

No one can enter the arena without paying the fee. He prevented her from seeing her son.

• sega{en particip - glagolska forma {to ima osobina

na pridavka :

This is an interesting book. This was a very exciting day.


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GLAGOLSKI VREMIWA / VERB TENSES

DEFINICIJA

Glagolskoto vreme go ozna~uva ili go precizira vremeto na izvr{uvawe na dejstvieto koe {to go iska`uva glagolot.

Vo angliskiot jazik postojat Present Tense (sega{no vreme),

Past Tense (minato vreme), Perfect Tense (perfekt), Future Tense (idno vreme).

Sega{no vreme se javuva vo slednite oblici: Present Simple

Tense (sega{no prosto vreme), Present Coutinuous Tense (sega{no trajno vreme).

Minato vreme se javuva vo slednite oblici: Past Simple Tense

(minato prosto vreme), Past Continuous Tense (minato trajno vreme).

Perfektot se javuva vo slednive oblici: Present Perfect Tense

(sega{en perfekt), Past Perfect Tense (minat perfekt), Future Perfect Tense (iden perfekt) i Future Perfect-in the-past Tense (iden-minat perfekt).

Idno vreme se javuva vo slednite oblici: Future Simple Tense

(idno prosto vreme), Future Continuous Tense (idno trajno vreme) i Future-in the-past Tense (idno-minato vreme).


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I. SEGA[NO VREME / PRESENT TENSE

Vo angliskiot jazik postojat sega{no prosto i sega{no

trajno vreme.

SEGA[NO PROSTO VREME / PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

Sega{no prosto vreme se pravi na sledniot na~in : Za site lica vo ednina i vo mno`ina, osven za treto lice vo edni-na, glagolot vo infinitiv bez to ostanuva nepromenet, a vo treto lice ednina na glagolot vo infinitiv bez to mu se dodava nastav-kata –s ili –es : Sega{no prosto vreme od glagolot to ask :

I ask we ask you ask you ask

he/she/it asks they ask

Sega{no prosto vreme od glagolot to do :

I do we do you do you do

he/she/it does they do

Pra{alnata forma se pravi so pomo{niot glagol to do vo sega{no prosto vreme i infinitiv na glavniot glagol bez to :

I know English. Do you know English? He speaks German. Does he speak German?

Negativnata forma se pravi so pomo{niot glagol to do vo

sega{no prosto vreme, negacijata not i glavniot glagol vo infinitiv bez to :

I know English. I do not (don’t) know English. He speaks German. He does not (doesn’t) speak German.


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Sega{noto prosto vreme se upotrebuva koga sakame da iska`e-me :

• dejstvie {to redovno se slu~uva, {to se povtoruva, a

naj-~esto so prilozite : always; every day/week/night/year; often; seldom; frequently; sometimes; from time to time

They always visit their parents. She gets up at six every day.

• (op{ta) vistina :

A year has 365 days. After rain comes sunshine. The sun rises in the east.

• idnina, odnapred planirano dejstvie :

We leave Skopje at 8 pm. The school holidays begin next month.

SEGA[NO TRAJNO VREME / PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Sega{no trajno vreme se pravi so pomo{niot glagol to be vo sega{no prosto vreme i sega{en particip na glagolot.

Sega{no trajno vreme od glagolot to ask :

I am asking we are asking you are asking you are asking he/she/it asking they are asking

Pra{alnata forma se pravi so pomo{niot glagol to be vo se-ga{no prosto vreme, no so negova inverzija (doa|a pred podmetot) :

I am asking him about the school.


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Am I asking him about the school? Negativnata forma se pravi so pomo{niot glagol to be vo se-

ga{no prosto vreme i po nego doa|a negacijata not :

I am asking him about the school. I am not asking him about the school.

Sega{no trajno vreme se upotrebuva koga sakame da

iska`eme : • dejstvie {to se odviva vo momentot na zboruvaweto,

naj-~esto so prilozite: now, at the moment

I am writing a homework now. The wind is blowing.

• planirano dejstvie vo bliska idnina, naj~esto so

prilozi za idno vreme:

They are leaving Bitola tomorrow morning. She is singing in the opera next Sunday.

• dejstvie {to ne se slu~uva vo ovoj mig, no se odviva:

She is translating a novel by Hemingway.

• dejstvie {to se povtoruva, naj~esto so prilozi za za~es-tenost: always, never

They are always asking questions. She is complaining of the heat.

Postojat glagoli {to ne se upotrebuvaat vo sega{no trajno

vreme: hear, see, taste, smell, remember, understand, wish, want, know……


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II MINATO VREME / PAST TENSE

Vo angliskiot jazik postojat minato prosto i minato trajno vreme.

MINATO PROSTO VREME / PAST SIMPLE TENSE

Minato posto vreme se pravi koga na infinitivot na glagolot mu se dodava nastavkata –ed. Ova pravilo va`i samo za pravilnite glagoli:

open – opened; ask – asked; smoke – smoked

Minato prosto vreme kaj nepravilnite glagoli ne se pravi

so dodavawe na nastavkata –ed , tuku sekoj nepravilen glagol ima svo-ja forma i mora da se u~i na pamet:

go / went keep / kept bring / brought

Spisokot na nepravilnite glagoli, so nivni formi za

minato prosto vreme i za minat particip se nao|a vo oddelot za “glagoli”.

Negativnata forma za minato prosto vreme se pravi so pomo{-niot glagol to do vo minato prosto vreme i glavniot glagol vo infinitiv bez to :

She opened the book. She did not (didn’t) open the book. I went to the cinema. I did not (didn’t) go the cinema.

Pra{alnata forma za minato prosto vreme se pravi so

pomo{-niot glagol to do vo minato prosto vreme, so toa {to toj stoi pred podmetot:

She opened the book. Did she open the book? I went to the cinema. Did I go to the cinema?


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Minato prosto vreme se upotrebuva za iska`uvawe na : • dejstvie {to zavr{ilo vo minatoto, a naj~esto se koris-

tat prilozite za minato vreme: yesterday, the day before yesterday, a week ago, in 1975, last week/month/year … kako i vo pra{awa {to zapo~nuvaat so when :

There was a strong wind last weekend. When did you see the film?

• voobi~aeno minato dejstvie:

She went to church every Sunday.

• nekoj pominat nastan, iako ne se spomenuva koga toa dej-stvie se izvr{ilo:

Thet met in London. She left her purse in the train.

• vo izrazi kako {to se: I wish; if only; it is high time; as if

I wish I had a new friend. If only you were kinder to her. He behaves as if he were my chief. It is high time they were nice with me.

Va`no: po ovie izrazi, minatoto prosto vreme od glagolot to be vo prvo i vo treto lice ednina ja nema pravilnata forma was, tuku were.

MINATO TRAJNO VREME / PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Minato trajno vreme se pravi so pomo{niot glagol to be vo minato prosto vreme i sega{en particip od glavniot glagol.

Minato trajno vreme od glagolot to go :


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I was going we were going you were going you were going he/she/it was going the were going

Odre~nata forma za minato trajno vreme se pravi koga na

po-mo{niot glagol to be vo prosto minato vreme mu se dodava negacijata not :

I was going home I was not going home. They were travelling. They were not travelling.

Pra{alnata forma za minato trajno vreme se pravi so

inver-zija na pomo{niot glagol to be {to e vo minato prosto vreme:

I was going home. Was I going home? They were travelling. Were they travelling?

Minato trajno vreme se upotrebuva za iska`uvawe na: • Dejstvie {to se odvivalo podolg vremenski period vo

da-den moment vo minatoto:

Tom was training all day yesterday. As I was walking along Piccadilly a car ran into a bus.

I was reading a book when he knocked at my door. I was cleaning all day yesterday.

• Ednovremeno odvivawe na dve ili pove}e dejstvija vo

mi-natoto:

I was playing the piano while she was singing.

• Povtorlivi dejstvija vo minatoto:

She was always smiling at me.


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III PERFEKT / PERFECT Vo angliskiot jazik perfektot se javuva vo slednite formi

: sega{en perfekt - Present Perfect Tense, minat perfekt Past Perfect Tense, iden perfekt Future Perfect Tense i iden-minat perfekt Future Perfect in-the-past Tense.

SEGA[EN PERFEKT / PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Sega{en perfekt se pravi so pomo{niot glagol to have vo se-

ga{no prosto vreme i minat particip (Past Particip) na glavniot glagol.

Minatiot particip se pravi, kaj pravilnite glagoli, so dodavawe na nastavkata –ed na infinitivot na pravilniot glagol, dodeka kaj nepravilnite glagoli ima posebna forma za se-koj nepravilen glagol i mora da se u~i na pamet:

I have talken a day off. He has forgotten my birthday.

Negativnata forma za sega{en patricip se pravi koga

posle po-mo{niot glagol to have vo sega{no prosto vreme doa|a negacijata not :

I have taken a day off. I have not taken a day off. He has forgotten me. He has not forgotten me.

Pra{alnata forma za sega{en perfekt se pravi so

inverzija na pomo{niot glagol to have vo sega{no vreme:

I have taken a day off. Have I taken day off? He has forgotten me. Has he forgotten me?

Sega{niot perfekt se upotrebuva za iska`uvawe na : • Dejstvie {to zapo~nalo vo minatoto i se u{te trae:

She has been ill since January.


