production networks in east asia: what we know so far

8/3/2019 Production Networks in East Asia: What We Know So Far

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IB@A Sjkalc _ipg Xgagx

_jbwhrajl Lgrsjkx al Gixr Ixai6Sdir Sg Kljs Xj Ni

Nwkwlia Kamwi ilb IqikjJ`ixda

Lj, 80?Lj~gm`g 0?99

Ixail Bg~gejpmglr @ilk Alxrarwrg


2/30

Rdg Sjkalc _ipg xgagx ax i hjlralwirajl jn rdg njmgeq limgb Baxhwxxajl _ipg xgagx;rdg lwm`galc jn rdg pipgx hjlralwgb sardjwr alrgwprajl j hdilcg, IB@Ax sjkalc

pipgx gneghr alaraie abgix jl i rjpah ilb ig pjxrgb jlealg nj baxhwxxajl, IB@A glhjwicgxgibgx rj pjxr rdga hjmmglrx jl rdg mial picg nj gihd sjkalc pipg $ca~gl al rdgharirajl `gejs!, Xjmg sjkalc pipgx miq bg~gejp alrj jrdg njmx jn pwèahirajl,

Xwccgxrgb harirajl6

Kamwi% N,% ilb I, Jìxda, 0?99, _jbwhrajl Lgrsjkx al Gixr Ixai6 Sdir Sg Kljs Xj Ni,IB@A Sjkalc _ipg 80?, Rjkqj6 Ixail Bg~gejpmglr @ilk Alxrarwrg, I~iaeièg6drrp6**sss,ib a,jc*sjkalc-pipg*0?99*99*99*2310,pjbwhrajl,lgrsjkx,gixr,ixai*

_egixg hjlrihr rdg iwrdj$x! nj alnjmirajl i`jwr rdax pipg,

Gmiae6 nkamwiOghjl,kgaj,ih,fp

Nwkwlia Kamwi ax i pjngxxj ir rdg Nihwerq jn Ghjljmahx% Kgaj Wla~gxarq% ilb hdagnghjljmaxr ir rdg Ghjljmah Pgxgihd Alxrarwrg nj IXGIL ilb Gixr Ixai $GPAI!, IqikjJìxda ax i pjngxxj ir rdg Nihwerq jn Ghjljmahx% Kgaj Wla~gxarq,

Rdg Iwrdjx sjweb eakg rj rdilk B, Dw`gr Gxhiard% _jngxxj Mahdige Eilbgxmill% ilb

jrdg pirahapilrx al rdg IB@A-SAAS âglli Hjlngglhg dgeb al Fweq 0?9? nj alxacdrnwehjmmglrx ilb xwccgxrajlx,

Rdg ~agsx gtpgxxgb al rdax pipg ig rdg ~agsx jn rdg iwrdjx ilb bj ljr lghgxxiaeqgneghr rdg ~agsx j pjeahagx jn IB@A% rdg Ixail Bg~gejpmglr @ilk $IB@!% arx @jib jnBaghrjx% j rdg cj~glmglrx rdgq gpgxglr, IB@A bjgx ljr cwiilrgg rdg ihhwihq jnrdg biri alhewbgb al rdax pipg ilb ihhgprx lj gxpjlxaàearq nj ilq hjlxgywglhgx jnrdga wxg, Rgmaljejcq wxgb miq ljr lghgxxiaeq `g hjlxaxrglr sard IB@ jnnahaie rgmx,

Ixail Bg~gejpmglr @ilk AlxrarwrgKixwmacixgka @waebalc 4N8-0-7 Kixwmacixgka% Hdaqjbi-kwRjkqj 9??->??4% Fipil

Rge6 +49-8-8718-77??Nit6 +49-8-8718-7739WPE6 sss,ibà,jcG-miae6 alnjOibà,jc

0?99 Ixail Bg~gejpmglr @ilk Alxrarwrg


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IB@A Sjkalc _ipg 80? Kamwi ilb J`ixda

I`xrihr

_jbwhrajl lgrsjkx al Gixr Ixai% pirahweieq al rdg milwnihrwalc ilb mihdalgq albwxragx%ig sgee ghjclavgb ix rdg mjxr ib~ilhgb al rdg sjeb% al rgmx jn rdga miclarwbg%gtrglxa~glgxx% ilb xjpdaxrahirajl, Rdax pipg ragx rj ealk ~iajwx ghjljmah xrwbagx jlgeirgb rjpahx% rj xgg djs mwhd sg wlbgxrilb i`jwr pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx al Gixr Ixai,Inrg pj~abalc i `agn j~g~ags jn alrglirajlie ribg xriraxrahx% rdg pipg g~agsx i lwm`gjn ihibgmah pipgx hjlhglalc $a! rdg xrwhrwg ilb mghdilahx jn pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx% $aa!rdg hjlbarajlx nj pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx% ilb $aaa! rdg pjpgragx ilb ampeahirajlx rdggjn,

FGE Heixxanahirajl6 N92% N97% N08


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Hjlrglrx

9, Gixr Ixai Egibalc rdg Sjeb ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 90, J~g~ags ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 08, Xrwhrwg ilb Mghdilahx ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2

8,9 Nicmglrirajl Rdgjq ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 28,0 ^grahie Xpghaieavirajl% grahie NBA% ilb ^grahie Alri-albwxrq Ribg ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 78,8 Nicmglrirajl ilb Iccejmgirajl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 38,2 Xg~ahgx Jnnxdjalc ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1

2, Hjlbarajlx nj _jbwhrajl Lgrsjkx ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12,9 Pgcajlie Hjmpiaxjl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12,0 Xkgsgb Baxra`wrajl jn _jbwhrajl Lgrsjkx ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9?2,8 Ribg Ea`gieavirajl ilb NRI Wraeavirajl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 982,2 Ribg Nihaearirajl ilb Alnixrwhrwg Bg~gejpmglr ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 982,7 Gthdilcg Pirg jeiraearq ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 92

7, _jpgragx ilb Ampeahirajlx ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 977,9 Cialx njm Nicmglrirajl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 977,0 Bwi`aearq% Njjrejjxg NBA% ilb rdg Pgxpjlxg rj rdg Cej`ie Nalilhaie Haxax ,,,, 977,8 Bghjwpealc j Bgpglbglhg jl C8 Bgmilb: ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 937,2 _PH6 Rdgir j Jppjrwlarq: ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 947,7 Rghdljejcq Xpaeej~g% Rghdljejcq Rilxng% ilb Gtpjr Hgirajl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 947,> Ampihrx jl _iglr Hjwlrq Ghjljmagx ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 91

>, Rdg Siq Idgib ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0?Pgngglhgx ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 09


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9, GIXR IXAI EGIBALC RDG SJPEB

Gixr Ixai dix `ggl egibalc rdg sjeb al xwxrialgb ghjljmah cjsrd nj rdg pixr rdggbghibgx, Rdg xrglcrd jn rdg Gixr Ixail ghjljmagx dix gxabgb al rdg wlpghgbglrgbbg~gejpmglr jn alrglirajlie pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx, Inrg bgmjlxriralc xrjlc ghj~gagxnjm rsj mixxa~g ghjljmah haxgx ilb weramirgeq gmgcalc xrjlcg njm gihd% Gixr Ixaidix `q ljs rweq `ghjmg rdg Nihrjq jn rdg Sjeb, Mjgj~g% mjxr ghglreq% arxbgpglbglhq jl gtri-gcajlie bgmilb dix xw`xrilraieeq egxxglgb% bwg rj rdg gtpejxa~ggtpilxajl jn arx mabbeg-alhjmg pjpweirajl,

Rdg pirrgl jn alrglirajlie ba~axajl jn ei`j ilb alrglirajlie ribg al Gixr Ixai ax lj ejlcgibgywirgeq gtpeialgb `q rdg rgtr`jjk ~gxajlx jn alrglirajlie ribg rdgjagx, Rdgalrglirajlie ba~axajl jn ei`j ax ljr `q albwxrq% `wr `q pjbwhrajl pjhgxx% sdahd banngx njmi xrilbib gibalc jn hjmpiira~g ib~ilricg mjbgex xwhd ix rdg Pahibail ilb rdgDghkxhdg-Jdeal ~iagragx, Alri-albwxrq ribg ìxgb jl rdg ~grahie ba~axajl jn ei`j iexjbjgx ljr njeejs rdg njmweirajl jn rdg Dgepmil-Kwcmil alri-albwxrq ribg mjbge sarddjavjlrie pjbwhrajl banngglrairajl, Sdir sg j`xg~g ax rdg nicmglrirajl jn pjbwhrajl ilb

rdg njmirajl jn albwxraie iccejmgirajlx,

Xwhd pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx ig pirahweieq sgee bg~gejpgb al mihdalgq albwxragx% rdjwcdrdgq ig j`xg~gb gexgsdgg rj xjmg gtrglr, Mihdalgx rqpahieeq hjlxaxr jn i eicg lwm`g jnpirx ilb hjmpjlglrx% gihd jn sdahd ax pjbwhgb `q ba~gxanagb rghdljejcagx ilb alpwrx,Mihdalgq albwxragx ig rdwx pirahweieq xwargb rj rdg nicmglrirajl jn pjbwhrajl,

Bgxaclgx ilb hjjbalirjx jn alrglirajlie pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx ig pamiaeq mweralirajlieglrgpaxgx $MLGx!% ljr fwxr njm Fipil; Pgpwèah jn Kjgi $dglhgnjrd Kjgi!; Riapga%Hdali; Djlc Kjlc% Hdali; ilb jrdg Gixr Ixail ghjljmagx% `wr iexj njm Imgahi% Gwjpg%ilb rdg gxr jn rdg sjeb, Djsg~g% Gixr Ixail MLGx ig pirahweieq xrjlc al mihdalgqalbwxragx% ilb ig sgee gtpgaglhgb al rdg nicmglrirajl jn pjbwhrajl,

Bg~gejpalc Gixr Ixai pgxglrx lj~ge bg~gejpmglr xrirgcagx, Rdgxg ghjljmagxiccgxxa~geq wraeavg MLGx al il jpgl xgrralc ilb ihhgpr iemjxr iee xjrx jn xwhd namx% sdahdgliègx rdgm rj pirahapirg al alrglirajlie pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx ilb njm albwxraieiccejmgirajlx, Inrg rdax xricg% ejhie namx% glrgpglgwx% ilb glcalggx alhgixg rdgapirahapirajl rdjwcd rdga pglgrirajl alrj MLGx pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx, Rdgxg xrirgcagx ignwlbimglrieeq banngglr njm rdg ribarajlie alnilr albwxrq pjrghrajl mjbge j xrirgcagxal~je~alc ampjr-xw`xrarwralc njgacl baghr al~gxrmglr $NBA!, Rdgq iexj banng njm i xampegdjxralc jn gtpjralc MLGx, Bg~gejpalc Gixr Ixai dix mwhd mjg gnnghra~geq rikglib~ilricg jn cejìeavalc njhgx nj arx ghjljmah bg~gejpmglr rdil jrdg bg~gejpalc gcajlxal rdg sjeb,

Rdg njmirajl jn pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx al Gixr Ixai ax i lj~ge pdgljmgljl rdir hilljr nweeq`g bacgxrgb `q jw ribarajlie siqx jn rdjwcdr, Djsg~g% sg di~g iegibq ihhwmweirgb ilwm`g jn rdgjgrahie ilb gmpaahie xrwbagx rdir ig baghreq j albaghreq geirgb rj pjbwhrajllgrsjkx, Ar xggmx ir rdax mjmglr sjrdsdaeg rj hjmpaeg ~iajwx eargirwgx% ixxgxxalc sdirsg di~g egilgb xj ni% ilb sdir sg xdjweb al~gxracirg nwrdg, Rdjwcd i xgeghra~g xw~gq%rdax pipg pj~abgx i `jib pahrwg jn ihibgmah eargirwg bgiealc sard pjbwhrajl lgrsjkxal Gixr Ixai,

Ar xrirx `q pj~abalc i àgn biri j~g~ags jn pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx al Gixr Ixai, Rdgl ar saeeheixxanq pipgx alrj rdgg hirgcjagx6 xrwhrwg ilb mghdilahx jn pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx%hjlbarajlx nj rdga gtaxrglhg% ilb pjpgragx ilb ampeahirajlx rdggjn, Jw g~ags ax xgen-hjlxhajwxeq xw`fghra~g% rqalc rj alrgpgr rdg nalbalcx jn gtaxralc xrwbagx al jbg rjal~gxracirg rdg lirwg ilb hdiihrgaxrahx jn pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx al Gixr Ixai,