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Ovoj primer: “Taa e bolna od januari” poka`uva deka taa se razbolela vo januari i sé u{te e bolna do migot koga ova se izja-vuva :

They have lived here for three years.

• Dejstvie za koe ne sakame da ka`eme koga se slu~ilo vo

minatoto, tuku samo sakame da go istakneme faktot deka toa se slu~ilo :

I have been to London. She has bought a new dress.

• Dejstvie {to odi so prilozi za vreme {to ozna~uvaat

vremenski period {to sé u{te ne zavr{il. Takvi prilozi za vreme se : today, now, this morning/month/year, never, always, lately, recently

I have learnt hard today. She has always been fond of children.

• Dejstvija {to se povtoruvaat od minatoto pa sé do sega, a naj~esto so zborovite : once, twice, three times, many times, several times

I have visited her several times. They have been in London many times.

• So just za dejstvie {to zavr{ilo vo momentot na

zboruva-weto :

He has just finished his homework.

• So since, bidej}i ovoj zbor ozna~uva vremenski period od nekoja odredena vremenska to~ka vo minatoto pa sé do sega:

I have lived here since 1979. She has not seen nim since his stay in England.


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• So for, bidej}i ovoj zbor ozna~uva dol`ina na vremenskiot period od koga zapo~nalo dejstvieto vo minatoto, pa sé do sega:

I have lived here for 20 years. She has not seen him for five months.

• So vremenski re~enici, po svrznicite: after, as soon as,

till, until, before, when :

She will visit you as soon as she has finished her work. I will buy a car after I have earned money.

SEGA[EN TRAEN PERFEKT / PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Sega{en traen perfekt se pravi vo sega{no prosto vreme od

pomo{niot glagol to have (have, has) + minat particip od pomo{-niot glagol to be (been) + sega{en particip od glavniot glagol (- ing) :

They have been walking. I have been reading a book.

Odre~nata forma se pravi koga posle pomo{niot glagol to have doa|a negacijata not :

They have been walking. The have not been walking. I have been reading a book. I have not been reading a book.

Pra{alnata forma se pravi so inverzija na pomo{niot

glagol to have :

They have been walking. Have they been walking? I have been reading a book. Have I been reading a book?


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Sega{niot traen perfekt se upotrebuva za iskaùvawe na : • Dejstvie {to zapo~nalo vo minatoto, naglaseno e

vreme-traeweto i trae do momentot na kaùvaweto:

He has been travellng for three months. I have been speaking to you for two hours.

• Dejstvie {to trae nekoe odredeno vreme, zapo~nalo vo

mi-natoto, trae vo migot na kaùvaweto, a postoi mo`nost da prodolì :

She has been working all day.

• Glagolite: sit, stand, lie, rest, wait (glagoli {to ozna~uvaat

sostojba), skoro sekoga{ se upotrebuvaat vo sega{en per-ekt :

She has been waiting for him since 4 o’clock. He has been standing in the corridor for half an hour.

IV MINAT PERFEKT / PAST PERFEKT


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Vo agliskiot jazik postojat minat perfekt i minat traen per-fekt.

MINAT PERFEKT / PAST PERFECT TENSE

Minat perfekt se pravi so pomo{niot glagol to have vo minato prosto vreme (had) i minat prticip od glavniot glagol :

I gave her the flower that I had bought for her. There was an oil painting that I had not seen before. I had bought a box of chocolates for Mary.

Odre~nata forma se pravi koga po pomo{niot glagol to have vo minato prosto vreme se dodava negacijata not :

I had worked. I had not worked. They had gone. They had not gone.


glagol to have {to e vo minato vreme: I had worked. Had I worked? They had gone. Had they gone?

Minat perfekt se upotrebuva za iska`uvawe na : • Dejstvie {to zavr{ilo pred drugo dejstvie vo minatoto

:

He showed her a picture he had bought in Italy. She found that she had lost her bag. Pedro had learnt English before he came to England.

• Dejstvie vo zavisni klauzi {to po~nuvaat na after :


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After he had reached the top, he began to feel tired.

• Dejstvie {to ne e ostvareno vo minatoto, a re~enicata zapo~nuva so frazite:I wish, if only, as if :

I wish I had know him better. If only I had been more careful.

He pronounced English as if he had never heard anybody speak English before.

MINAT TRAEN PERFEKT /

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Minat traen perfekt se pravi so minat perfekt od

pomo{niot glagol to be ( had been) i sega{en particip (Present Participle) od glavniot glagol :

I had been reading. Tom had been jogging.

Odre~nata forma se pravi koga po pomo{niot glagol to have

vo minato vreme (had) se dodava negacijata not :

I had been reading. I had not been reading. Tom had been jogging. Tom had not been jogging.


glagol to have vo minato vreme (had) :

I had been reading. Had I been reading? Tom had been jogging. Had Tom been jogging?


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• Minat traen perfekt se upotrebuva za iska`uvawe na dej-stvie vo minatoto {to traelo podolg vremenski period pred da zapo~ne nekoe drugo dejstvie vo minatoto i vero-jatno prodol`ilo da trae i po zavr{uvaweto na dejst-vieto vo minatoto:

He talked about the novel he had been writing. She showed me the pullover she had been knitting.

V. IDEN PERFEKT / FUTURE PERFECT TENSE


52

Iden perfekt se pravi so pomo{nite glagoli shall/will i per-fekten infinitiv (have + Past Pariciple) na glavniot glagol:

I shall have taken we shall have taken you will have taken you will have taken he/she/it will have taken they will have taken

Iden perfekt se upotrebuva za iska`uvawe na : • Dejstvie {to }e bide izvr{eno do nekoe odredeno

vreme vo idninata. Ova glagolsko vreme mnogu retko se koristi vo Angliskiot jazik, a osobeno retko se koristi vo govorniot jazik :

He will have sold all the tickets by Saturday By the time you get this letter, they will have begun the course.

Za izrazuvawe na idninata, se koristat u{te nekolku

glagol-ski formi : • going to

So pomo{ na sega{noto trajno vreme od glagolot to go se iz-razuva namera vo idnina:

I am going to build a garage. He is going to buy a new ball.

So ovaa forma mo`e da se izrazi namera deka nekoe

dejstvie vo idnina sigurno }e se slu~i :

It is going to be a lovely day tomorrow. It is cold outside, you are going to be cold.

VI. IDEN MINAT PERFEKT /


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FUTURE PERFECT-IN-THE-PAST TENSE

Iden-minat perfekt se pravi so pomo{nite glagoli should/wo-uld i infinitiv na perfektot od glavniot glagol (have + Past Parti-ciple) :

I should/would have asked we should/would have asked you would have asked you would have asked he/she/it would have asked they would have asked

Odre~nata forma se pravi koga posle pomo{nite glagoli

should/would doa|a negacijata not :

You would have asked. You would not have asked.

Pra{alnata forma se pravi so inverzija na pomo{nite glagoli should / would :

You would have asked. Would you have asked?

Iden - minat perfekt se upotrebuva : • Vo uslovni re~enici od III tip

I would have come if they had asked me to. (]e dojdev ako tie me povikaa.)

• Vo zavisna klauza namesto iden perfekt koga glagolot

vo glavnata klauza e vo minato prosto vreme:

“It would be nice”, she said. She said (that) it would have been nice. (*)

* Vo ovoj slu~aj, ova glagolsko vreme se preveduva so ]E + L-forma na glavniot glagol ili ]E+IMA+glaven glagol.

VII. IDNO VREME / FUTURE TENSE


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Vo angliskiot jazik postojat idno vreme, idno trajno vreme i idno - minato vreme.

IDNO PROSTO VREME / FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE

Idnoto vreme se pravi so pomo{niot glagol shall (za prvo lice vo ednina i vo mnoìna) ili will (za site drugi lica vo ednina i vo mnoìna) i infinitiv na glavniot glagol bez to :

I shall (will) take. we shall (will) take you will take you will take he/she/it will take they will take

Vo sovremeniot Angliski jazik dozvoleno e i za prvite lica

vo ednina i vo mnoìna da se koristi will namesto shall.

Odre~nata forma se pravi so dodavawe na negacijata not po pomo{niot glagol shall / will :

You will take. You will not (won’t) take.


glagol shall / will :

You will take. Will you take?

Idnoto vreme se upotrebuva za iskaùvawe na : • Dejstvie vo idnina:

They will come to visit us next year.

• vetuvawe, re{enie, zakana :


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Vo ovoj slu~aj, will se upotrebuva samo za prvo lice vo ednina i vo mnoìna, dodeka shall se koristi za site drugi lica vo ednina i vo mnoìna:

I will help him.(re{enie vo momentot) You shall have a new hat as soon as I get my salary.(vetuvawe) You shall not go fishing with me tomorrow.(zakana)

IDNO TRAJNO VREME / FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Idnoto trajno vreme se pravi so idno vreme od pomo{niot glagol to be i sega{en particip na glavniot glagol:

He will be reading a book.

Tom will be playing football.

Odre~nata forma se pravi koga po shall/will se dodava negaci-jata no :

He will be reading a book. He will not be reading a book.


glagol shall / will :

He will be reading a book. Will he be reading a book?

Idnoto trajno vreme se upotrebuva za iskaùvawe na: • Dejstvie vo idnina {to }e trae izvesno vreme:

He will be playing in our team next Sunday.

• Dejstvie vo idnina {to }e trae i po nekoe drugo dejstvie vo idnina:


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They will be listening to the radio at 8 o’clock after supper.

• Dejstvie vo idnina {to se odviva spored odnapred utvrden plan:

They will be taking off in several minutes.

MINATO IDNO VREME / FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST TENSE

Minato-idno vreme se pravi so pomo{nite glagoli should/wou-ld i infinitiv na glavniot glagol bez to :

I should/would ask we should/would ask you would ask you would ask he/she/it would ask they would ask

Odre~nata se pravi koga posle pomo{nite glagoli

should/would doa|a negacijata not :

You would ask me. You would not ask me.

Pra{alnata forma se pravi so inverzija na pomo{nite gla-goli should / would :

You would ask me. Would you ask me?

Minato - idno vreme se upotrebuva za pravewe na:

• Uslovni re~enici od II tip kade se preveduva so BI +

L-forma na glavniot glagol:

If I had enough money I would buy a new apartment. (Ako imav dovolno pari, bi kupil nov stan.)

• Vo zavisna klauza namesto idno vreme koga glagolot vo

glavnata re~enica e vo minato prosto vreme:

“It will be nice”, he said.


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He said (that) it would be nice.(*)

* Vo ovoj slu~aj, vo direktnata re~enica dejstvieto e iskaàno so idno prosto vreme i se preveduva so ]E BIDE, dodeka vo indirek-tna re~enica dejstvieto e iskaàno so minato-idno vreme, a se preveduva povtorno so ]E BIDE.

IMPERATIV - ZAPOVEDEN NAÎN / THE IMPERATIVE


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DEFINICIJA

Imperativ ili zapoveden na~in e sistem na glagolski

formi so koi se iskaùva naredba, zabrana ili molba. Imperativot / zapovedniot na~in se formira na sledniot

na~in :

∗ Za vtoro lice vo ednina i vo mnoìna se zema infinitivot na glagolot bez to, a subjektot you naj~esto se ispu{ta:

Give me that book! Open the door! Show her the garden! Shut the windows!

Ako pred glagolot vo infinitiv bez to se dodade pomo{niot

glagol do, naredbata ili molbata e posilno naglasena:

Do take another cake! Do stop here!

Odre~nata forma za vtoro lice vo ednina i vo mnoìna se pravi koga pred glagolot doa|a do i negacijata not (don’t) :

Do not (Don’t) jump from the train!

Vo “neli pra{awata”, se javuva glagolot will i zamenkata

you :

Wait here, will you? Stop here, will you?

Za prvo i treto lice vo ednina i vo mnoìna pred infi-nitivot na glagolot bez to doa|a glagolot let :

Let him do as he pleases! Let us (Let’s) go! Let me go! Let them go!

Odre~nata forma za prvo i treto lice vo ednina i vo

mnoìna se pravi so pomo{ na glagolot do i negacijata not :


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Don’t let him do as he pleases! Do not let him go out!

UPOTREBA NA IMPERATIVOT Imperativot se upotrebuva za iska`uvawe na :

• naredba / command

Come here! Open the book! Shut the door! Speak out! Stop talking! Turn on the radio!

• molba / reqest

Help me, please! Show them the city, please! • dozvola / permission

Take it if you like it. • pokana / invitation

Come with me! No, mo`e da se koristi i dvoen imperativ:

Go and see what’s going on!

KONJUKTIV / THE SUBJUNCTIVE


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DEFINICIJA

Konjuktiv e eden od glagolskite na~ini, modusi za

kaùvawe na subjektivniot (li~niot) stav na govornoto lice; so nego se iska-ùva volja, pretpostavka, èlba, mo`nost ili nekoj drug li~en stav na toj {to zboruva.

Konjuktivot (sega{en) se obrazuva taka {to za site lica vo

ed-nina i vo mnoìna ja ima istata glagolska forma, odnosno infi-nitiv bez to, {to podrazbira deka vo treto lice ednina ne ja dobi-va nastavkata –es/s :

I ask he ask she ask I be he be she be

Konjuktivot (minat) se upotrebuva so glagolot to be, so toa

{to se koristi were za site lica vo ednina i mnoìna :

I were he were she were they were

UPOTREBA NA KONJUKTIVOT

Konjuktivot mnogu retko se upotrebuva vo sovremeniot an-gliski jazik. Naj~esto se upotrebuva:

• Sega{en konjuktiv vo nekoi izrazi kako:

Long live the king! Good forgive you! Damn you!

• Minat konjuktiv: I wish, if only, it is high time I would sooner/rather, as if


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I wish she were here. If only he recovered.

Poglednete vo to~kata za Minato prosto vreme / Past Simple Tense, vo poslednata to~ka za negova upotreba }e najdete u{te vak-vi primeri!

INDIREKTEN GOVOR / INDIRECT SPEECH


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Vo direktniot govor gi imame to~nite zborovi na govornikot, na primer: I live in Ohrid. Vo indirektniot govor go davame istoto zna~ewe =, vo drug oblik, a zborovite se venseni vo glavnata re~enica, na primer: He says that he lives in Ohrid. Ako glagolot vo glavnata re~enica e vo nekoe od sega{nite ili vo idno vreme glagolot vo zavisnata re~enica }e ostane nepromenet. Na primer: He says that he lives in Ohrid. He is saying that he lives in Ohrid. He has said that he lives in Ohrid. He will say that he lives in Ohrid. Ako glagolot vo glavnata re~enica e vo mibnato vreme toga{ glagolot vo zavisnata re~enica mora da se kaè vo minato vreme. He said the he lived in Ohrid. Ova sloùvawe na vremiwata odnosno menuvawe na “edno vreme pogore” moè da se vidi na slednava tabela: Direkten govor Indirekten govor Present Simple/Continuous Past/Simple/Continuous Past Simple/Continuous Past Perfect Simple/Continuous Present Perfect Simple/Cont. Past Perfect Simple/Continuous Past Perfect Simple/Continuous Past Perfect Simple/Continuous Future Simple/Continuous Future-in-the-past Future Perfect Future Perfect-in-the-past Imperative Imperative + to

1 Sega{noto vreme / Present Tense (prosto ili trajno) pominuva vo minato vreme / Past Tense (prosto ili trajno) :

She said: “I study music”. (Taa kaà: “Studiram muzika.”)


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She said that she studied music. (Taa kaà deka studira muzika.) Zabeleùvate deka minatoto na glagolot vo zavisnata

re~enica kaj nas se preveduva so sega{no vreme, odnosno se preveduva so glagolskoto vreme {to e vo zavisnata re~enica vo direktniot govor. Zabeleùvate deka i subjektot, odnosno zamenkata, si go

menuva liceto vo indirekten govor.

1. Minatoto vreme / Past Tense (prosto ili trajno) pominuva vo minat perfekt / Past Perfect ( prost ili traen):

She said: “I studied music.” She said that she had studied music.

2. Sega{en perfekt / Present Perfect Tense (prost ili traen)

pominuva vo minat perfekt / Past Perfect Tense (prost ili traen):

She said: “I have studied music.” She said that she had studied music.”

3. Minat perfekt / Past perfect Tense (prost ili traen) osta-

nuva nepromenet :

She said: “I had studied music.” She said that she had studied music.”

4. Idnoto vreme / Future Tense (prosto ili trajno) pominuva

vo minato idno vreme / Future–in-the-past (prosto ili traj-no):

She said: “I will study music.” She said that she would study music.

Koga preraskaùvame tu|i ili sopstveni izjavi, se sluìme so:


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• Direkten govor / Direct Speech – gi prenesuvame izjavite tak-vi kakvi {to sme gi slu{nale:

She said:”I bought it last year.” They said:”We are students.”

• Indirekten govor / Indirect Speech –prenesuvame tu|ite ne gi ili sopstvenite izjavi kako {to sme gi slu{nale, tuku gi pre-raskaùvame, upotrebuvaj}i sopstveni zborovi i vnesuvaj}i do-polnitelni izmeni :

1. She said: “I bought it last year.” She said that she had bought that last year. 2. They said: “We are students.” They said that they were students.

PROMENI VO INDIREKTNIOT GOVOR

∗ Se voveduva svrznikot that koj moè, no ne mora da se upotrebuva :

She said: “I bought it last year.” She said (that) she had bought that last year.

∗ Li~nite i prisvojnite zamenki se menuvaat ako

pre-raskaùvame tu|i izjavi, no ne se menuvaat ako preraskaùvame sopstveni izjavi :

She said: “I bought it last year.” She said (that) she had bought that last year.” I said: “I will be here.” I said that I would be here.

Prilozite za vreme i prostor se menuvaat vo indirektniot

go-vor, i toa :


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Direkten govor Indirekten govor this that these those this that here there yesterday the day before yesterday / the

previous day today that day tomorrow the following / next day now then ago before thus so

UPOTREBA NA GLAGOLITE “to say” i “to tell”:

* to say se upotrebuva : Vo direkten govor

He said : “I am your friend.”

Vo indirekten govor (ako sopstvenata ili ne~ija izjava ne e u-patena kon nekoe odredeno lice, tuku e samo sopstvena dadena izjava) :

He said that he was my friend. * to tell se upotrebuva:

Vo indirekten govor koga se napomnuva kon kogo e upatena sopst-venata ili tu|ata izjava:

He told me that he was my friend.