6/30


0

0, J^GPÂGS

@gnjg pjhggbalc% sg xdjweb àgneq xw~gq rdg xaclanahilhg ilb gtrglxajl jn pjbwhrajllgrsjkx ix xggl njm alrglirajlie ribg xriraxrahx, Al eacdr jn rdg nihr rdir rdg mihdalgqalbwxrq dix rdg mjxr xjpdaxrahirgb pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx al Gixr Ixai ilb sjebsabg% sg

njhwx jl ribg pirrglx jn mihdalgq pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx% al hjmpiaxjl sard rdjxg jnnalaxdgb mihdalgq pjbwhrx, %

Naxr ilb njgmjxr% Gixr Ixail ghjljmagx di~g gtpilbgb ilb xrglcrdglgb rilxihrajlx jnmihdalgq pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx sard alrigcajlie pirlgx rj i cgirg gtrglr rdil sardjwrxabgx, Rièg 9 pj~abgx xwmmiavgb xriraxrahx jn alrigcajlie ilb gtri-gcajlie gtpjrxal Gixr Ixai $rdg Ixxjhairajl jn Xjwrd-Gixr Ixail Lirajlx pewx xat jrdg hjwlragx$IXGIL+>!!% hjmpigb sard Gwjpg $rdg 03 hjwlragx jn rdg Gwjpgil Wlajl $GW03!! ilbImgahi $Ljrd Imgahil Ngg Ribg Icggmglr $LINRI! . Wlajl jn Xjwrd ImgahilLirajlx $WLIXWP!!, îewgx jn alrigcajlie gtpjrx al 9112% 0???% ilb 0??3% illwiei~gicg gtpjr cjsrd irgx al 91120??? ilb 0???0??3% ilb rdg pjbwhr hjmpjxarajl jngtpjrx al 9112 ilb 0??3 ig gpjrgb jl rdg egnr jn rdg rièg, Rdg hjgxpjlbalc nacwgx nj

gtri-gcajlie gtpjrx ig gpjrgb rj rdg acdr, Alrigcajlie gtpjrx ix i pjpjrajl jn rjriegtpjrx al 9112 ilb 0??3 ig gpjrgb al rdg acdrmjxr hjewml,

Rièg 96 Alrigcajlie ilb Gtri-gcajlie Gtpjrx `q Gixr Ixai6 Hjmpiaxjl sardGwjpg ilb Imgahi

9112 0??? 0??3 12-?? ??-?3 9112 0??3 9112 0??? 0??3 12-?? ??-?3 9112 0??3 9112 0??

Gixr Ixai $IXGIL+>!

Iee milwnihrwgb cjjbx 2%2>4 7%>34 99%?87 2' 9?' 4?' 34' >%297 4%929 92%413 2' 1' 41' 43' 29' 2

Mihdalgq 0%731 8%798 >%>?3 7' 1' 2>' 23' 2%034 7%212 1%0>> 2' 4' 71' 72' 84' 2

_irx ilb hjmpjlglrx 9%2?7 0%8?9 2%010 1' 1' 07' 8?' 9%>>1 0%8?3 8%892 >' 7' 08' 91' 2>' 7

$AHR-geirgb cjjbx! 49> 9%747 0%288 90' >' 97' 93' 422 9%8?4 9%89? 4' ?' 90' 4' 21' >

Nalaxdgb pjbwhrx 9%932 9%090 0%897 9' 9?' 09' 9>' 0%>9? 8%943 7%179 8' 1' 8>' 87' 89' 0

$AHR-geirgb cjjbx! 204 78? 9%?87 2' 9?' 4' 3' 9%?4> 9%89> 0%27> 8' 1' 97' 92' 04' 8

Jrdg milwnihrwgb cjjbx 9%441 0%9>7 2%204 0' 99' 82' 89' 0%98> 0%>2> 7%>89 2' 99' 8?' 88' 23' 2

Mghdilbaxg ribg% rjrie 7%747 3%?11 92%9?> 2' 9?' 9??' 9??' 3%088 1%003 93%9>> 2' 1' 9??' 9??' 22' 2

Gwjpg $GW03!

Iee milwnihrwgb cjjbx 99%42> 92%098 07%483 8' 1' 4?' 31' 7%40? >%131 90%178 8' 1' 42' 47' >3' >

Mihdalgq 7%3?3 3%33? 98%?32 7' 4' 84' 2?' 8%0?> 2%?30 3%208 2' 1' 2>' 21' >2' >

_irx ilb hjmpjlglrx 0%8>2 8%0?2 7%772 7' 4' 9>' 93' 9%87? 9%4?> 8%931 7' 4' 0?' 09' >2' >

$AHR-geirgb cjjbx! 7?> 4>3 339 1' -0' 8' 0' 018 709 7?9 9?' -9' 2' 8' >8' >

Nalaxdgb pjbwhrx 8%828 2%7>> 3%70? 7' 3' 08' 08' 9%47> 0%0>> 2%022 8' 1' 03' 04' >2' >$AHR-geirgb cjjbx! 370 9%834 9%>8> 99' 0' 7' 7' 047 707 748 99' 9' 2' 2' 38' 3

Jrdg milwnihrwgb cjjbx >%981 >%222 90%3>8 9' 9?' 29' 81' 0%>98 0%1?4 7%78? 0' 9?' 84' 8>' 3?' 3

Mghdilbaxg ribg% rjrie 92%42> 93%>10 80%324 8' 1' 9??' 9??' >%1?7 4%039 97%030 8' 1' 9??' 9??' >4' >

Imgahi $LINRI . WLIXWP!

Iee milwnihrwgb cjjbx 2%7?7 3%900 4%?88 4' 0' 33' >1' 8%3?0 2%397 >%303 2' 7' 38' 39' 77' 7

Mihdalgq 0%401 2%>83 2%448 1' 9' 21' 20' 0%077 8%?17 8%3>7 7' 8' 27' 2?' 7>' 7

_irx ilb hjmpjlglrx 9%841 0%039 0%98? 1' -9' 02' 94' 9%99> 9%393 9%493 3' 9' 00' 91' 77' 7$AHR-geirgb cjjbx! 893 >8> 891 90' -1' 7' 8' 23? 48> 77> 9?' ->' 1' >' 2?' 8

Nalaxdgb pjbwhrx 9%22? 0%8>> 0%370 1' 0' 07' 02' 9%981 9%831 9%124 8' 7' 08' 09' 7>' 7$AHR-geirgb cjjbx! 803 30? 388 92' ?' >' >' 830 211 807 7' ->' 3' 8' 23' >

Jrdg milwnihrwgb cjjbx 9%>3> 0%247 8%97? 3' 8' 01' 03' 9%22> 9%>91 0%1>0 0' 1' 01' 89' 72' 7

Mghdilbaxg ribg% rjrie 7%491 1%083 99%742 4' 8' 9??' 9??' 7%?84 >%90? 1%281 8' >' 9??' 9??' 72' 7

Alrigcajlie gtpjrx Gtri-gcajlie gtpjrx Alri-gcajli

xdig al gtpj

rj sjebîewg $maeeajl WX"!

Illwie i~gicg

cjsrd irg

_jbwhr

hjmpjxarajl îewg $maeeajl WX"!

Illwie i~gicg

cjsrd irg

_jbwhr

hjmpjxarajl

IXGIL+> = rdg Ixxjhairajl jn Xjwrd-Gixr Ixail Lirajlx pewx xat jrdg hjwlragx% GW03 = rdg 03 hjwlragx jn rdg Gwjpgil

Wlajl% LINRI = Ljrd Imgahil Ngg Ribg Icggmglr% WLIXWP = Wlajl jn Xjwrd Imgahil Lirajlx,

Ljrgx6 Iee nacwgx ig hiehweirgb wxalc gtpjr xriraxrahx nj àeirgie mghdilbaxg ribg, Ribg ~iewgx ig bgneirgb `q rdghjlxwmg pahg albgt $H_A! al rdg WX,

Xjwhg6 Kamwi ilb Jìxda $0?9?!,

Rièg 9 dacdeacdrx rdg alhgixalc ampjrilhg jn mihdalgq pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx rjrilxihrajlx sardal Gixr Ixai, Iejlc sard rdg cjsalc ampjrilhg jn mihdalgq pirx ilbhjmpjlglrx al rdg alrigcajlie ribg jn milwnihrwgb cjjbx% rdg ampjrilhg jnalrigcajlie pirlgx al Gixr Ixaix rjrie gtpjrx jn mihdalgq pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx dix


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8

iexj alhgixgb, Al pirahwei% rdg pjpjrajlx jn alnjmirajl ilb hjmmwlahirajlx rghdljejcq$AHR!-geirgb pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx al alrigcajlie ribg di~g gmialgb ljrièq dacd% ilbrdg alrigcajlie xdig jn gtpjrx jn AHR-geirgb pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx dix alhgixgb, Rdaxax hegi g~abglhg jn rdg bg~gejpmglr jn alrglirajlie pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx sardal Gixr Ixaigxpghaieeq, Al ibbarajl% xalhg 0???% Gixr Ixail hjwlragx di~g `gcwl rj alhgixgalrigcajlie gtpjrx ljr jleq jn mihdalgq pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx `wr iexj jn nalaxdgbpjbwhrx% sdahd albahirgx rdg cjsalc ampjrilhg jn alrigcajlie mikgrx ix il weramirgxjwhg jn bgmilb nj rdga gtpjrx,

Rdg njmirajl jn alrglirajlie pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx ax ljr eamargb rj rdg Gixr Ixail gcajl%ilb xwhd lgrsjkx ljs xrgrhd ihjxx il alhgixalc lwm`g jn hjwlragx, Ljlgrdgegxx%Gixr Ixail hjwlragx di~g peiqgb rdg mjg ampjrilr jeg al rdg bg~gejpmglr jn alrglirajliepjbwhrajl lgrsjkx, Al Nacwg 9% rdg xrihkgb ì hdirx xdjs rdg pjpjrajl jn mihdalgq alrdg rjrie gtpjrx ilb ampjrx jn milwnihrwgb cjjbx al 0??3% nj Gixr Ixail% Gwjpgil% ilbImgahil ghjljmagx gxpghra~geq, Rdg gb xrihkgb ìx albahirg rdg pghglricg jnmihdalgq al rjrie gtpjrx% ilb rdg èwg ìx xdjs rdg ximg nj ampjrx, Rdg bik hjejgbpjrajlx gpgxglr rdg pghglricg ihhjwlrgb nj `q pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx% ilb rdg eacdrhjejgb pjrajlx gpgxglr nalaxdgb pjbwhrx, Rdg ìx ig al bgxhglbalc jbg jn rdg

pghglricg jn pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx al rjrie gtpjrx% njm egnr rj acdr,

Nacwg 96 Xdig jn Mihdalgq al Rjrie Gtpjrx ilb Ampjrx jn Milwnihrwgb Cjjbx%0??3

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2

Rdg pjpjrajl jn mihdalgq al rjrie gtpjrx% ilb gxpghaieeq rdg pjpjrajl mibg wp `qmihdalgq pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx hil `g gcibgb ix rdg gtrglr rj sdahd il ghjljmq axal~je~gb al alrglirajlie pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx, Jl rdg jrdg dilb% rdg pghglricg nj rdgampjr xabg bjgx ljr banng cgireq imjlc ghjljmagx, Sdaeg Mieri dix rdg dacdgxrpghglricg jn mihdalgq pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx al gtpjrx ir mjg rdil >?'% ar ax xrakalcrdir Xalcipjg ilb rdg _daeappalgx ihdag~g ljrièq dacd pghglricgx jn pirx ilbhjmpjlglrx al `jrd gtpjrx ilb al ampjrx, Rj `g pghaxg% pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx gpgxglr73' ilb 72' jn Xalcipjgx gtpjrx ilb ampjrx jn milwnihrwgb cjjbx% gxpghra~geq% ilbrdg hjgxpjlbalc pghglricgx nj rdg _daeappalgx ig 7>' ilb >2', Rdax gneghrx àxkìhk-ilb-njrd rilxihrajlx jn alrgmgbairg cjjbx ihjxx `jbgx% ix i gxwer jn rdgnicmglrirajl jn pjbwhrajl, Ix nj Mieiqxai% Fipil% Kjgi ilb Rdiaeilb% rdg pghglricg jniee mihdalgq albwxragx iexj gthggbx 7?'% ilb rdir jn pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx gthggbx 8?'jl `jrd rdg gtpjr ilb ampjr xabgx% albahiralc rdga bggp pirahapirajl al alrglirajliepjbwhrajl lgrsjkx, _gjpegx Pgpwèah jn Hdali% $dglhgnjrd _PH% dgg alhewbalc DjlcKjlc% Hdali! ax iexj ihra~geq al~je~gb al xwhd lgrsjkx% ix albahirgb `q rdg nihr rdir mjgrdil dien jn `jrd gtpjrx ilb ampjrx jn milwnihrwgb cjjbx ig ihhjwlrgb nj `qmihdalgq, Mihdalgq pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx ihhjwlr nj jleq 0?' jn gtpjrx% `wr mjg rdil