PRA[AWA VO INDIREKTEN GOVOR


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Koga pra{aweto od direktniot govor se menuva vo indirekten govor, glagolot mora da bide vo potvrdna forma. Ako pra{aweto zapo~nuva so pra{alen zbor, vo indirektniot govor pra{alniot zbor ostanuva nepromenet, dodeka pak, ako pra{aweto vo direkten govor zapo~nuva so pomo{en glagol, toga{ pra{aweto vo indirektniot govor se pravi so pomo{ na svrznikot if ili whether:

She asked me: “Where have you bought it?” She asked me where I had bought that. He asked us: “Do you like modern poetry?” He asked us if we liked modern poetry.

ZAPOVEDEN NA^IN / IMPERATIVE VO INDIREKTEN GOVOR

Imperativot ili zapovedniot na~in na glagolot vo indirek-tniot govor se zamenuva so infinitiv so to. Pred vakviot infini-tiv sekoga{ se upotrebuva glagolot to tell ili glagol {to ozna~uva naredba ili zabrana (order, command, want, advise, beg, remind, reco-mmend, urge, warn) :

She said: “Give me a cup of tea, please.” She told me/ She asked me to give her a cup of tea.

PASIV / PASSIVE VOICE


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DEFINICIJA Pasiv e glagolska forma vo koja {to subjektot vo

re~enicata kade {to e upotreben glagolot se javuva kako pasiven prima~ (objekt), {to zna~i deka iska`anoto dejstvie se izvr{uva vrz nego odnosno vo ovoj slu~aj subjektot ne go izvr{uva dejstvieto na preodniot glagol:

The bridge was built by on workers.

Our workers built that bridge.

Vo re~enicata, {to se vika aktivna, “our workers” e subjekt {to izvr{il dejstvie (built, minato prosto vreme od glagolot to built) vrz objektot “this bridge”.

Vo pasivnata re~enica, objektot od aktivnata re~enica “this bridge” stanuva subjekt na pasivnata re~enica vrz kogo se izvr{uva dejstvie (was built, minat pasiv / Past Passive), dodeka subjektot vo aktivnata re~enica “our workers” preminuva vo objekt vo pasiv-nata re~enica, a pred nego stoi predlogot by :

This bridge was built by our workers. The tickets were collected by Tom.

PRAVEWE NA PASIV Vo site pasivni re~enici se upotrebuva pasivna glagolska

forma od preodnite glagoli zad koi mo`e da stoi objekt. Pasivna glagolska forma se pravi so pomo{niot glagol to be vo glagolsko vreme {to e upotrebeno vo aktivnata re~enica i minat particip od glavniot glagol:

Tom writes his homework. His homework is written by Tom. She has read the book. The book has been read by her. Fred repaired the car. The car was repaired by Fred.


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They had built the bridge. The bridge has been built. We will buy the dress. The dress will be bought.

Ako subjektot vo aktivnata re~enica ne e odreden: we, they,

one, someone, somebody, nobody, everybody, all, people, a man, a boy i taka natamu, toga{ toj ne se spomnuva i ne preminuva vo objekt vo pa-sivnata re~enica.

Koga vo glavnata re~enica se javuvaat dva objekta (direkten i indirekten), moè da se napravat dve pasivni re~enici : Aktivna re~enica : He sent my sister a box of chocolate. (direkten) (indirekten objekt) Pasivna re~enica I : My sister was sent a box of chocolate. (direkten objekt) Pasivna re~enica II : A box of chocolate was sent to my sister. (indirekten objekt)

Zna~i vo angliskiot, (no i vo makedonskiot jazik), direktniot objekt od aktivnata re~enica moè da stane subjekt vo pasivnata re~enica.

UPOTREBA NA PASIVOT Vo angliskiot jazik pasivot naj~esto se upotrebuva:

∗ ako subjektot vo aktivnata re~enica ne e poznat

ili ne e vaèn:

They will take the boy to the hospital. The boy will be taken to hospital. (bez by them) Somebody stole our neighbour’s car last night. Our neighbour’s car was stolen last night. (bez by somebody)

∗ ako ne sakame da go spomneme vr{itelot na dejstvieto, tuku pova`no e da istakneme vrz kogo e izvr{eno dejstvieto vo aktivnata re~enica:


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They asked me to start playing. I was asked to start playing (by them).

PRILOG / ADVERB


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DEFINICIJA

Prilozite sluàt za da se odredi na~inot, vremeto, ili

mes-toto (kako, koga, kade) na izvr{uvawe na glagolskoto dejstvie:

He ran quickly. I spoke to you yesterday. They lived there.

Po sostav razlikuvame:

♦ prilozi sostaveni od eden zbor / adverbs : very, too, enough, quite, almost, fairly, hardly, much, far i taka natamu.

Ovie prilozi sekoga{ stojat pred pridavkata ili prilogot

{to gi objasnuvaat:

It is too hot to go outside. ♦ prilo{ki izrazi / adverbial phrases : a lot, quite a/an/the, a little, a little bit, very, very much, so, such a/an, in the morning, at the hospital i taka natamu.

Prilo{ki izraz e grupa na zborovi, naj~esto po~nuvaj}i so predlog {to funkcionira kako prilog. ♦ re~eni~ki prilozi / adverbial clauses : actually, as a result, at least, besides, frankly, however, in fact, luckily, maybe, nevertheless, obviously, of course, perhaps, possibly, really, still, therefore, thus, well, yet i taka natamu.

Ovie re~eni~ki prilozi ili se odnesuvaat na celata re~enica ili sluàt za da se vospostavi smislovna vrska so prethodnata re~enica.

Naj~esto se pojavuvaat na po~etokot od re~enicata, no moàt da se najdat vo sredinata i na krajot od kusata re~enica:


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Obviously she will not be on time.

VIDOVI PRILOZI

Prilozite gi delime spored nivnoto zna~ewe i sostav.

Spored zna~eweto postojat : Prilozi za na~in (Adverbs of man-ner), Prilozi za mesto (Adverbs of place), Prilozi za vreme (Adverbs of time), Prilozi za za~estenost (Adverbs of frequency) i Prilozi za stepen (Adverbs of degree).

PRILOZI ZA NA^IN / ADVERBS OF MANNER

Prilozite za na~in odgovaraat na pra{aweto ”kako / how”, a se pravat koga na pridavkata i se dodava nastavkata –ly :

Pridavka Prilog quick quickly stupid stupidly useful usefully quiet quietly

Ako pridavkata zavr{uva na soglaska –y, y pominuva vo i, a ako pridavkata zavr{uva na samoglaska i –y, toga{ y ne se menuva:

Pridavka Prilog happy happily pretty prettily easy easily coy coyly

Pridavkite {to zavr{uvaat na -e, osven true, whole, i due, ja zadr`uvaat poslednata samoglaska e:


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Pridavka Prilog sincere sincerely mere merely true truly due duly

Pridavkite {to zavr{uvaat na samoglaska i l, ja udvojuvaat

soglaskata - l :

Pridavka Prilog beautiful beautifully pitiful pitifully

Pridavkite {to ve}e zavr{uvaat na – ly ne se upotrebuvaat

kako prilozi: brotherly, likely, ugly, friendly, lonely.

Postojat pridavki {to mo`at vo istata forma da se

koristat i kako prilozi: fast, early, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly

Pridavka Prilog This is a fast car. It runs fast. “Times” is a weekly newspaper. “Times” is published weekly. I don’t like early buses. I don’t like getting up early.

Postojat prilozi {to imaat dve formi: ednata e identi~na

na pridavkata, a vtorata forma se dobiva so nastavkata –ly, no pri-logot so nastavkata – ly, ima poinakvo zna~ewe od prilogot {to e identi~en so pridavkata :

Pridavka Prilog Prilog so -ly


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deep / dlabok deep / dlaboko deeply/silno,dlaboko short / kratok short /

nenadejnoshortly / naskoro

hard / tvrd, vreden hard / silno hardly / edvaj near/ blizok near / blizu nearly/skoro,re~isi most/najgolem,najmnogu most / najmnogu mostly / glavno late / docen late / docna lately/voposlednovreme high / visok high / visoko highly / mnogu, visoko

Prilozite mo`at da se javat na po~etokot, vo sredinata i na krajot na re~enicata. Prilozite za na~in nikoga{ ne se javuvaat me|u glagolot i direktniot objekt, a naj~esto se javuvaat po direktniot objekt odnosno po glagolot ako objektot go nema:

She thinks highly of her position. They haven’t seen Tom lately.

PRILOZI ZA MESTO / ADVERBS OF PLACE

Prilozite za mesto odgovaraat na pra{aweto “kade”/”where”/-”where to”, a nivnata mestopolo`ba e ista kako kaj prilozite za na~in. Naj~esto se javuvaat po glagolot ili na krajot od re~eni-cata, (here, everywhere, up, down) :

We went home but they were not in. Tom went home. She went to Bitola. She is in Ohrid.

Ako se pojavat dva priloga za mesto vo edna re~enica,

edniot se stava na po~etokot na re~enicata, a vtoriot na krajot od re~enicata:

In many countries the people live in urban centers.


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Ako sakame da naglasime, prilogot za mesto moè da se stavi i na samiot po~etok na re~enicata.

Naj~esto prilozi {to se koristat za naglasuvawe se: here, there, back, down, off, up, a se koristat so glagoli {to ozna~uvaat dvièwe. Vo ovoj slu~aj, podmetot i glagolot si ja menuvaat mestopolo`bata vo re~enicata:

Here comes the train! Down came the old bridge.

PRILOZI ZA VREME / ADVERBS OF TIME

Prilozite za vreme odgovaraat na pra{aweto “koga”/”when”, i so niv moè da se ozna~i opredeleno vreme, vremetraewe i neop-redeleno vreme (today, now, sometimes, always).

So prilozite za opredeleno vreme precizno se odreduva vreme-to:

today, tomorrow, yesterday, in August, this year, last month….

Prilozite za opredeleno vreme naj~esto se javuvaat na krajot od re~enicata, no ako sakame posebno da gi naglasime, toga{ se ja-vuvaat na po~etokot na re~enicata, no ne e isklu~eno, iako retko, da se najdat i sred re~enicata (po pomo{niot glagol vo sloènite glagolski vremiwa ili po glagolot vo prostite glagolski vre-miwa):

He bought the book yesterday. Yesterday he bought the book. I don’t always drive to work.

Vremetraeweto go iskaùvaat prilozite: ago, all day long, any more, any longer, no more, no longer……


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Prilozite za vremetraewe naj~esto se pojavuvaat na krajot od re~enicata, no ako sakame da naglasime, toga{ moàt da se pojavat i na po~etokot od re~enicata:

They were working hard all day long. All day long they were working hard.

Prilozite any longer, any more sekoga{ se javuvaat na krajot

od re~enicata:

We will not wait any longer. They won’t be there any more.

Prilozite no longer, no more moàt da se pojavat na krajot, no

i vo sredinata na re~enicata:

Tom lives here no more. Tom no more lives here.

Prilogot ago se javuva na krajot od re~enicata, odnosno po

glagolot i imenkata {to go ozna~uva vremeto: I moved a month ago.

I prilo{kite frazi {to zapo~nuvaat so for i since naj~esto

se pojavuvaat na krajot na re~enicata:

She has lived in Skopje for ten years. She has lived in Skopje since 1989. I have been in England for two years. I have been in England since 1997.

Prilozite za neopredeleno vreme: already, always, at last, early,

eventually, formerly, immediately, just, late, lately, now, nowadays, once, one day, recently, some day, soon, still, suddenly, then, yet, naj~esto se pojavuvaat pred glagolot vo prostite glagolski formi ili po pomo{niot glagol vo sloènite glagolski formi, a moàt da se pojavat i na krajot od re~enicata. Ako sakame da gi naglasime


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prilozite za neopredeleno vreme, toga{ tie moàt da se pojavat vo sredinata ili na po~etokot na re~enicata:

She found him soon. Soon she found him. She soon found him. They often go to the country. Tom has always been a bad player.

Prilozite za neopredeleno vreme sekoga{ stojat po

glagolot to be:

Our buses are always crowded. Tom was never at home.

early i late se upotrebuvaat na krajot nare~enicata:

We were late / early.

PRILOZI ZA ZAÊSTENOST / ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY ♦ Prilozi za neopredelena za~estenost: always, ever, never, now and then, occasionally, often, rarely, repeatedly, seldom, frequently, generally, hardly i taka natamu.

Ovie prilozi naj~esto se pojavuvaat pred glagolot vo re~e-nicata (ako e prosto glagolsko vreme):

She always goes to the theatre.

No, vo sloènite glagolski vremiwa, prilogot za

za~estenost doa|a po pomo{niot glagol, a pred glavniot glagol vo re~enicata:

I have always wanted that book.

Postojat i isklu~oci :


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∗ Za naglasuvawe na dejstvoto izrazeno so glagolot. Toga{ prilogot za za~estenost se stava pred pomo{niot ili modalniot glagol:

I have always wanted that book.

∗ Za negacija na glagolot. Toga{ prilogot doa|a vedna{ po negacijata not :

I do not usually read a book in the evenings.

∗ Za osobeno naglasuvawe na re~enicite. Toga{ prilozite

never, rarely, seldom, litlle doa|aat na po~etokot na re~eni-cata, predizvikuvaj}i inverzija na ostanatite elementi vo re~enicata :

Rarely have there been so many rainy days.

often e prilog za neopredelena za~estenost {to se javuva na

krajot od pra{alnite i odre~nite re~enici:

They don’t visit us often. Does she visit her uncle often?

always i never naj~esto se javuvaat vo sredinata na

re~enicata. always ponekoga{ mo`e da se pojavi i na krajot na re~enicata, dodeka never ne mo`e da se pojavi na krajot od re~enicata :

She has always visited her mother at the hospital. She has never visited her mother at the hospital.

Ako never se pojavi na po~etokot na re~enicata,

predizvikuva inverzija na ostanatite elementi vo re~enicata:

Never has she visited her mother at the hospital. ♦ Prilozi za opredelena za~estenost :


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once a day, every day, once a month, twice a day, daily, monthly, annually i taka natamu.

Prilozite za opredelena za~estenost se pojavuvaat na krajot od re~enicata :

I visit my uncle in Bitola once a month. They go to Ohrid on weekdays.

PRILOZI ZA STEPEN / ADVERBS OF DEGREE

Prilozite za stepen poblisku gi objasnuvaat pridavkite ili

prilozite, a retko glagolit: too, rather, enough, much, far, too i ta-ka natamu.

Prilozite za stepen se javuvaat pred zborot {to go pojasnuvaat :

However, he is the best football player. She is really a pupil.

enough se upotrebuva kako pridavka, no i kako prilog. Koga

ja ima ulogata na prilog, stoi zad pridavkata ili prilogot {to gi objasnuva:

He is not strong enough. They know this town well enough.

Koga too go ima zna~eweto “isto taka” ili “i”, sekoga{ doa|a

posle zborot za koj se odnesuva ili na krajot od re~enicata koga mo`e da se zameni so as well :

We arrived at home, too (as well).

Namesto too i as well, vo negativna re~enica se upotrebuva

predlogot either :

She doesn’t like him and she doesn’t like his friend, either.


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also se pojavuva na po~etokot na re~enicata, pred glagolot

vo prosto glagolsko vreme ili po pomo{niot glagol vo slo`enoto glagolsko vreme:

Also I played the horn. I also played the horn. I can also play the horn. I was also playing the horn.

very se pojavuva pred pridavkite i prilozite:

She is very ill.

MESTOPOLO@BA NA DVA ILI POVE]E PRILOGA

Koga vo edna re~enica ima potreba da se pojavat dva ili pove}e prilozi, voobi~aeniot red na prilozite e:

1. Prilog za NA^IN 2. Potoa prilog za MESTO, 3. A na krajot doa|a prilogot za VREME:

Tom has been playing the radio aloud in his home all day.

Koga vo re~enicata ima potreba da se pojavat pove}e prilozi za MESTO, prvo doa|aat tie {to ozna~uvaat pomali mesta:

We live in a small building, in a big town.

Koga vo re~enicata ima potreba da se pojavat pove}e

prilozi za VREME, prvo doa|aat tie {to ozna~uvaat pomali vremenski edinici:

I was born in November, 1964.

mailto:MESTOPOLO@BA�


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SPOREDUVAWE NA PRILOZI

Najgolem broj na prilozite se sporeduvaat isto kako i pri-davkite:

- er za komparativ - est (more, most) za superlativ.

Me|utoa, pred superlativot nikoga{ ne stoi opredeleniot ~len THE.

Ednoslo`nite prilozi i prilogot early dobivaat –er, -est :

early earlier earliest fast faster fastest hard harder hardest near nearer nearest

Dvoslo`nite i pove}eslo`nite prilozi (skoro site prilozi

{to zavr{uvaat –ly), komparativot go pravat so more, a superla-tivot so most:

slowly more slowly most slowly bravely more bravely most bravely polietly more politely most politely

Nekoi prilozi, isto kako i pridavkite, imaat nepravilna sporedba:

well better best badly worse worst little less least much more most far farther,further farthest, furthest


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PREDLOG / PREPOSITION

DEFINICIJA Predlozi se pomo{ni zborovi koi {to stojat pred odredeni

oblici na samostojni zborovi i sluàt za ozna~uvawe na nivniot odnos sprema drugi zborovi i re~enici i za poblisku odreduvawe, precizirawe na toj odnos. Tie odnosi moàt da bidat razli~ni :

- prostorni odnosi (odnos po mesto) - vremenski odnosi (odnos po vreme) - pri~inski odnosi (odnos po pri~ina) - odnosi za cel, namena i namera - odnosi za na~in - odnosi za sporeduvawe - zaedni~ki odnosi

The ball went through the window. The dog sat under the table. He came here with me.

UPOTREBA NA PREDLOZI

Predlozite se javuvaat pred zborot / zborovite {to sluàt ka-ko niven objekt.

Predlozite se koristat so imenki ili zamenki i sozdavaat

fraza. Ovaa predlo{ka fraza / Prepositional phrase ponekoga{ ja

odig-ruva ulogata na prilog:

He stood behind me. (predlog za mesto)


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I saw him at six o’clock. (predlog za vreme) He came on foot. (predlog za na~in) She died of a fever. (predlog za pri~ina)

Golem broj predlozi se koristat kako prilozi :

She put the book in the bookcase. (predlog) Come in and rest. (prilog) She walked round the garden. (predlog) Go and look round. (prilog)

Koga zborot ja ima ulogata na predlog, se koristi so imenka

ili zamenka i formira predlo{ka fraza, a koga ja ima ulogata na prilog se koristi so glagol i po nego ne sledi imenka.