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8,9 Nicmglrirajl Rdgjq

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negtaàearq jn i namx bghaxajl mikalc al hwrralc jwr pjbwhrajl èjhkx% ilb rdg gtaxrglhg jnxg~ahg ealk hjxrx,

Nacwg 0 aeewxrirgx rdg jacalie abgi jn nicmglrirajl, Xwppjxg rdir i nam jacalieeq pjbwhgxi pjbwhr al i eicg nihrjq ejhirgb al i bg~gejpgb hjwlrq njm wpxrgim rj bjslxrgim,Rdg pjbwhrajl pjhgxxgx al rdg nihrjq% djsg~g% miq di~g ~iajwx hdiihrgaxrahx; xjmghjweb `g hiparie- j dwmil hiparie-alrglxa~g% sdaeg jrdgx hjweb `g pwgeq ei`j-alrglxa~g,Xjmg hjweb `g hiparie alrglxa~g `wr gywaalc hjlxrilr dwmil xwpg~axajl, Dglhg% an rdg namhil xgpiirg xjmg jn rdg pjbwhrajl pjhgxxgx ilb rixkx ihhjbalc rj rqpg% bgxaclpjbwhrajl èjhkx% ilb ejhirg rdgm gexgsdgg% rjrie pjbwhrajl hjxrx miq `g gbwhgb, Rdaxax rdg xj-hieegb nicmglrirajl jn pjbwhrajl,


9/30


7

Nacwg 06 Rdg Nicmglrirajl Rdgjq6 _jbwhrajl @ejhkx ilb Xg~ahg Ealkx

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Nicmglrirajl jn pjbwhrajl pjhgxxgx ax ghjljmahieeq ~aièg an $a! rdg xi~alc jn pjbwhrajlhjxrx pg xg al pjbwhrajl èjhkx ax eicg ilb an $aa! xg~ahg ealk hjxrx alhwgb al hjllghralcgmjrgeq ejhirgb pjbwhrajl èjhkx ig xmiee, Sdgrdg $a! ax mgr bgpglbx jl rdg rghdlahiexgpiiàearq jn pjbwhrajl pjhgxxgx% ilb rdg i~iaeiàearq jn banngglr ejhirajl ib~ilricgx,Namx di~g i hgrial bgcgg jn nggbjm al djs rj hwr jwr pjbwhrajl èjhkx xj ix rj gtpejarbanngglr ejhirajl ib~ilricgx al gmjrg igix% sdaeg djxr hjwlragx miq xggk lahdg ejhirajlib~ilricgx nj gihd pjbwhrajl èjhk, $aa! bgpglbx ljr jleq jl ribg ìagx ilb rilxpjrhjxrx% `wr iexj jl ~iajwx hjjbalirajl hjxrx% sdahd mikg rilxihrajlx al pjbwhrajllgrsjkx geirajl-xpghanah, Al ibbarajl% xg~ahg ealkx jnrgl pgxglr ghjljmagx jn xhieg, Rdgxgig rdg gixjlx sdq i xampeg baxiccgcirajl jn albwxragx al rdg nimgsjk jn ribarajlieribg rdgjagx hilljr nweeq gtpeial rdg ba~axajl jn ei`j ir rdg eg~ge jn pjbwhrajl pjhgxxgx,

Rdg neqalc-cggxg pirrgl bg~gejpgb `q Ikimirxw $91>9! dix ejlc `ggl gnggb rj ix i

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8,0 ^grahie Xpghaieavirajl% ^grahie NBA% ilb ^grahie Alri-albwxrqRibg

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eg~ge% milq jn rdg gtaxralc gmpaahie xrwbagx wxg alpwr-jwrpwr $A-J! riègx, Jlg A-J ìxgbmgixwg jn nicmglrirajl njhwxgx jl rdg njgacl hjlrglr jn bjmgxrah pjbwhrajl% a,g, rdg


10/30


>

xdig jn $baghr! ampjrgb alpwrx al pjbwhrajl j al rjrie alpwrx $xgg Ngglxri ilb Dilxjl911>!, Iljrdg rqpg jn A-J mgixwg% sdahd six jacalieeq njmweirgb `q Dwmmgex% Axdaa% ilbQa $0??9!% hiprwgx rdg $baghr ilb albaghr! ampjr hjlrglr jn gtpjrx% sdahd ax xpghanahieeqei`gegb ix ~grahie xpghaieavirajl, Rdgq xdjsgb rdir 09' jn rdg gtpjrx njm rglJcilavirajl nj Ghjljmah Hj-jpgirajl ilb Bg~gejpmglr $JGHB!% ilb njw gmgcalc%ghjljmagx sgg ihhjwlrgb nj `q ~grahie xpghaieavirajl ihra~aragx% ilb rdir xwhd ihra~aragxdib cjsl iemjxr 8?'% ihhjwlralc nj 8?' jn rdg cjsrd al rdgxg hjwlragx gtpjrx%`grsggl 913? ilb 911?, Qa $0??8! alhjpjirgb rdg abgi jn ~grahie xpghaieavirajl alrj i rsj-hjwlrq bqlimah Pahibail ribg mjbge% xj ix rj gtpeial rdg miclanagb ilb ljlealgi cjsrdal rdg sjeb milwnihrwalc gtpjr xdig jn CB_ al rdg eixr ngs bghibgx, Rdg miclanagbalhgixg al ribg al gxpjlxg rj cejìe riann gbwhrajlx six gtpeialgb `q rdg xj-hieegbmiclanahirajl gnnghr, Ix i gxwer jn ~grahie xpghaieavirajl% riann hwrx egib rj i miclanagbgbwhrajl al pjbwhrajl hjxrx `ghiwxg alrgmgbairg cjjbx j wlnalaxdgb cjjbx hil hjxxalrglirajlie `jbgx mwerapeg ramgx, Cjjbx rdir wxgb rj `g pjbwhgb glrageq al jlg hjwlrq`ghjmg ~grahieeq xpghaieavgb ihjxx hjwlragx% gxweralc al rdg gtrglxa~g mical jn ribgcjsrd,

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11/30


3

albwxrq ribg al rdg geghrah mihdalgq albwxrq, Xjdl ilb Vdilc $0??7!% jl rdg jrdg dilb%pjalrgb jwr rdir Fipilgxg NBA dix i pjxara~g hjgeirajl sard rdg xdig jn djavjlrie alri-albwxrq ribg `wr i lgcira~g hjgeirajl sard rdg ~grahie alri-albwxrq xdig al ribg`grsggl Fipil ilb jrdg Gixr Ixail hjwlragx, Sg lggb rj gtimalg rdax axxwg nwrdg% sardi ejlcg-rgm biri xgr jn alrglirajlie ribg ilb NBA% rj gihd heiarq al rdax bgìrg,

8,8 Nicmglrirajl ilb Iccejmgirajl

Ierdjwcd hjxx-`jbg pjbwhrajl xdialc gtaxrx `grsggl rdg WX ilb Mgtahj% `grsggl rdgWX ilb Hjxri Pahi% ilb `grsggl Sgxrgl ilb Gixrgl Gwjpg% rdax pjbwhrajl-pjhgxxba~axajl jn ei`j rqpahieeq dix i geira~geq xampeaxrah xrwhrwg% ngirwalc ìhk-ilb-njrd%hejxgb-ejjp% ilb alri-nam rilxihrajlx, Nj gtimpeg% i WX nam macdr pgpig i xgr jn pirxilb hjmpjlglrx al rdg WX% xglb rdgm rj arx jsl nihrjq al Mgtahj% ilb mikg rdg nihrjqxglb nalaxdgb pjbwhrx ìhk rj rdg WX mikgr $xgg rdg egnr-dilb cipdah al Nacwg 8!, Al rdghixg jn Gixr Ixai% sg j`xg~g jpgl-glbgb lgrsjkx jn pjbwhrajl-pjhgxx ba~axajl jnei`j% sdahd hj~g i lwm`g jn hjwlragx al i xjpdaxrahirgb sg` jn alri-nam ilb imxeglcrd $alrg-nam! rilxihrajlx $xgg rdg acdr-dilb cipdah al Nacwg 8!,

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12/30


4

Rdg hjlhgpr jn rsj-bamglxajlie nicmglrirajl pjpjxgb `q Kamwi ilb Ilbj $0??7! `gikxbjsl ilb ilieqvgx rdg jwrxgr jn nicmglrirajl al jbg rj hiprwg rdg xjpdaxrahirajl jnalrglirajlie pjbwhrajl ilb baxra`wrajl lgrsjkx al Gixr Ixai, Al ibbarajl rj nicmglrirajl alrdg bamglxajl jn cgjcipdahie baxrilhg% rdg gtrglbgb nimgsjk alrjbwhgx nicmglrirajl alrdg bamglxajl jn baxalrgcirajl% al sdahd i nam bghabgx sdgrdg rj kggp xjmg ghjljmahihra~aragx alxabg rdg nam j rj jwrxjwhg rdgm rj jrdgx $Xgg Nacwg 2!, Rdax nimgsjk sjkxsgee rj gtpeial rdg xjpdaxrahirgb lirwg jn nicmglrirajl al Gixr Ixai% sdgg `jrd alri-namilb imx eglcrd nicmglrirajl jn pjbwhrajl pjhgxxgx bg~gejp, @q alrjbwhalc i hejxggeirajlxdap `grsggl cgjcipdahie pjtamarq ilb imx eglcrd rilxihrajlx% rdg nimgsjkhil iexj lgireq bgxha`g rdg xamwerilgjwx bg~gejpmglr jn nam-eg~ge nicmglrirajl jnpjbwhrajl pjhgxxgx ilb albwxrq-eg~ge iccejmgirajl,

Nacwg 26 Rsj-bamglxajlie Nicmglrirajl6 Il Aeewxrirajl

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ribg ea`gieavirajl,


13/30


1

Mihdakari ilb Wgka $0?9?i% 0?9?`! al~gxracirgb rdg cgjcipdahie gtrglr jn albwxraieiccejmgirajlx al IXGIL% wxalc nam-eg~ge biri njm i ywgxrajlliag xw~gq jnmilwnihrwalc namx al Albjlgxai% rdg _daeappalgx% Rdiaeilb% ilb ^agr Lim, Mihdakari ilbWgka $0?9?i! heianagb rdg cgjcipdahie baxra`wrajl pirrgl jn hwxrjmgx ilb xwppeagx% `qpgxglralc xjmg nihrx sdahd xwccgxrgb nam-eg~ge hipi`aearagx ilb rilxihrajl hjxrxixxjhairgb sard xpghanah alrg-nam geirajlxdapx hjweb alnewglhg rdg baxrilhgx `grsgglhwxrjmgx ilb xwppeagx, Njhwxalc jl rdg xwppeag xabg% Mihdakari ilb Wgka $0?9?`! nwrdggtimalgb rdg ampeahirajlx jn cgjcipdah pjtamarq nj rdg bqlimah pjhgxx jn xgihdalc nj ilgs xwppeag,

8,2 Xg~ahgx Jnnxdjalc

Al Gixr Ixai% rdg bg~gejpmglr jn pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx gtpilbx `gqjlb rdg milwnihrwalcxghrj rj glhjmpixx xg~ahgx% g~gl an rdg xpggb ilb ngywglhq jn rilxihrajlx ilb rdgeglcrd jn ~iewg hdialx miq banng, Hiee hglrgx% xjnrsig jwrxjwhalc% ilb jrdg rqpgx jnxg~ahgx jnnxdjalc ig sgee bg~gejpgb al Albai, Xwhd jpgirajlx ig iexj j`xg~gb rj xjmggtrglr al jrdg pirx jn Gixr Ixai,

Gixr Ixail hjwlragx di~g xdipeq alhgixgb xg~ahgx jnnxdjalc xalhg rdg gieq 911?xrdjwcd rdg xhjpg jn mirgaie jnnxdjalc ax xraee cgirg, Ix jn 0???% 8?' jn xg~ahg alpwrxsgg ihhjwlrgb nj `q alrigcajlie pjhwgmglr% sdaeg rdg alrigcajlie xdig six 7?' alrdg hixg jn mirgaie alpwrx $Kilc gr ie, 0?9?!,

2, HJLBARAJLX NJP _PJBWHRAJL LGRSJPKX

Rdg cgjcipdahie gtrglxajl jn pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx ax j`~ajwxeq xkgsgb, Ljr iee hjwlragx jgcajlx hil pirahapirg al pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx, I ealg jn gxgihd bacx alrj rdg nihrjx ilbhjlbarajlx rdir ieejs hjwlragx j gcajlx rj bj xj,

Al rdg njeejsalc% sg g~ags ~iajwx gnnjrx rj abglranq hjlbarajlx nj pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx% njmrdg ~agspjalr jn gcajlie hjmpiaxjl% xkgsgb baxra`wrajl jn pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx ir rdghjwlrq j pj~alhaie eg~ge% ribg ea`gieavirajl ilb ngg ribg icggmglr $NRI! wraeavirajl%ribg nihaearirajl ilb alnixrwhrwg bg~gejpmglr% ilb gthdilcg irg ~jeiraearq,

2,9 Pgcajlie Hjmpiaxjl

Rdg bgcgg jn pirahapirajl al pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx ix sgee ix rdg bgcgg jn xjpdaxrahirajl jnpjbwhrajl lgrsjkx banngx sabgeq ihjxx gcajlx, Al pirahwei% rdg hjlrixr `grsggl GixrIxai ilb jrdg pirx jn rdg sjeb ax xw`xrilraie, Dglhg% gcajlie hjmpiaxjl jn pjbwhrajllgrsjkx hil `g il gnnghra~g ippjihd nj abglranqalc hwhaie nihrjx al rdg bg~gejpmglr jnpjbwhrajl lgrsjkx,

Kamwi% Rikidixda% ilb Diqikisi $0??3! di~g njwlb rdir cgjcipdahie baxrilhg gbwhgxribg al mihdalgq pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx mwhd egxx al Gixr Ixai rdil al Gwjpg, Rdaxgmpaahie g~abglhg ampeagx rdir rdg xg~ahg ealk hjxrx ixxjhairgb sard alrglirajlienicmglrirajl jn pjbwhrajl ig xw`xrilraieeq ejsg al Gixr Ixai rdil al Gwjpg% hjlra`wralcrj eicg banngglhgx al rdg bg~gejpmglr jn alrglirajlie pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx, Ix pjbwhrajllgrsjkx di~g gtpilbgb ihjxx rdg gcajl% Gixr Ixail hjwlragx di~g bggpglgb rdgaghjljmah bgpglbglhg jl jlg iljrdg% egibalc rj bg nihrj gcajlie alrgcirajl, Rikalc EiralImgahi ix i ricgr nj hjmpiaxjl% Imalail% Nwlc% ilb Lc $0??1! hjlhewbgb rdir Gixr Ixaiax rdg mjg alrglxgeq alrgcirgb jn rdg rsj gcajlx% al rgmx jn ribg alrgcirajl ilb al rgmxjn rdg xamwerilgjwx ampj~gmglr jn gtpjr hjmpgrara~glgxx al rdg milwnihrwalc jn pirxilb hjmpjlglrx, Rdg eirrg pjalr hil `g rikgl ix il albahirajl jn rdg gcajl-sabg

bg~gejpmglr jn pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx,


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9?

Diqikisi% Fa% ilb Jìxda $0??1! gtpejgb rdg pirrgl jn ghjljmah alrgbgpglbglhg imjlcGixr Ixail hjwlragx al rdg hixg jn geghrah mihdalgq albwxrq% al sdahd pjbwhrajl lgrsjkxdi~g bg~gejpgb bimirahieeq al Gixr Ixai ilb jrdg gcajlx, Al Gixr Ixai% wleakg al Gwjpg%rdg xhieg jn albwxrq al jlg hjwlrq ax pjxara~geq hjgeirgb sard arx xhieg al lgacd`jalchjwlragx, Rdax gmpaahie g~abglhg jn pjxara~g xpiraie alrgbgpglbglhg xwccgxrx rdir GixrIxail hjwlragx ihdag~g xamwerilgjwx pjbwhrajl gtpilxajl ix i gxwer jn rdg hjxx-`jbghjmpirmglrieavirajl jn pjbwhrajl pjhgxxgx jn rdg albwxrq `q pirahapiralc al gcajliepjbwhrajl lgrsjkx,

Banngglhgx al ejhirajl ib~ilricgx ihjxx hjwlragx ig rdjwcdr rj gldilhg alrglirajlienicmglrirajl jn pjbwhrajl, Al rdg hixg jn alrigcajlie ribg al mihdalgq pirx ilbhjmpjlglrx al Gixr Ixai% i pjxara~g ixxjhairajl dix `ggl bgrghrgb `grsggl ribg nejsx ilbalhjmg cipx ix i pjtq nj banngglhgx al ejhirajl ib~ilricgx $Kamwi% Rikidixda% ilbDiqikisi 0??3!, @q hjlrixr% al rdg hixg jn Gwjpg% rdax ixxjhairajl ax gxramirgb ixlgcira~g% sdahd xwccgxrx rdir ribg al djavjlrieeq banngglrairgb pjbwhrx ax bjmalilr,

Njm rdg pgxpghra~g jn Fipilgxg mweralirajlie ihra~aragx% Kamwi ilb Ilbj $0??8!pgxglrgb g~abglhg xwccgxralc rdir Fipilgxg namx di~g peiqgb il ampjrilr jeg al

bg~gejpalc alrglirajlie pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx al Gixr Ixai% sdaeg rdgq di~g ljr qgr gardghjlxrwhrgb i harahie mixx jn albwxraie hewxrgx j njmweirgb gnnahaglr ~grahie pjbwhrajlhdialx al Eiral Imgahi, Ilbj% Ilbr% ilb Kamwi $0??>! njhwxgb jl xrirgcah `gdi~aj jnFipilgxg ilb WX namx ilb icwgb rdir namx jn `jrd lirajliearagx ihra~geq gtrglb pjbwhrajllgrsjkx al Gixr Ixai% ilb bj ljr al Eiral Imgahi, Mirxwwi% Riliki% ilb Wiri $0?9?!nwrdg al~gxracirgb banngglr pirrglx jn njgacl innaeairg xiegx ilb gtpjrx `grsggl Fipilgxgilb WX MLGx ilb pj~abgb gmpaahie g~abglhg rdir hjmpiira~g ib~ilricg mjra~gx igbjmalilr nj rdg ejhirajl hdjahg jn Fipilgxg MLGx% wleakg al rdg hixg jn rdga WXhjwlrgpirx, Ca~gl rdir i namx bghaxajl gcibalc sdgrdg j ljr rj nicmglr ilb jnnxdjgi pir jn pjbwhrajl pjhgxx ax xglxara~g rj rdg eg~ge jn ribg hjxrx% rdax gxwer hil `galrgpgrgb ix xwccgxralc rdir rdg cgjcipdah pjtamarq jn Gixr Ixail hjwlragx sard banngglrejhirajl ib~ilricgx hgirgx i ni~jièg gl~ajlmglr nj Fipilgxg namx rj milicg

pjbwhrajl hdialx gnnahaglreq ihjxx `jbgx,

2,0 Xkgsgb Baxra`wrajl jn _jbwhrajl Lgrsjkx

Gixr Ixail pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx ig ljs rdg mjxr ib~ilhgb ilb xjpdaxrahirgb al rdg sjeb,Djsg~g% sg mwxr ljrg rdir ljr iee jn arx hjwlragx ilb gcajlx di~g `ggl alhewbgb al rdgxg,Ihrwieeq% jleq i xmiee pjrajl jn Gixr Ixai pirahapirgx al ywahk ilb dacd-ngywglhqpjbwhrajl lgrsjkx al mihdalgq albwxragx% sdaeg xaclanahilr rdgxdjebx bgrgmalg sdgrdghjwlragx j gcajlx hil fjal rdgm,

Nacwg 7 ax iljrdg ~gxajl jn Nacwg 9% gtrihralc fwxr rdg ghjljmagx jn Gixr Ixai,Mihdalgq ribg ix i pjpjrajl jn rjrie milwnihrwalc ribg% pirahweieq jl rdg gtpjr xabg%

ax sabgeq banngglr imjlc hjwlragx, Al Xalcipjg% rdg _daeappalgx% Mieiqxai% Fipil% ilbKjgi% j~g 3?' jn milwnihrwalc gtpjrx ax mibg wp `q mihdalgq, Rdiaeilb% ilb _PHalhewbalc Djlc Kjlc% Hdali% `jrd xhjg i`j~g 7?'% ilb rdg pjpjrajl jn mihdalgq pirxilb hjmpjlglrx al gtpjrx ax iexj hjlxabgièq dacd al rdgxg ghjljmagx, Djsg~g% jrdgGixr Ixail hjwlragx% gxpghaieeq Albjlgxai% âgr Lim% ilb Albai% di~g ejs gtpjr irajx jnmihdalgq% sdahd albahirg rdir rdga pirahapirajl al alrglirajlie pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx dix ljrqgr gtrglbgb rj nwee xhieg,


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99

Nacwg 76 Mihdalgq ix i Xdig jn Rjrie Gtpjrx ilb Ampjrx jn Milwnihrwgb Cjjbx%0??36 Gixr Ixai Jleq

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Gixr Ixail ghjljmagx

Gtpjr 6 mihdalgq pir x ilb hjmpjlglrx Gtpjr 6 mihdalgq n alaxdgb pjbwhrx

Ampjr 6 mihdalgq pir x ilb hjmpjlglrx Ampjr 6 mihdalgq n alaxdgb pjbwhrx

_PH alhe, DK = _gjpegx Pgpwèah jn Hdali alhewbalc Djlc Kjlc% Hdali, @wlga = @wlga Biwxxieim,

Ljrgx6 Iee nacwgx ig hiehweirgb wxalc gtpjr ilb ampjr xriraxrahx nj àeirgie ribg al milwnihrwgb cjjbx, Rdg ìx ig albgxhglbalc jbg jn rdg pghglricg jn mihdalgq pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx al rjrie gtpjrx jn milwnihrwgb cjjbx% njm egnr rjacdr,


Nacwg > pgxglrx rdg ejhirajl jn milwnihrwalc xw`-xghrjx al IXGIL ilb i pir jn jrdgGixr Ixail hjwlragx ihhjbalc rj Kwmicia gr ie, $0?9?!, Ir gihd pj~alhaie eg~ge% rdg iwrdjxnaxr hdghkgb sdgrdg milwnihrwalc ~iewg-ibbgb jhhwpagb 9?' j mjg jn CB_, Sdgg rdgmilwnihrwalc xdig six 9?' j mjg% rdgq rdgl abglranagb rdg eicgxr xw`-xghrj imjlc rdgiwrjmjra~g% geghrah ilb geghrjlah% rgtraeg ilb cimglr% njjb pjhgxxalc% ilb jrdgmilwnihrwalc albwxragx, Rdg nacwgx xdjs rdir jleq i xmiee lwm`g jn pj~alhgx pirahapirgal ywahk ilb dacd-ngywglhq pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx% al iwrjmjra~gx ilb geghrjlah cjjbx,Jwrxabg jn xwhd igix% xjmg pj~alhgx djxr rgtraegx ilb cimglr pjbwhrajl% ilb njjbpjhgxxalc% sdahd ig xjmgramgx hjllghrgb sard rdg gcajlie ilb sjeb mikgr `wr sdjxgpjbwhrajl lgrsjkx ig rqpahieeq xejs ilb ejs-ngywglhq, Nwrdg jwr jn rdgxg pj~alhgx%earreg milwnihrwalc ihra~aragx ig njwlb ir iee,


16/30


90

Nacwg >6 Hjmpiira~g Ib~ilricg al rdg Milwnihrwalc Xghrj al 0??7

G.G = geghrah ilb geghrjlahx,

Xjwhg6 Kwmicia gr ie, $0?9?!,

Jlg jn rdg ampjrilr pjpgragx jn alrglirajlie pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx ax rdg gtaxrglhg jn ixw`xrilraie rdgxdjeb al pirahapirajl, Al jbg rj fjal pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx% hjwlragx jgcajlx mwxr mggr i hgrial xgr jn hargai, Rdg gixjlx nj rdg gtaxrglhg jn rdgxgywieanahirajl hargai ig rdggnjeb,