Predlozite mo`at da ja vr{at ulogata na pridavki, odnosno da ni dadat pove}e informacii za imenkata:

He bought a coat with a silk collar. The girl with black hair is Mary. She wore a dress of silk.


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PREGLED NA POVA@NITE PREDLOZI VO ANGLISKIOT JAZIK

• ABOUT - ima zna~ewe na:

- “vo vrska so” I want you to tell me about your work.

- “okolu”,

I’ll see you at about six o’clock.

- “vo razli~ni nasoki ili mesta” I go about the country a good deal.

- so glagolot COME ozna~uva “se slu~ilo”

George has broken his leg. How did that come about?

• ABOVE – ovoj predlog ima zna~ewe na:

- “nad” i negova sprotivnost e BELOW - “pod” We flew above the clouds.

- “porano spomnato”,

In the above examples.

- “nad s#”: Think about I’ve told you. But above all, don’t say anyting to him.

• ACROSS – so zna~ewe:

- “preku”, The child ran across the road.

- a so glagolot RUN zna~i “se sretnuva neo~ekuvano”

I ran across our friend Smith yesterday.

• AFTER — so zna~ewe:

mailto:POVA@NITE�


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- “po - posle” I’ll see you after dinner.

- zaedno so glagolot LOOK zna~i “se griì za”

She looked after her children.

- a so ALL zna~i “i pokraj s#” You can see I was right after all.

• AGAINST — so zna~ewe:

- “protiv” Who is not for us is against us. My house is insured against fire.

- “na”

He rested his bicycle against the wall.

• ALONG – se preveduva so KRAJ, DOL@, POKRAJ i ima zna~ewe na dvièwe po dolìna na ne{to:

We walked along the avenue.

• AMONG / AMONGS – so zna~ewe:

- “me|u” (mnogu ne{ta) You can see my house among the trees.

- “vklu~uvaj}i”

Shelly is among one of the world’s greatest poets.

• AS – se preveduva so KAKO:

I work as a teacher.

• AT – naj~esto se koristi za:

- ozna~uvawe na mesto ili vremenska to~ka/so ~asovi I’ll see you at the station at four o’clock.


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- so delovi od denot

I’ll see you at noon.

- so praznici I meet her at Christmas.

- so zna~ewe “vo” se koristi za mali gradovi, IN za

golemi gradovi, oblasti ili dr`avi I live in Skopje, but my friend lives at the village of Novo Selo.

• BEFORE – ozna~uva vreme i se koristi so

zna~ewe na: - “pred”

Come and see me tomorrow before five o’clock.

- pozicija, red so zna~ewe“pred” She sang before a large audience. You go in before me.

• BEHIND – so zn~ewe:

- “zad/odzadi” The garage is behind the house.

- so zborot TIME ozna~uva “docni” ili “staromoden”

The train is behind time. He is behind the times.

• BELOW - so zna~ewe “pod” :

The temerature is below the freezing point.

• BENEATH – se preveduva so “pod” i ozna~uva polo`ba neposredno pod ne{to: They were sitting beneath the tree.

• BESIDE – so zna~ewe:


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- do / pokraj: Sit beside Richard. The school is beside the river.

- idiomatski izrazi so BESIDE

He was beside himself with anger. Toj be{e von sebe od lutina.

• BESIDES — so zna~ewe “pokraj” / “osven”

There are many others besides me who disagree with you.

• BETWEEN – se preveduva so “me|u”, “pome|u” i ima zna~ewe na polo`ba ili dvi`ewe me|u dve lica ili predmeti:

She was between me and my son.

• BEYOND – so zna~ewe: - “na drugata, podale~nata strana”

The woods go for about two miles beyond the river.

- idiomatska upotreba beyond me – nesvatlivo za mene beyond one’s means – tro{i nad mo`nostite beyond doubt – bez somenine

• BY – so zna~ewe na:

- “kraj”, “pokraj”, “do” (polo`ba ili dvi`ewe vo blizina na nekoj/ ne{to)

Come and sit by me.

- “za” (kaj izmerena vrednost vo odnos na dadena skala) Interest rates has gone up by 5 per cent.

- “preku”, “po” (za vreme)

We arrived at the village by night.


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- “od” (vo pasiv) Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.

- “so” (kaj prevoznite sredstva)

We travelled by bus.

- “na” (kaj merni edinici) Ice cream is sold by the kilo.

- “do”, “pred” (vremenska to~ka do koja treba ne{to da se

slu~i) I will finish it by next Monday.

- idiomatski izrazi

by and by = before long: I will see him by and by. by heart = Learn this by heart. (na pamet) by way of = I mention this by way of illustration. (kako) by any means=Tom is not a fool by any means(daleku od toa

da) • DURING - se preveduva so “za vreme na”, “vo

tekot na” i se upotrebuva za da iska`e neprekinat vre-menski period vo koj treba da se slu~i ne{to :

She will visit us during the weekend.

• FOR – se preveduva so “za”, a se upotrebuva za oz-na~uvawe na:

- dol`ina na nekoj nastan:

They waited for ten hours.

- brojot na povtoruvawe na ne{to He failed the exam for the third time.

- odreduvawe na nasoka

This is the train for Skopje.

- namera Let’s go for a walk.


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- pri~ina ili rezultat

She got 50 $ for her work.

- zna~ewe “mesto”/ ”namesto”so I will do it for you.

• FROM – se preveduva so “od” i ima zna~ewe na:

- poteklo Tom is from London.

- vo navodi / citati

This is from “The Economist”.

• IN – ima zna~ewe “vo” i poka`uva pozicija ili mi-ruvawe :

- odi so zborovi {to ozna~uvaat vreme so zna~ewe “vo”

(me-sec, godina, godi{no vreme) I began work here in January in 1970. I saw him in the spring.

- so zna~ewe “vo” so zborovi za mestopolo`ba

(vnatre{nost na ne{to) There are twenty students in this room. Put the book in the bookshelf.

- so zna~ewe “vo” so zborovi za mesta {to ne se pomali

od grad He arrived in Skopje. They will go to Macedonia.

- so zna~ewe “vo” na zborovi za okolnosti ili sostojbi

He found himself in prison. I am afraid to be alone in the dark. Ian is in love with Susan.


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• INTO — ima zna~ewe “vo” i poka`uva dvi`ewe, dej-stvie ili promena:

He walked into the room in which we were sitting. The tree was sawn into logs.

• INSIDE – ima isto zna~ewe kako IN so toa {to so

nego ozna~uvame deka prostorot e zatvoren i se preveduva so “vo”:

There was nobody inside the house.

• LIKE – se preveduva so “kako”, a ozna~uva:

- sporedba There is no one like you.

- “na primer”

In lakes, like Ohrid, one can easily learn to swim. • NEAR – se preveduva so “pokraj”, “kraj”, “blisku

do” I live near the river.

• NEXT TO – se preveduva so “do” i ozna~uva polo`ba na ne{to vedna{ do nekoj ili ne{to :

My house is next to the cinema.

• OF – ima zna~ewe “od” i ozna~uva:

- poteklo Elena of Strumica. He was a child of poor parents.

- nasoka

I lake Ohrid is south of Bitola.

- vozrast (starost) Tom is a man of thirty.


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- prisvojnost The tail of the dog … The love of god … The Tower of London …

- pri~ina

He died of a stroke.

- merka ili koli~ina a yard of cloth. a pound of sugar a packet of cigarettes some of the cake

• OFF – ima zna~ewe “od” i ozna~uva:

- izleguvawe od zatvoren prostor ili povr{ina, naj~esto od vozilo

He got off the bus. They got off the train.

- odvojuvawe od povr{ina ili linija

She took the stain off the skirt. The airplane took off the ground.

- so zna~ewe “isklu~uvawe”

She turned the lights off.

- idiomatski frazi well off = bogat He is very well off. off and on = povremeno They visit me off and on.

off hand = vedna{, bez razmisluvawe I can’t answer the question off hand.

• ON — so nego se ozna~uva vreme i mesto :

- denovi vo nedelata / mesecot, i vo na{iot jazik ima zna~e-we na “vo”


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He came here on Thursday. They will meet him on May 22.

- za pozicija, i vo na{iot jazik ima zna~ewe na “na”

She left her book on the table. London is on the Thames.

- so zna~ewe “za”

He gave a speech on India. This is a book on Roman coins.

- mestopolo`ba vo nekoe prevozno sredstvo i vo na{iot

jazik ima zna~ewe na “vo” The passengers came on board at Gibraltar.

- vo idiomatski frazi

on the whole = vsu{nost Tom is not a bad fellow on the whole. on the contrary = sprotivno na toa I don’t dislike him; on the contrary, I like him. on purpose = namerno He damaged the book on purpose. on fire = zapalen The house is on fire.

on sale = se prodava The books will be on sale tomorrow. on duty = na dol`nost The policeman is not allowed to smoke on duty.

• OPPOSITE – se preveduva so “od sprotiva”,

“kar{i” i ima zna~ewe na “vedna{ nasproti nekoj ili ne{to”:

My home is opposite my school.


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• OUT – se preveduva so “nadvor” i ima zna~ewe na:

- polo`ba

I will go out for a dinner. The Moon came out.

- na ~ist prostor

Come out and play with us.

- epidemija The desease broke out.

- glasnost

Speak out or leave the room.

• OUTSIDE – se preveduva so pred i ima zna~ewe na polo`ba ili na dvièwe kon nadvor:

He parked his car outside the garage.

• OVER – so zna~ewe “nad” i ozna~uva:

- polo`ba ili dvièwe nad nekoja to~ka There was a mirror over the fireplace. Clouds came over the sky.

- dvièwe od edna na druga strana

The horse jumped over the fence.

- dvièwe, dodeka zna~eweto mu zavisi od glagolot {to mu prethoduva: to fall over; to knock over; to bend over; to hand over; to turn over;

- so zna~ewe “gotovo”

The game is over.

- so zna~ewe “preostanuva” I paid the bill and have three pounds over.


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- so zna~ewe “premnogu”, “pove}e od dovolno”

The meat is over-cooked. I was over-charged for these goods. He is over-worked.

• PAST – ima zna~ewe na “po”, “pominato”,

“pokraj”: It is past six o’clock. It is half past three. The old horse is past work. She walked past my door.

• ROUND — ima zna~ewe na “okolu”, “niz” i

ozna~uva:

- kru`no dvièwe ili polo`ba There was a rope round the tree. He walked round the house.

- dvièwe vo razni nasoki

He travelled round the world.

• SINCE — ima zna~ewe na od (odredena vremenska to~ka vo minatoto do sega):

I have been here since 4 o’clock.

SINCE naj~esto se upotrebuva so sega{en perfekt / Present Perfect Tense (vidi vo delot za sega{en perfekt).

• THROUGH – so zna~ewe “niz” i ozna~uva:

- dvièwe ili polo`ba od edna do druga strana He knocked a nail through the wood. Will you please read through my essay?

- vreme

He talked about it all through dinner.


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The railway line was repaired through the night.

- posredstvo He bought the house through the house agency. He got the job through his uncle.

• TO – ima zna~ewe na “do” i ozna~uva:

- vreme na zavr{uvawe na nekoj nastan Classes are from 9 o’clock to 5 o’colock. He was faithful to the end.

- dvi`ewe kon odredena cel

I am going to London. Come to me.

- sporeduvawe i ima zna~ewe na “na”

The car is superior to that one. What he said to you is nothing to what he said to me.

• TOWARDS / TOWARD – se preveduva so “kon” i

ima sli~no zna~ewe kako TO, no ne sozdava pretstava dali }e se stigne do celta:

- dvi`ewe kon

Go towards the window. Their house faces towards the south.

- so zna~ewe “kon” (vremensko zna~ewe)

Shakespeare’s best comedies were written towards the end of the 16 th century.

• UNDER se preveduva so “pod” i ozna~uva

polo`ba neposredno pod ne{to :

Children under the age of twelve are not admitted. His income is under $1.000 a year. The book is hidden under the blanket.


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- so zna~ewe “pomalku od” i se koristi za ozna~uvawe

vreme We went from our house to Cambridge in under an hour.

- so zna~ewe “upotrebuvan od”, “za{titen od”

In 1890 that country was under British rule and its soldiers served under British flag.

- se koristi za iskaùvawe na odredeni sostojbi

He is under treatment for rheumatism The prisioner is under guard.

- se koristi za iskaùvawe na “pod”/”sokrivawe”

Samuel Clements wrote under the name of Mark Twen.

• UNDERNEATH – iskaùva polo`ba neposredno pod ne{to i se preveduva so “pod”:

Put something underneath that dog dish.

• UNTIL / TILL — ozna~uva vreme na zavr{uvawe na

nekoj nastan i se preveduva so “do” :

TILL e po~esto upotrebuvan vo sovremeniot Angliski jazik:

We will work till / until eight.

• UP – so zna~ewe “gore”:

He walked up the hill. They put up the flag.

• UPON — se preveduva so “na” i se upotrebuva

samo vo formalniot Angliski jazik. Negova zamena vo govorniot jazik e predlogot ON :

She was upon a strong pressure.


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• WITH – se preveduva so “so” i ima zna~ewe na:

- vo dru{tvo na I went to the cinema with my girlfriend. He came with all his family.

- “so sredstvo”, “so pomo{ na”

He cut the tree with the axe. She hit the dog with a stick.

- “ima”, “poseduva”

I saw a girl with golden hair. They have a house with a large garden.

- “so” za odnesuvawe

He fought with bravery. She stood with her hands on the table.

- “so” za sodr`ina

His pocket was filled with money. • WITHIN – se preveduva so vo i ima zna~ewe na:

- vnatre Is anybody within?

- “za” (vremensko zna~ewe)

I’ll be there within an hour.

- vo frazite to live within one’s income to be within hearing within the law

• WITHOUT :

- zna~i “bez”, vo smisla “nema” : Tom travelled without a ticket because he left home without money.


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- se koristi pred glagolskata imenka za da se postigne negativno zna~ewe

He left without saying (=and did not say) good-bye. Tom travelled without buying (=and did not buy) a ticket.


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REÊNICA / THE SENTENCE

DEFINICIJA

Re~enica e logi~ki smislen (osmislen) gramati~ki oblik

pretstaven vo forma na niza od zborovi koi {to ovozmoùvaat ne{to da se iskaè na pomalku ili pove}e razbirliv na~in. So pomo{ na re~enicata moè da iskaùvame, nareduvame, poba-ruvame, iskaùvame, opi{uvame, molime i.t.n. Re~enicata se sostoi od dva me|usebe zavisni dela :

1. SUBJEKT ili PODMET, del {to go najavuva predmetot ili liceto na koe se odnesuva re~enicata i

2. PREDIKAT ili PRIROK, del vo koj se iskaùva ne{to za subjektot

SUBJEKT / PODMET / SUBJECT

Subjektot / podmetot e najvaèn del od re~enicata i vo An-

gliskiot jazik nikoga{ ne se ispu{ta, kako {to moè da se ispu{-ti vo na{iot jazik. Vo uloga na subjekt / podmet se javuva imenka. Vo potvrdnite / iskazni re~enici, subjektot, odnosno podmetot stoi pred glagolot / predikatot, a vo pra{alnite re~enici stanu-va del od glagolot / predikatot :

Tom is learning. Is Tom learning?

Pokraj imenkata, vo uloga na subjekt / podmet moè da se

javi: - imenska forma

The hotel is closed. The house is empty.


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- zamenka

It is closed. He is learning.

- ing - forma

Learning is important for the pupils. Smoking is bad for our healt.

- infinitiv

To live is a gift of the God. To have money is the most important thing in the world.

- klauza

That she is a beautiful girl is obvious.

PREDIKAT / PRIROK

Predikatot / prirokot se sostoi od glagol vo li~na for-

ma,objekt (direkten ili indirekten) i dopolnenie :

He sings. He sings a song. He sings a song for us.

• Direkten objekt / Direct Object

Objektot e del od predikatot/prirokot i se javuva samo vo preodnite glagoli ({to iska`uvaat dejstvo {to pominuva na drug predmet). Vo uloga na objekt mo`e da se javi :

- imenka ili imenska forma She likes dogs. Tom asked for the book.

- zamenka

She likes them. Mary kissed him.


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- infinitiv We want to come. She wanted to see the picture.

- ing forma

They like swimming in the pool. The pupils like learning.

- klauza Ovie klauzi naj~esto zapo~nuvaat so: that, when, what, where,

why, who, how, if, whether We know where Tom lives. I saw that he escaped the class.

• Indirekten prirok / Dopolnenie na subjektot/ Complement

Imenskiot prirok e nezamenliv del od predikatot / prirokot {to go doobjasnuva zna~eweto na glagolot i ni soop{tuva u{te ne{to za subjektot/podmetot ili objektot. Imenskiot prirok naj-~esto se javuva so glagolite: be, seem, appear, become, grow, sound, feel, look, taste, smell, come, turn, fall.

Vo uloga na dopolneneie na subjektot mo`e da se javi : - imenka ili imenska forma

My father is a professor. She is a doctor.

- zamenka

The car is theirs. The house is mine.

- pridavka She is a beautiful. Tom is sad.

- infinitiv She seems to know everybody.


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I lloked to find her.

- predlog ili predlo{ka faza Mary is out. The lights are off.

• Dopolnenie na objektot / Object complement

Dopolnenieto na objektot go doobjasnuva objektot i naj~esto e sostaven od imenka.

She called him a coward. The pronounced her Mis the Universe.

VIDOVI RE^ENICI

Re~enicite, sopored nivnoto zna~ewe i vo zavisnost {to so niv iska`uvame, gi delime na :

- iskazni / Declarative / Statements

Tom wrote a homework. I am teaching you English.

- pra{alni / Questions

Did Tom write a homework? Do you understand that?

- zapovedni / Imperative

Write a homework! Bring your book here!

- izvi~ni / Exclamatory

What a nice homework Tome wrote! What a beautiful girl! How kind of you to bring them!

Spored sostavot, re~enicite gi delime na :


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- prosti / Simple Re~enicata vo koja postoi samo eden glagol se vika prosta /

Simple re~enica. She sings. They run.