Naxr% sdgl MLGx bgxacl rdg cgjcipdahie xrwhrwg jn pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx% `jrd ejhirajlib~ilricgx nj pjbwhrajl èjhkx ilb xg~ahg ealk hjxrx ig rdjjwcdeq ixxgxxgb, Ljr ieehjwlragx j gcajlx hil pixx rdax xrahr rgxr, Xghjlb% ejhirajl ib~ilricgx nj pjbwhrajlèjhkx ilb xg~ahg ealkx `grsggl pjbwhrajl èjhkx ig ihhjmpilagb `q bqlimah ghjljmagxjn xhieg ir il albwxrq j mihj eg~ge, Jlhg i hjwlrq j i gcajl glrgx alrj pjbwhrajllgrsjkx% ilb rdg lwm`g jn namx pirahapiralc al xwhd lgrsjkx alhgixgx% alnjmirajl ilbkljs-djs imjlc `jrd namx ilb djxr hjwlragx xrirx rj ihhwmweirg% nwrdg galnjhalc rdg

gtaxralc ejhirajl ib~ilricgx ilb xg~ahg ealkx, Rdab% rdgg gtaxr xw`xrilraie hjxrx nj i namal gxrièaxdalc geirajl-xpghanah rilxihrajl hdillgex ilb hjlxrwhralc pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx,

Rdg eirrg rsj nihrjx saee ihr ix i njm jn xwlk hjxr sdahd cglgirgx rdg pird-bgpglbglrlirwg jn lgrsjk pirahapirajl, Rdgxg hil iexj `g alrgpgrgb ix rdg jrdg xabg jn rdg hjal jnrdg bwiàearq ilb gxaeaglhg jn pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx baxhwxxgb eirg al xghrajl 7,0,

Al rdg giem jn pjeahq gxgihd% rdg Ghjljmah Pgxgihd Alxrarwrg nj IXGIL ilb Gixr Ixai$GPAI! pjpjxgb rdg Hjmpgdglxa~g Ixai Bg~gejpmglr _eil $HIB_! rj rdg 0?9? Gixr IxaiXwmmar% al sdahd rdg mghdilaxm jn nicmglrirajl hil `g wxgb rj ixxaxr pjcgxxa~gpeillalc jn ejcaxrahx ilb jrdg ghjljmah alnixrwhrwg $GPAI 0?9?!, Iljrdg GPAI xrwbqal~gxracirgb xmiee ilb mgbawm glrgpaxgx $XMGx! pirahapirajl al pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx% ilbbaxhwxxgb djs rj gldilhg rdir pirahapirajl al nwrwg $Rdild% Lifjkj% ilb Jwm 0?9?!,


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98

2,8 Ribg Ea`gieavirajl ilb NRI Wraeavirajl

Jlg jn rdg ampjrilr nihrjx sdahd innghr xg~ahg ealk hjxrx ax ribg ea`gieavirajl, Gixr Ixaisix i njgwllg al bg~gejpalc alrglirajlie pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx `ghiwxg jn arx lj~ge pjeahqgcamg rjsibx ribg,

Iccgxxa~g irrihrajl jn NBA `q bg~gejpalc Gixr Ixail hjwlragx xrirgb al rdg eirrg dien jnrdg 914?x, Alrglirajlie hjmpgrarajl al irrihralc NBA `ghimg dixd al rdg gieq 911?x% ilbwlaeirgie ihg-rj-rdg-`jrrjm ribg ea`gieavirajl jhhwgb al rdg gcajl% pirahweieq algeghrjlah pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx wlbg rdg wm`geei jn rdg Alnjmirajl RghdljejcqIcggmglr $ARI! $@iebsal 0??>!,

Wlaeirgie ribg ea`gieavirajl% djsg~g% six ljr xwhhgxxnwe al hegilalc wp ribg ìagx alampjr-xw`xrarwrajl-rqpg albwxragx% alhewbalc iwrjmjàegx% geghrah ippeailhgx% ajl ilb xrgge%ilb pgrj-hdgmahiex, Lgrsjk-njmalc albwxragx pgng ngg ribg% sdaeg ampjr-xw`xrarwralcalbwxragx sjweb eakg rj kggp ribg pjrghrajl, Ierdjwcd xwhd alhjlxaxrglhq six piraieeqmaracirgb `q i bwrq bisìhk xqxrgm ilb jrdg mgixwgx% i hjlxaxrglr ribg gcamg sixxraee eihkalc, Inrg rdg Ixail hwglhq haxax al 911314% Ixail gcajlieaxm six ihhgegirgb%

al IXGIL $wlbg rdg IXGIL Ngg Ribg Igi% j INRI! ilb `gqjlb $wlbg rdg IXGIL+9NRIx!% ilb ix i gxwer% rdg ribg gcamg xggmgb rj `ghjmg mwhd mjg hjlxaxrglr rdil`gnjg,

Ar ax jpgl rj ywgxrajl sdgrdg NRIx rweq wxdg al ngg ribg j ljr, Dairxwki% Xirj% ilbAxjlj $0??1! al~gxracirgb djs Gixr Ixail NRIx di~g innghrgb rdg `gdi~aj jn Fipilgxgnamx% alhewbalc rdga innaeairgx jpgiralc j~gxgix, Rdgq heiamgb rdir jlcjalc NRIx iglgardg sgee kljsl lj sgee wraeavgb `q Fipilgxg namx, Djsg~g% i Fipil Gtrglie RibgJcilavirajl $FGRPJ! Xw~gq nj Fipilgxg mweralirajliex albahirgb rdir rdg wlbg-wraeavirajljn NRIx ax mjxreq bwg rj xmiee cipx `grsggl pgngglraie ilb MNL riannx% rdg wraeavirajl jn ibwrq-bisìhk xqxrgm% ilb geirgb nihrjx% irdg rdil bwg rj rdg hjmpegtarq j j`xhwarq jnNRIx rdgmxge~gx $FGRPJ 0??4% 0??1!, Wxalc mahj biri njm rdg ximg FGRPJ Xw~gq%

Diqikisi gr ie, $0??1! ilieqvgb rdg pirrgl jn NRI wraeavirajl `q Fipilgxg innaeairgxjpgiralc al Ixai ilb hjlnamgb xwhd pirrglx, Rdgq njwlb rdir rdg xmieeg rdg innaeairg ax% jrdg egxx ba~gxanagb rdg jacalx jn arx pjhwgmglrx% rdg egxx eakgeq ar ax rj wraeavg il NRIxhdgmg al gtpjralc i`jib, Inrg i hjmpgdglxa~g xw~gq jn namx ljr jleq al Fipil `wriexj al Xalcipjg% Kjgi% Rdiaeilb% ilb rdg _daeappalgx% Kisia ilb Sacliifi $0??1!hjlhewbgb rdir rdg hjmpeahirajl hgirgb `q j~geippalc NRIx ax ljr ~gq xgajwx% g~gl anmjg nihaearirajl ax hgrialeq bgxaièg,

2,2 Ribg Nihaearirajl ilb Alnixrwhrwg Bg~gejpmglr

Al rdg Ixai-_ihanah Ghjljmah Hjjpgirajl $I_GH! ilb IXGIL hjwlragx% riann gbwhrajlxdi~g peiqgb il ampjrilr jeg al gbwhalc j~giee ribg hjxrx% qgr pjcgxx jl ljl-riann ribg

hjxrx dix `ggl mwhd mjg eamargb $Xdgpdgb 0?9?!, Rdax xwccgxrx rdir I_GH ilb IXGILxdjweb gnjhwx rdga ribg nihaearirajl gnnjrx rj hjlhglrirg jl rdjxg, Rdg bg~gejpmglr ilbgtpilxajl jn alrglirajlie pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx al Gixr Ixai miq hgirg pgxxwgx nj ribgnihaearirajl `ghiwxg nicmglrirajl jn rdg pjbwhrajl pjhgxx ax jleq pjnarièg an rdg hjxr jnrilxpjralc pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx ihjxx `jbgx ax ejs gljwcd al ramg ilb mjlgq,

Sard rdax al malb% _jmngr ilb Xjwbal $0??1! gtimalgb sdgrdg IXGIL hjwlragx di~gihrwieeq gbwhgb rdg hjxrx jn ribg sard i rdab-hjwlrq mikgr% Iwxrieai% ilb njwlb rdirIXGIL hjwlragx gbwhgb ribg hjxrx `q egxx rdil rdg cejìe i~gicg al rdg gieq 911?x% `wr`q mjg rdil rdg i~gicg njm rdg mab-911?x rj 0??8, Rdgq hjlhewbgb al rdga pipg rdir`jrd rdg pjeangirajl jn ribg icggmglrx ilb nieealc ribg hjxrx al IXGIL miq `g innghrgb`q rdg gmgcglhg jn gcajlie xwppeq hdialx% sdahd pwr pgxxwg jl cj~glmglrx rj gbwhg

ribg hjxrx, Diqikisi $0??3! ippeagb rdg gmpaahie mgrdjb jn mgixwalc `jbg gnnghrxbg~gejpgb `q Dgib ilb Miqg $0???! ilb ywilranagb `jbg ìagx al alrgmgbairg cjjbx


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92

rilxihrajlx al Gixr Ixai `q gmpejqalc alrglirajlie alpwr-jwrpwr riègx al 9147% 911?% ilb9117, Dg njwlb rdir ìagx al Gixr Ixail hjwlragx xrgibaeq bghealgb j~g ramg,

@jjkx ilb Xrjlg $0?9?! di~g iexj icwgb rdir hjwlragx pirahapiralc al pjbwhrajllgrsjkx di~g i xrjlc alhglra~g rj hjjpgirg sard gihd jrdg% pirahweieq jl gbwhalc rdghjxrx jn ribalc `grsggl rdgmxge~gx, Rdga gmpaahie ilieqxax% ìxgb jl i hjmpwrièg

cglgie gywaeaàwm nimgsjk% albahirgx rdir g~gl i geira~geq mjbgxr gbwhrajl al ribghjxrx hil qageb xaclanahilr cialx al I_GH mgm`g hjwlragx; cjxx bjmgxrah pjbwhr al rdggcajl gtpilbx% ilb hjwlragx mj~g alrj i mjg ba~gxanagb ribalc pirrgl, Mjgalrggxralceq% rdg gtpilxajl jn gtpjrx bwg rj ribg nihaearirajl ax pgbahrgb rj `g bjmalilr alalri-I_GH ribg% hjmpigb rj gtri-gcajlie ribg,

Rdg gtrglr jn cj~glmglr gcweirajlx nihgb `q ejcaxrahx xg~ahg pj~abgx ~iagx imjlcIXGIL+> hjwlragx $Djeesgc ilb Sjlc 0??1!, Xalcipjg ilb Iwxrieai% njeejsgb `q Fipililb Lgs Vgieilb% ig geira~geq jpgl rj ribg al ejcaxrahx xg~ahgx% sdggix Mieiqxai% _PH%Albjlgxai% Eij _BP% rdg _daeappalgx% ilb âgr Lim ig geira~geq gxrahra~g, Albggb%ihhjbalc rj i xgma-xrwhrwgb ywgxrajlliag xw~gq rikgl imjlc pa~irg hjmpilagx ilbhdim`gx jn hjmmghg al Him`jbai% Eij _BP% Mqilmi% ilb âgr Lim% ejcaxrahx

alnixrwhrwg% pirahweieq xjnr ejcaxrahx alnixrwhrwg% ippgix rj `g i hjlxrialr jl rdgxghjwlragx pirahapirajl al pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx $@iljmqjlc ilb Axdabi 0?9?!,

Xdgpdgb ilb Saexjl $0??1! pgxglrgb gmpaahie g~abglhg rdir ribg nejsx al IXGIL igpirahweieq xglxara~g rj rilxpjr alnixrwhrwg ilb AHR lgrsjkx, Rdga gxramirgx xwccgxrgbrdir rdg gcajl hjweb mikg xaclanahilr ghjljmah cialx njm ribg nihaearirajl gnjm% sdahdsjweb `g hjlxabgièq eicg rdil rdjxg njm hjmpiièg riann gnjmx, Rdax xwccgxrx rdirrilxpjr alnixrwhrwg hil peiq al gldilhalc alrigcajlie ribg al IXGIL,