- nezavisno-sloèni / Compound Dve ili pove}e prosti re~enici moàt da se sostavat so

pomo{ na svrznik/svrznici (conjunction/conjunctions) i toga{ takvite re~enici se vikaat nezavisno-sloèni/Compound re~enici. No, sekoja sostavna re~enica vo edna vakva nezavisno-sloèna re~enica si ima svoja smisla i sekoja od sostavnite re~enici se so podednakva va`nost:

She sings and Tom listens. They learn English and the teacher reads the book. Do you understand that or are the matter still not clear?

- zavisno-sloèni / Complex Zavisno-sloènite re~enici se sostojat od dve ili pove}e

prosti klauzi kade ednata prosta klauza ne moè da stoi sood-vetno ili samostojno bidej}i bara pojasnuvawe od nekoja druga prosta klauza {to e sostaven del od vakvata zavisno-sloèna re~enica:

While she was singing her song, Tom was listening to the radio. That is the book which I want. The thief ran away when he saw a policeman.

• Klauzi / Clauses

Klauzata e spoj od zborovi (subjekt i glagol vo li~na forma) i po sostav ne se razlikuva od prostite re~enici. Vsu{nost, klauza-ta e re~enica koja ne moè da stoi sama. Klauzata ima subjekt/pod-met i predikat/prirok. No, razlikata me|u klauzata i prostata re-~enica e vo upotrebata:


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- Prostata re~enica moè da stoi samostojno i da ima ce-losno zna~ewe i smisla

- Klauzata vleguva vo sostav so drugi klauzi i obrazuva

sloèni re~enici. Kaj klauzite razlikuvame: ♦ nezavisna ili glavna / Independent or Main Clause

Nezavisna ili glavna klauza iskaùva zaokruèna ideja, taa moè da stoi sama za sebe, odnosno, moè da se javi kako samos-tojna re~enica.

♦zavisna ili sporedna / Dependent or Subordinate Clause

Zavisnata ili sporednata klauza ne iskaùva celosna misla i zatoa taa ne moè da stoi sama za sebe kako samostojna re~enica. Naj~esto zapo~nuva so zvrznicite: that, when, what, where, why, who, how, if, whether.

Zna~eweto na zavisnata ili sporednata klauza se zasnova

vrz glavnata klauza i zavisi od zna~eweto na glavnata klauza:

She was ill when she got up in the morning.

Kaj zavisnite ili sporedni klauzi razlikuvame: ∗ Zavisna imenska klauza Imenskata klauza moè da bide: - subjekt/podmet

That there is the air on Mars is impossible to prove.

- direkten objekt We hear that Tom is not coming.

- dopolnenie na subjektot

It is very important what he did.

∗ Zavisna prilo{ka klauza


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Ovaa zavisna klauza go zavzema mestoto na prilogot i

naj~esto mo`eme da ja pronajdeme ako na postavenoto pra{awe: koga, kako, kade, zo{to i taka natamu, najdeme zadovolitelen odgovor vo delot od re~enicata. Razlikuvame nekolku vida zavisni prilo{ki kla-uzi:

- za vreme Ovie re~enici zapo~nuvaat so vremenskite svrznici: after,

when, as soon, as long as, before, during, the moment (that), never, once, since, till, until

Tie mo`at da se javat pred i po glavnata klauza:

She will tell us about Tom when he leave the room. Mary is going to buy a new car after she raises the money.

- za mesto Ovie re~enici zapo~nuvaat so svrznicite: where, wherever,

everywhere, anywhere

She can’t sleep where/wherever she likes.

- za na~in Ovie re~enici zapo~nuvaat so svrznicite: as, as…as, as if, as

through, how, however, like, that, (in) that way, in the same way

She was singing as good as she could.

- za pri~ina Ovie re~enici zapo~nuvaat so svrznicite: as, because, since,

seeing (that)

He did not wrote his homework because he forgot about it.

- za namera Ovie re~enici zapo~nuvaat so svrznicite: so that, in order that, in case, for fear (that), least i naj~esto doa|aat vo glavnata klauza.

She left the book on the desk in order that Tom could take it with him. The thief hid behind the tree so that the policeman would not see him.


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- Zavisna dopusna klauza Ovie re~enici zapo~nuvaat so svrznicite: although, though,

even though, considering (that), even if, however, whereas, no matter how Tom did not finish his homework on time although he worked hard.

- Zavisna relativna klauza

Ovie klauzi, kako i pridavkite, stojat pokraj imenkite, imen-skite frazi ili zamenkite, a zapo~nuvaat so relativni zamenki. Pove}e za ovie re~enici moète da najdete vo delot za relativ-nite zamenki. - Uslovni prilo{ki klauzi / Adverb clauses of condition

Ovie klauzi se del od zavisno-sloènite re~enici i zapo~nu-vaat so: if, assuming (that), on condition (that), provided (that), providing (that), so/as long as, unless. Uslovnite prilo{ki klauzi moàt da dojdat po i pred glavnata klauza.

Zna~i, re~enicata e sostavena od dve klauzi : - uslovna / if-clause So ovaa klauza se iskaùva uslov za vr{ewe na nekoe

dejstvie. - glavna / main clause So ovaa klauza se iskaùva samo uslovenoto dejstvie.

Uslovnite re~enici gi delime na :

_ Prv tip / Open conditional Sentence

Vo prviot tip, uslovot moè da se ispolni. Ovoj tip uslovni re~enici se realni.

Realnite uslovni re~enici se sostojat od glavna klauza i if- klauza. Realnite uslovni re~enici moàt da zapo~nat so glavnata klauza, no ne e voop{to pogre{no ako zapo~nat i so if-klauzata. Vo glavnata re~enica sekoga{ e idno vreme / Future Tense, dodeka vo if-klauzata e sega{no vreme / Present Tense.

I will come if I finish my job.


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She will buy the book if her parents give her money. If I have time enough, I will visit you tomorrow.

Namesto idno vreme vo glavnata klauza, moè da dojde

imperativ / Imperative :

If you are a good buy, follow the rules. Stop shouting if you are a polite young man.

Namesto sega{no vreme / Present Tense vo if-klauzata, moè da

se upotrebi Present Perfect Tense :

Tom will ring you if he arrived. If they have come they will phone you.

- Vtor tip / Improbable Conditional Sentence

Vo vtoriot tip se somnevame vo ispolnuvawe na uslovot,

postojat malku ili ne postojat mo`nosti uslovot da se ispolni. Ovoj tip na uslovni re~enici se potencijalni. Vtoriot tip na us-lovnite re~enici se gradi na sledniov na~in :

- vo glavnata klauza sekoga{ e minato vreme/moèn na~in

(would/should + glagol vo infinitiv bez to)

- a vo if-klauzata sekoga{ e minato vreme / Past Tense.

I would come if I finished my job. If her parents gave her money, she would buy the book. I would visit you if I had time enough.

- Tret tip / Unreal Conidional Sentence

Vo tretiot tip ne postojat nikakvi mo`nosti za ispolnuvawe na uslovot. Ovoj tip uslovni re~enici se nerealni. Tretiot tip na uslovni re~enici se pravi na sledniov na~in:

- vo glavnata klauza sekoga{ e minato-idno vreme / Future-In-the-Past


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- a vo if-klauzata sekoga{ e minat perfekt / Past Perfect Tense.

I would have come if I had finished my job. If her parents had given her money she would have bought the book. I would have visited you if I had enough time.

S O D R @ I N A


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1. Predgovor… … … … … … … … ……. … … … … … … … … … ...5 2. Imenka / Noun… … … … … … … …… … … … … … … … … … ..7 3.Zamenka / Pronoun… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...… 14 4. Pridavka / Adjective … … … … … …… … … … … … … … … .. .18 5. ^len / Article… … … … … … … …… … … … … … … … … … ...22 6. Glagol / Verb… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..25 7. Glagolski vremiwa / Verb Tenses… … … … … … .… … .. … … ..37

I Sega{no vreme / Present Tense …………………………….…….38 II Minato vreme / Past Tense ……………………………………….41 III Perfekt / Perfect ………….……………………………………..44 IV Minat perfekt / Past Perfect Tense…..……..………………….48 V Iden Perfekt / Future Perfect Tense……...……………..…..…51 VI Iden minat perfekt / Future Perfect-in-the-past Tense... ..….52 VII Idno vreme / Future Tense…………..……………………….....53

8. Imperativ / Zapoveden na~in / The future tense … … …… … …57 9. Konjuktiv / The subjunctive… … … … … … … … … … … …59 10. Indirekten govor / Indirect speech… … … … … … … … … ...61 11. Pasiv / Passive voice … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..66 12. Prilog / Adverb… … … … … … … … …. … …... … … … … …69 13. Predlog / Preposition … … … … … ...… … … … … … … … … .80 14. Pregled na pova`nite predlozi vo angliskiot jazik … … … .82 15. Re~enica / The sintence … … … … … … … ...… … … … … … ..97


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Prof. Vencislav Dimitrovski OSNOVNA GRAMATIKA

NA ANGLISKIOT JAZIK

BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Izdava~ : Izdava~ki sistem

KLIMENT [tip

Za izdava~ot : Jordan Kliment

Kompjuterska podgotovka i likovno grafi~ka oprema :

Men~e Kostadinova

Lektura i korektura prof. Vangel Karagunov

Pe~at:

Izdava~ki sistem KLIMENT

[tip


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prof. vencislav dimitrovski - osnovna gramatika na angliskiot jazik(basic english grammar)

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