Kwmicia gr ie, $0??4! alrjbwhgb rdg Alxrarwrg jn Bg~gejpalc Ghjljmagx $ABG! CgjcipdahieXamweirajl Mjbge ilb gtimalgb rdg ampihr jn rdg Gixr-Sgxr Ghjljmah Hjabj jlhjlralglrie Xjwrd Gixr Ixai ir xw`-lirajlie eg~ge, Rdga xamweirajl gxwerx albahirgb rdir`jbg hjxrx peiq i àc jeg% jnrgl i mjg ampjrilr jeg rdil rdir jn pdqxahie alnixrwhrwg

arxgen% al rdg ejhirajl hdjahg jn pjpweirajlx ilb albwxragx,

2,7 Gthdilcg Pirg ^jeiraearq

Rdg gthdilcg irg jn ejhie hwglhagx ax lj bjw`r i hwhaie ixpghr jn ejhirajl ib~ilricgx alpjbwhalc ilq xjr jn ribièg cjjb, Xjmg hjwlragx miq di~g xrjlc hwglhagx bwg rj ili`wlbilhg jn lirwie gxjwhgx j ampjr-xw`xrarwrajl gthdilcg irg pjeahagx% ilb igxw`fghr rj i xjr jn Bwrhd baxgixg% sdahd miq mikg ar bannahwer nj rdgm rj pirahapirg alpjbwhrajl lgrsjkx,

Al ibbarajl% rdg ~jeiraearq jn gthdilcg irgx ax jlg jn rdg hwhaie wlhgrialragx nj `wxalgxxpirlgx hjmpgrara~glgxx% iejlc sard xg~ahg ealk hjxrx, Ix i hjlxgywglhg% namx j

pjbwhrajl peilrx ejhirgb al hjwlragx sard dacd ~jeiraearq al gthdilcg irgx ig egxx eakgeq rj`g alhjpjirgb alrj pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx, Albggb% xjmg Fipilgxg namx di~g gpjrgb rdirgthdilcg irg xriàearq ax gxxglraie nj ìhk-ilb-njrd rilxihrajlx jn alrgmgbairg cjjbx $Arjgr ie, 0??4!,

Xjmg gmpaahie xrwbagx di~g al~gxracirgb djs gthdilcg irg ~jeiraearq innghrx pirx ilbhjmpjlglrx ribg sardal alrglirajlie pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx al Gixr Ixai, Rdj`ghkg $0??4!pgxglrgb g~abglhg rdir gthdilcg irg ~jeiraearq bghgixgx gtpjrx jn geghrjlah pirx ilbhjmpjlglrx imjlc Gixr Ixail hjwlragx, Diqikisi ilb Kamwi $0??1! pj~abgb nwrdgg~abglhg rdir rdg lgcira~g ampihr jn gthdilcg irg ~jeiraearq jl ribg al mihdalgq pirx ilbhjmpjlglrx ax xg~gg hjmpigb rj rdg hixg jn nalaxdgb pjbwhrx, Al ibbarajl% gmpaahienalbalcx njm Kaqjri% Mirxwwi% ilb Wiri $0??4! di~g albahirgb rdir djxr hwglhq*qglgthdilcg irg ~jeiraearq baxhjwicgx Fipilgxg MLGx njm gxrièaxdalc i njgacl innaeairg al ihjwlrq, Rdax xwccgxrx rdir eamaralc àeirgie gthdilcg irg newhrwirajl ax jlg jn rdg mjxrampjrilr pggywaxargx nj i hjwlrq rj pirahapirg al pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx,


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7, _PJ_GPRAGX ILB AM_EAHIRAJLX

_jbwhrajl lgrsjkx di~g g~giegb i lwm`g jn lj~ge pjpgragx `gqjlb jw jacaliegtpghrirajlx, Rdga hjlxgywglhgx gtpilb rj rjwhd jl rdg sdjeg baxhwxxajl jl cejìeavirajlilb gcajlieaxm, Rdax xghrajl pj~abgx i eargirwg xw~gq jl cialx njm nicmglrirajl%

bwiàearq ilb gxaeaglhg% bghjwpealc% rdg jeg jn _PH% rghdljejcq rilxng ilb xpaeej~g% ilbampihrx jl ghjljmagx jn MLGx djmg hjwlragx,

7,9 Cialx njm Nicmglrirajl

Jlg ampjrilr pjpgrq jn cgjcipdah nicmglrirajl ax rdir i nam hil bghabg djs `gxr rj hwrjwr pjbwhrajl pjhgxxgx ilb bgxacl pjbwhrajl èjhkx, Hjlxabgalc rdg mjxr gnnghra~gwraeavirajl jn ejhirajl ib~ilricgx sard arx jsl nam-xpghanah ixxgrx xwhd ix pjbwhrajlrghdljejcq% milicgaie iàearq% ilb alrg-nam geirajlxdapx% i nam saee bgxacl ilb jcilavgpjbwhrajl lgrsjkx sard i hgrial bgcgg jn nggbjm, Rdax pj~abgx impeg negtaàearq nj inam rj ibfwxr nj lahdg ejhirajl ib~ilricgx,

Njm rdg jrdg xabg jn hjal% bg~gejpalc hjwlragx miq rq rj bg~gejp pirahwei lahdg ejhirajlib~ilricgx% al jbg rj irrihr pjbwhrajl èjhx% irdg rdil irrgmpr rdg mjg bannahwer fj` jnhjwlrqsabg nwlbimglrie ampj~gmglr jn rdg al~gxrmglr heamirg, Sard nicmglrirajl% arsjweb `g mwhd gixag nj egxx bg~gejpgb hjwlragx $EBHx! rj xrir albwxraieavirajl rdil alrdg pixr `q irrihralc xjmg paghgx jn pjbwhrajl èjhkx,

Rdg `glgnarx jn pjbwhrajl nicmglrirajl ir rdg nam eg~ge% pirahweieq `glgnarx bga~alc njmbanngglr ejhirajl ib~ilricgx% di~g ìgeq `ggl mgixwgb gmpaahieeq, Diqikisi% Kamwi%ilb Mirxwwi $0??1! pgxglrgb rdg naxr irrgmpr% rj rdg iwrdjx kljsegbcg% ir gmpaahieeqhiprwalc rdg `glgnarx jn nicmglrirajl, Wxalc Fipilgxg nam-eg~ge biri% rdgq njwlb rdir rdgeicg rdg cip al rdg hiparie-ei`j irajx `grsggl nicmglralc namx djmg ilb j~gxgixihra~aragx% rdg mjg rdga hjxr gnnahaglhq ampj~gx,

Kilc gr ie, $0?9?! bgmjlxrirgb rdg pjxara~g ampihr jn alhgixgb jnnxdjalc jl rjrie nihrjpjbwhra~arq ilb xdjsgb rdir xwhd pjbwhra~arq gnnghrx ig mjg xaclanahilr al xg~ahgxjnnxdjalc rdil mirgaie jnnxdjalc,

7,0 Bwiàearq% Njjrejjxg NBA% ilb rdg Pgxpjlxg rj rdg CejìeNalilhaie Haxax

NBA ax xjmgramgx harahavgb ix njjrejjxg; MLGx bj ljr bggpeq hjmmar rj ejhie pjbwhrajl%ilb xeacdr hdilcgx al hjmpgrara~g hjlbarajlx miq gixaeq hiwxg ejhie pjbwhrajl peilrx rjmj~g gexgsdgg, Al rdg hixg jn NBA al rdg hjlrgtr jn pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx% pjbwhrajl èjhkxrglb rj hiq rdal xeahgx jn ~iewg ibbgb% ilb xwhd NBA miq `g gtpghrgb rj pgxglr il g~gl

xrjlcg njjrejjxg hdiihrg,Djsg~g% i xgagx jn gmpaahie xrwbagx% ix sgee ix rdg gtrglbgb nicmglrirajl rdgjq% di~gheiamgb ywarg rdg jppjxarg, Rilxihrajlx al pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx% pirahweieq alrglirajlieribg al mihdalgq pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx% ig mwhd mjg xrièg rdil jrdg rqpgx jnrilxihrajlx, Rdax ax bwg rj rdg geirajl-xpghanah lirwg jn rilxihrajlx al i pjbwhrajllgrsjk hjmpigb sard rilxihrajlx jl rdg xpjr mikgr sard jpgl-àbbalc, Rj xgr wp jgxrwhrwg pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx% i nam dix rj piq i xw`xrilraie xwlk hjxr al abglranqalcejhirajl ib~ilricgx ilb rdg xrglcrd jn `wxalgxx pirlgx% ix sgee ix `waebalc wp geaiègealkx, Dglhg% jlhg pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx ig hjlxrwhrgb% rilxihrajlx `ghjmg geirajl-xpghanah ilb xrièg,

Ir rdg bgriaegb eg~ge jn ribg hjmmjbarq heixxanahirajl% àeirgie ribg ax ywarg jnrgl

alrgwprgb qgi `q qgi, Jìxda $0?9?i! ippeagb xw~a~ie ilieqxax rghdlaywgx rjalrigcajlie ribg al Gixr Ixai ilb pj~gb rdir ribg al mihdalgq pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx ax


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ejlcg-ea~gb ilb mjg xrièg rdil ribg al nalaxdgb pjbwhrx, Ribg geirajlxdapx almihdalgq pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx ig mjg eakgeq rj `g mialrialgb `grsggl hjwlragx g~glir i ejlc baxrilhg% gcibegxx jn gthdilcg irg newhrwirajlx, Rdg pjìàearq jn baxhjlralwalcribg geirajlxdapx jn nalaxdgb mihdalgq pjbwhrx% djsg~g% ax mjg eakgeq rj `g xglxara~g rjribg hjxrx% ix sgee ix rj gthdilcg irg newhrwirajlx,

Nacwg 3 pgxglrx nwrdg gxwerx $Jìxda 0?9?`!, G~gl sardal àeirgie ribg al mihdalgqpirx ilb hjmpjlglrx% rilxihrajlx sardal Gixr Ixai ig ejlcg-ea~gb ilb mjg xrièg rdilrilxihrajlx sard jwrxabgx, Gixr Ixail hjwlragx ig mjg eakgeq rj glcicg al ejlc-ea~gbribg geirajlxdapx jn mihdalgq pirx ilb hjmpjlglrx sard gihd jrdg rdil sard jwrxabgx%wleakg al rdg hixg jn nalaxdgb pjbwhrx, Mjgj~g% Jìxda $0??1! hjlbwhrgb i bgriaegbilieqxax jl rdg pgajb jn rdg Ixail hwglhq haxax ilb njwlb i gxaeaglhg al pjbwhrajllgrsjkx g~gl icialxr lgcira~g mihj xdjhkx,

Ilbj ilb Aaqimi $0??1! hjlbwhrgb i mahj-biri ilieqxax jl gtpjrx ilb ampjrx `qFipilgxg milwnihrwalc namx `grsggl 9112 ilb 0??2% ilb njwlb rdir mihdalgq namx% sardcgirg njgacl jpgirajlx wlbg rdga hjlrje% sgg `grrg rdil jrdgx ir i`xjàlc xdjhkxnjm gthdilcg irg newhrwirajlx `q ibfwxralc alri-nam rilxihrajlx, Pgeirajl-xpghanah

rilxihrajlx al pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx hil rdwx sjk ix xdjhk i`xj`gx, Ix geirgb g~abglhg%Kaqjri% Mirxwwi% ilb Wiri $0??4! gmpaahieeq xdjsgb rdir dacd gthdilcg irg ~jeiraearqhiwxgx i xdanr njm alrg-nam rj alri-nam rilxihrajlx% wxalc innaeairg-eg~ge biri nj FipilgxgMLGx,

Nacwg 36 Xriàearq jn Gixr Ixail _jbwhrajl Lgrsjkx

GI = Gixr Ixai,

Xjwhg6 Jìxda $0?9?`!,

Lirwieeq% djsg~g% egxx ghjljmahieeq ampjrilr ribg geirajlxdapx macdr `g `jkgl jnn al

rdg pjhgxx jn gxrwhrwalc pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx rj `g mjg gnnahaglr j xjpdaxrahirgb,Albggb% bwalc rdg pgajb 91170??8% rdg illwie i~gicg ba~gxrmglr irg jn Fipilgxg


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geghrjlahx milwnihrwalc innaeairgx xrjjb ir 9291' al lgseq albwxraieavalc ghjljmagx$LAGx! jn Djlc Kjlc% Hdali; Xalcipjg; Kjgi; ilb Riapga% Hdali6 rdjwcd rdg hjgxpjlbalcirgx nj Albjlgxai% Mieiqxai% rdg _daeappalgx% ilb Rdiaeilb $IXGIL2! ilb _PH ig mwhdejsg ir 81', Mjgj~g% jlg-rdab jn rdg ba~gxrmglr hixgx al LAGx ig ihhjmpilagb `qgejhirajlx rj ejsg sicg hjwlragx% pirahweieq rj _PH $@gebg`jx ilb Vjw 0??>!, Rdax nihralbahirgx rdir ba~gxrmglrx ilb gejhirajlx sgg geirgb rj Fipilgxg namx xrirgcagx njibipralc rj rdg hdilcalc hjmpgrara~glgxx ilb al~gxrmglr heamirg al rdg djxr hjwlrq ilbi`jib, Lg~grdgegxx% @gebg`jx ilb Vjw $0??>! gpjrgb rdir mjxr gejhirajl hixgx njmIXGIL hjwlragx rj _PH di~g ljr glriaegb nwee nihrjq hejxwgx% `wr gejhirajlx jn rdgmilwnihrwalc jn xpghanah ejs-glb pjbwhrx, G~gl an pjbwhrajl ilb mikgr hjlbarajlx`ghjmg egxx ni~jièg nj xpghanah jpgirajlx% mweralirajlie namx xggm rj `g gewhrilr rjhjmpegrgeq sardbis njm rdg djxr hjwlrq jlhg rdgq di~g glrggb ar,

Mwhd irrglrajl dix `ggl piab rj rdg xdip niee al ribg iee j~g rdg sjeb imab rdg cejìenalilhaie haxax, _irahweieq al Gixr Ixai% rdg gtpjr-jaglrgb milwnihrwalc albwxragx ilbhjwlragx bgpglbglr jl rdgm sgg dar rdg dibgxr $IB@ 0??1i%`!, Rdg cejìe ghjljmahbjslrwl dix gxwergb al g~gl eicg niee al alrglirajlie ribg6 sjeb ribg xdilk `q 4,1'%sdaeg sjeb CB_ bghealgb `q 9,8', @gxabgx rdg hgbar hwlhd% ar dix `ggl icwgb rdir

alrglirajlie pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx pj~abgb i gie rilxmaxxajl mghdilaxm rdir miq dgepgtpeial rdg sabgxpgib bghgixg al ribg $@glixxq-Ywgg% Bghgwt% Njlriclg% ilbKdjwbjw-Hixrgix 0??1; Gxhiard 0??1; Gxhiard% Ealbgl`gc% ilb Majwbjr 0?9?; Qa 0??1!,Mjg ampjrilreq% rdax icwmglr hil `g alrgpgrgb ix xwccgxralc rdir rdgg ax i neap xabg rjrdg xdjhk rilxmaxxajl mghdilaxm jn alrglirajlie pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx, Sdgl rdgg ax ixwxrialgb ghj~gq al cejìe bgmilb% alrglirajlie pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx xdjweb `g i njhgegibalc rj i xqlhdjlavgb xwcg al cejìe ribg $Qa 0??1!, Al nihr% Ilbj $0?9?! dix xdjsl iywahk ilb xrjlc ghj~gq jn alrglirajlie pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx al Gixr Ixai,

7,8 Bghjwpealc j Bgpglbglhg jl C8 Bgmilb:

_gra $0??>! xdjsgb rdir Gixr Ixail hjwlragx di~g ljr jleq alhgixgb alrigcajlie gtpjrxilb ampjrx% `wr hjmpigb rj ilbjmeq pgbahrgb ribg% rdgq di~g `ghjmg mjg àixgbrjsib alrigcajlie ribg pirlgx xalhg rdg mab-914?x% rdjwcd rdg alrigcajlie ghjljmahalrgbgpglbglhg dib bghealgb j~g mjxr jn rdg pjxr-Sjeb Si AA pgajb, Alrglirajliepjbwhrajl lgrsjkx xrgrhdgb ihjxx rdg gcajl di~g hgrialeq peiqgb i pa~jrie jeg algldilhalc ghjljmah alrgbgpglbglhg imjlc Gixr Ixail hjwlragx, Milq gtaxralc gmpaahiexrwbagx di~g xdjsl rdir rdg gtpilxajl jn alri-albwxrq ribg% al pirahwei rdir ba~gl `q~grahie xpghaieavirajl% egibx rj xqlhdjlavgb `wxalgxx hqhegx $Hiebgl% Hdjlc% ilb Xrgal0??3; Am`x 0??2!, Al rgmx jn Gixr Ixai% Xdal ilb Silc $0??2! njwlb rdir alri-albwxrqribg ax i mifj nihrj cglgiralc dacdg hj-mj~gmglrx jn jwrpwr imjlc hjwlragx, Ca~glrdg ipabeq cjsalc gcajlie ghjljmq ilb rdg xrglcrdglgb alrigcajlie ghjljmah ragx%xwhd g~abglhg pj~jkgb rdg ljrajl jn bghjwpealc j wlhjwpealc% al rdir rdg Gixr Ixail

gcajl dix `ghjmg i xgen-hjlrialgb ghjljmah glrarq sard rdg pjrglraie rj mialrial arx jslcjsrd bqlimaxm albgpglbglr njm rdg cejìe `wxalgxx hqheg,

Al rdg dgirgb bgìrg j~g bghjwpealc Gixr Ixai% Irdwkjiei $0??7! ilb Irdwkjiei ilbQimixdari $0??>! di~g pjalrgb jwr rdir rdg axalc alrigcajlie ribg al pirx ilbhjmpjlglrx dix `ghjmg mjg geailr jl nalie bgmilb njm hjlxwmgx jwrxabg Gixr Ixai%iaxalc ywgxrajlx i`jwr rdg ~ieabarq jn rdg bghjwpealc Gixr Ixai ~ags, Rdgq hjlrglbgb rdirbggpglalc gcajlie alrgcirajl ippgix ihrwieeq rj di~g galnjhgb Gixr Ixaix ealkicg sardrdg cejìe ghjljmq, Njhwxalc jl bg~gejpalc Gixr Ixail hjwlragx% IB@ $0??3!bgmjlxrirgb rdir rdg gcajlx alhgixalc ribg jpgllgxx ilb alrgcirajl% sardal arxgen ilbsard rdg C8 $rdg Wlargb Xrirgx% rdg Gwjpgil Wlajl $GW!% ilb Fipil!% dix egb rj i dacdgbgcgg jn gtri-gcajlie ilb alrigcajlie `wxalgxx hqheg xqlhdjlavirajl, Kam% Egg% ilb

_ik $0??1! pgxglrgb nwrdg g~abglhg xwccgxralc rdir rdg ghjljmah alrgbgpglbglhg`grsggl bg~gejpalc Gixr Ixail hjwlragx ilb ib~ilhgb hjwlragx xwhd ix rdg C8 dix`ghjmg àbaghrajlie irdg rdil wlabaghrajlie, Mjgj~g% rdg gtpjr gtpgaglhg al rdg nihg


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jn rdg cejìe nalilhaie haxax dix `ggl xggl ix g~abglhg xwppjralc rdg ~ags rdir bg~gejpalcGixr Ixai gmialx ~welgièg rj hqheahie bjslrwlx al rdg C8 $Irdwkjiei ilb Kjdpia`jjl0??1!,

Jl rdg jrdg dilb% _ik ilb Xdal $0??1`! icwgb rdir rdg gcajlx `wxalgxx hqheg dix`ghjmg mjg abajxqlhirah pireq `ghiwxg Gixr Ixai dix ba~gxanagb arx gtpjr mikgrx rj

jrdg pirx jn rdg sjeb% xj rdir arx bgpglbglhg jl rdg WX mikgr dix bghealgb, Ilbj $0?9?!ilb Kamwi ilb Jìxda $0?9?! di~g icwgb rdir g~gl al rdg hixg jn nalaxdgb mihdalgqpjbwhrx% rdg cjsrd jn rdg Gixr Ixail mikgr arxgen ax xw`xrilraie ilb rdg gtri-gcajliemikgrx ig ba~gxanagb irdg rdil hjlhglriralc jl rdg WX j GW,

7,2 _PH6 Rdgir j Jppjrwlarq:

Rdg axg jn _PH dix raccggb ngix jn alhgixgb hjmpgrarajl nj bg~gejpalc hjwlragx ilbdjeejsalc jwr jn milwnihrwalc namx al ib~ilhgb hjwlragx, Al pirahwei% Gixr Ixaillgacd`j hjwlragx ig eakgeq rj `g gtpjxgb rj xwhd i rdgir ca~gl rdga cgjcipdahiepjtamarq, Iejlcxabg rdg xwcg jn arx gtpjrx% djsg~g% _PH iexj dix i cjsalc ippgrarg njampjrx% ilb jnngx jppjrwlaragx% rjj% nj arx lgacd`jx,

Rdg ampihr jn _PHx gmgcglhg jl jrdg Gixr Ixail hjwlragx gtpjr pgnjmilhg dix`ggl al~gxracirgb gtrglxa~geq $Irdwkjiei 0??1; Gahdglcggl% Pdgg% ilb Rjlc 0??3;Cgglisiq% Midià% ilb Maelg 0??4; Eiee ilb Ieìeibgfj 0??2!, Rdgxg gtaxralc xrwbagxibjpr banngglr ippjihdgx% `wr gihd xjmg hjdgglr hjlhewxajlx% rj rdg gnnghr rdir GixrIxail hjwlragx nihg banngglr kalbx ilb alrglxarq jn hjmpgrara~g rdgir njm _PH% bgpglbalcjl rdga pirahwei bg~gejpmglr xricg ilb ejhirajl ib~ilricgx, Pgcibalc rdg gtpjrbaxpeihgmglr gnnghrx bwg rj rdg gtpilxajl jn _PHx gtpjrx% egxx-bg~gejpgb Gixr Ixailhjwlragx gtpjrx jn hjlxwmg cjjbx ilb dacd-alhjmg hjwlragx gtpjrx jn ejs-rghdljejcqj ei`j-alrglxa~g milwnihrwgb cjjbx xggm rj `g hjsbgb jwr al rdab mikgrx, Ix nj rdgjnnxgrralc gnnghrx bwg rj _PHx ghjljmah cjsrd% _PH xggmx rj alhgixg ampjrx jn hipariecjjbx njm mjg ib~ilhgb Gixr Ixail hjwlragx,

Al rdg eacdr jn _PHx jeg al gcajlie pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx% Irdwkjiei $0??1! icwgb rdir_PHx alrgcirajl alrj rdg lgrsjkx ix i mifj ixxgmèq hglrg dix jpglgb wp lgsjppjrwlaragx nj jrdg Gixr Ixail hjwlragx rj xpghaieavg al pirx ilb hjmpjlglrxpjbwhrajl, Bgxparg jn rdg gmgcglhg jn _PH% hjwlragx hjweb xpghaieavg al xpghanahihra~aragx al rdg pjbwhrajl hdial ihhjbalc rj rghdljejcahie hjmpegtaragx ilb alralxahhjwlrq-xpghanah hjxr ib~ilricgx,

7,7 Rghdljejcq Xpaeej~g% Rghdljejcq Rilxng% ilb GtpjrHgirajl

Jlhg i hgrial bglxarq jn ~grahie ealkx imjlc mweralirajliex ax bg~gejpgb al albwxraie

iccejmgirajl% ejhie XMGx `gcal rj di~g i hdilhg rj glrg pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx, EjhieXMGx jnrgl di~g ib~ilricgx al pahg hjmpgrara~glgxx ~ax--~ax mweralirajlie XMGx, Jlhgrdgq ig xwhhgxxnwe al j`rialalc i hgrial eg~ge jn ljl-pahg hjmpgrara~glgxx% rdgq igywieanagb rj pirahapirg al ~grahie ba~axajl jn ei`j al albwxraie iccejmgirajlx, Rdgg gtaxrx idwcg gmpaahie eargirwg jl iccejmgirajl ilb rghdljejcq xpaeej~g wxalc nam-eg~ge mahjbiri, Djsg~g% mjxr jn rdg xrwbagx di~g ljr palpjalrgb rdg lirwg jn allj~ira~g alnjmirajl%ilb rdg baghrajl al sdahd ar nejsx,

Mihdakari ilb Wgka $0?9?h%b! di~g al~gxracirgb rdg jeg jn pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx al albwxrqwpcibalc, Wxalc jacalie xw~gq biri njm milwnihrwalc namx al Albjlgxai% Rdiaeilb% rdg_daeappalgx% ilb âgr Lim% Mihdakari ilb Wgka $0?9?h! pj~abgb gmpaahie g~abglhg rdirealkicgx sard ejhie ilb njgacl namx peiq i jeg al gbwhalc rdg xgihd hjxr jn nalbalc lgs

xwppeagx ilb hwxrjmgx, Rdga hjmpilajl pipg nwrdg xwccgxrgb rdir nihg-rj-nihg


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91

hjmmwlahirajl ilb fwxr-al-ramg geirajlxdapx di~g banngglr gnnghrx jl pjbwhr ilb pjhgxxallj~irajl,

Njm rdg pgxpghra~g jn gtpjr xpaeej~g% Xsglxjl $0??4! bgrghrgb i pjxara~g geirajlxdap`grsggl mweralirajlie nam pjtamarq ilb rdg njmirajl jn lgs gtpjr hjllghrajlx `q ejhienamx al _PH, Ix rdg pjxara~g ixxjhairajl bwg rj jsl-albwxrq mweralirajlie pgxglhg ax

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7,> Ampihrx jl _iglr Hjwlrq Ghjljmagx

Njm rdg ~agspjalr jn al~gxrj bg~gejpgb hjwlragx% rdg ampihr jn jwrxjwhalc j jnnxdjalcjl rdga bjmgxrah ghjljmagx ax jnrgl i pjnjwlb hjlhgl, Rdg fjwlieaxrah ix sgee ixalrgeeghrwie eargirwg al rdg WX ilb Gwjpg jnrgl heiamx rdir rdg jnnxdjalc jn hjpjirgihra~aragx rj egxx bg~gejpgb hjwlragx gbwhgx jpgirajlx ilb gmpejqmglr ir djmg,Djsg~g% rdg gnnghr jn NBA jl bjmgxrah jpgirajlx ax ljr lghgxxiaeq lgcira~g; ar bgpglbx jlrdg gtrglr rj sdahd hjxr gbwhrajl rdjwcd NBA ieejsx i nam rj xrglcrdgl arxhjmpgrara~glgxx% ilb sdgrdg rdg nam mialrialx ihra~aragx ir djmg rdir ig hjmpegmglriqrj jpgirajlx i`jib, Rdg gnnghr jn NBA jl gmpejqmglr ilb ghjljmah ihra~aragx ir djmg axaldgglreq il gmpaahie axxwg,

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ilb milwnihrwalc namx sard gtpilbalc jpgirajlx% pirahweieq al mihdalgq xghrjx% rglbrj alrglxanq ampjr-gtpjr ihra~aragx sard rdg gcajl, Ir egixr ir rdg alba~abwie nam eg~ge% rdgnicmglrirajl jn pjbwhrajl `q Fipilgxg milwnihrwalc namx% pirahweieq al mihdalgqxghrjx% xggmx rj cglgirg ibbarajlie fj`x ilb jpgirajlx ir djmg, Dafvgl% Alwa% ilb Rjbj$0??3! ippeagb mjg acjjwx ghjljmgrah mgrdjbx% ilb hjlnamgb rdgxg gxwerx, Rdgagmpaahie ilieqxax% ìxgb jl rdg pjpglxarq xhjg mirhdalc mgrdjb% albahirgb rdir Fipilgxgnamx gtpilbgb `jrd gmpejqmglr ilb jwrpwr ir djmg inrg gxrièaxdalc i njgacl innaeairg, Alrdax ealg jn gxgihd% Jìxda gr ie, $0?9?! njhwxgb jl Fipilgxg milwnihrwalc namx ilbgtpeahareq baxralcwaxdgb `grsggl djavjlrie ilb ~grahie NBA, Al rdg hixg jn ~grahie NBA%bgnalgb ix gxrièaxdalc il innaeairg al i bg~gejpalc hjwlrq% rdga nalbalcx xwccgxrgb rdiral~gxralc namx alhgixgb rdg bgmilb nj xkaeegb ei`j al rdg pjbwhrajl xghrj ir djmg% ix igxwer jn pjbwhrajl xpghaieavirajl al xkaeegb-ei`j-alrglxa~g ihra~aragx,

Hdilcgx al xkaee hjmpjxarajl al bjmgxrah jpgirajlx bwg rj cejìeavalc hjpjirg ihra~aragxdi~g `ggl iljrdg njhwx jn alrggxr, Arj ilb Nwkij $0??7! wxgb rdg xdig jn ~grahie alri-albwxrq ribg ir rdg albwxrq eg~ge ix i `jib jwrxjwhalc mgixwg ilb njwlb rdir ~grahiealri-albwxrq ribg% pirahweieq ~grahie alri-albwxrq ribg sard Ixai% iaxgx rdg xkaee alrglxarq$hiehweirgb ix rdg xdig jn rdjxg sjkalc al pjngxxajlie ilb rghdlahie j milicgaie ilbibmalaxrira~g nagebx! al rdg pgajb `grsggl 9144 ilb 0???, Dgib ilb Pagx $0??0!al~gxracirgb rdg alnewglhg jn jnnxdjg pjbwhrajl `q Fipilgxg mweralirajliex jl bjmgxrahxkaee alrglxarq ir rdg nam eg~ge% ilb njwlb rdir ibbarajlie njgacl innaeairg gmpejqmglr al ejs-alhjmg hjwlragx iaxgb xkaee alrglxarq% gtpgxxgb ix rdg ljl-pjbwhrajl xdig jn rdg sicgàee ir djmg, I xkaee xdanr al bjmgxrah jpgirajlx ax il albaghr paghg jn g~abglhg jn rdgnicmglrirajl jn pjbwhrajl% ix sgee ix il albahirajl jn pjxxaèg icci~irajl jn alhjmg

baxpiarq grsggl xkaeegb ilb wlxkaeegb ei`j,


24/30


0?

>, RDG SIQ IDGIB

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Rdgg ax hegieq i cgir bgie jn jjm nj nwrdg gxgihd, Al pirahwei% rdg njeejsalc rdggealgx jn gxgihd xrilb jwr, Naxr% rdgjq ilb arx baghr gmpaahie wlbgpallalc xdjweb `girrgmprgb al i mjg acjjwx millg, Xghjlb% ierdjwcd rdax pipg mialeq g~agsx rdgpjxara~g ilieqxax jn rdg mghdilahx ilb pjpgragx jn pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx% sg xdjweb nwrdghjlbwhr ljmira~g ilieqxax geirgb rj pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx6 gxpghaieeq al eacdr jn rdgapjrglraieeq rilxnjmira~g gnnghrx, _jeahq baxhwxxajl geirgb rj pjbwhrajl lgrsjkx dixpjnjwlb ampjrilhg, Rdab% hjeei`jirajl sard jrdg baxhapealgx% gardg sardal j jwrxabg jnghjljmahx% xdjweb `g gnnghra~g al wlbgxrilbalc rdax ampjrilr ngirwg jn rdg Gixr Ixail ilbcej`ie ghjljmq,


25/30


09

PGNGPGLHGX

Imibj% F,% X, Hiìe% ilb F,P, Miai, 0??3, Pgeira~g Gtpjr Xrwhrwgx ilb ^grahieXpghaieavirajl6 I Xampeg Hjxx-hjwlrq Albgt, Sjkalc _ipg 9-0??3, @ilhj bg

_jrwcie,Imibj% F,% ilb X, Hiìe, 0??1, ^grahie Xpghaieavirajl ihjxx rdg Sjeb6 I Pgeira~g

Mgixwg, Ljrd Imgahil Fjwlie jn Ghjljmahx ilb Nalilhg 0?$8!6 0>304?,

Imalail% L,% K,H, Nwlc% ilb N, Lc, 0??1, I Hjmpiira~g Ilieqxax jn Ribg ilb GhjljmahAlrgcirajl al Gixr Ixai ilb Eiral Imgahi, Ghjljmah Hdilcg ilb Pgxrwhrwalc20$9!6 9?7983,

Ilbj% M, 0??>, Nicmglrirajl ilb ^grahie Alri-albwxrq Ribg al Gixr Ixai, Rdg LjrdImgahil Fjwlie jn Ghjljmahx ilb Nalilhg 93$8!6 073049,

Ilbj% M, 0?9?, Mihdalgq Ribg al Gixr Ixai ilb rdg Cejìe Nalilhaie Haxax, Kjgi ilb rdgSjeb Ghjljmq 99$0!6 8>9812,

Ilbj% M,% X, S, Ilbr% ilb N, Kamwi, 0??>, _jbwhrajl Lgrsjkx al Gixr Ixai6 Xrirgcah@gdi~aj `q Fipilgxg ilb W,X, Namx, FHGP Baxhwxxajl _ipg Lj, 9?8, Rjkqj6FHGP,

Ilbj% M,% ilb I, Aaqimi, 0??1, Alrglirajlie _jbwhrajl Lgrsjkx ilb Gtpjr*AmpjrPgxpjlxa~glgxx rj Gthdilcg Pirgx6 Rdg Hixg jn Fipilgxg Milwnihrwalc Namx,GPAI-B_-0??1-?1, Fikiri6 GPAI,

Ilbj% M,% ilb N, Kamwi, 0??1i, Nicmglrirajl al Gixr Ixai6 Nwrdg G~abglhg, GPAI-B_-0??1-0?, Fikiri6 GPAI,

Ilbj% M,% ilb N, Kamwi, 0??1`, Alrglirajlie _jbwhrajl*Baxra`wrajl Lgrsjkx al Gixr Ixaiilb Bjmgxrah Jpgirajlx6 G~abglhg njm Fipilgxg Namx, Njrdhjmalc al

Ywilrarira~g Ilieqxax jn Lgseq G~je~alc _irrglx jn Alrglirajlie Ribg6Nicmglrirajl; Jnnxdjalc jn Ihra~aragx; ilb ^grahie Alri-Albwxrq Ribg $SjebXhaglranah Xrwbagx al Alrglirajlie Ghjljmahx!% gbargb `q P, M, Xrgl, Xalcipjg6Sjeb Xhaglranah _wèaxdalc Hj, _rg, Erb,

Ilbr% X,S,% ilb D, Kagvkjsxka, 0??9, Nicmglrirajl6 Lgs _jbwhrajl _irrglx al rdgSjeb Ghjljmq, Jtnjb6 Jtnjb Wla~gxarq _gxx,

Ixail Bg~gejpmglr @ilk, 0??3, Ixail Bg~gejpmglr Jwrejjk 0??36 Cjsrd imab Hdilcg,Milaei6 IB@,

Ixail Bg~gejpmglr @ilk, 0??1i, Ixail Bg~gejpmglr Jwrejjk 0??16 Pgìeilhalc IxaixCjsrd, Milaei6 IB@,

Ixail Bg~gejpmglr @ilk, 0??1`, Ixail Bg~gejpmglr Jwrejjk 0??1 Wpbirg6 @jibglalcJpgllgxx nj i Pgxaeaglr Ixai, Milaei6 IB@,

Irdwkjiei% _,-H, 0??7, _jbwhr Nicmglrirajl ilb Ribg _irrglx al Gixr Ixai, IxailGhjljmah _ipg 2$8!6 903,

Irdwkjiei% _,-H, 0??1, Rdg Paxg jn Hdali ilb Gixr Ixail Gtpjr _gnjmilhg6 Ax rdgHjsbalc-jwr Ngi Siilrgb: Rdg Sjeb Ghjljmq 80$0!6 0820>>,

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Irdwkjiei% _,-H,% ilb F, Mgljl, 0?9?, Cejìe _jbwhrajl Xdialc% Ribg _irrglx% ilbBgrgmalilrx jn Ribg Nejsx al Gixr Ixai, Sjkalc _ipgx jl Pgcajlie GhjljmahAlrgcirajl 29, Milaei6 IB@,


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00

Irdwkjiei% _,-H,% ilb L, Qimixdari, 0??>, _jbwhrajl Nicmglrirajl ilb RibgAlrgcirajl6 Gixr Ixai al i Cejìe Hjlrgtr, Rdg Ljrd Imgahil Fjwlie jn Ghjljmahxilb Nalilhg 93$8!6 08807>,

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@ealbg% I, X, 0??>, Jnnxdjalc6 Rdg Lgtr Albwxraie Pg~jewrajl: Njgacl Inniax 47$0!6 998904,

@jjkx% B,% ilb X, I, Xrjlg, 0?9?, Ihhgegiralc Pgcajlie Alrgcirajl6 Axxwgx ir rdg @jbg,

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Hiebgl% H,% I, Hdjlc% ilb G, Xrgal, 0??3, Ribg Alrglxarq ilb @wxalgxx HqhegXqlhdjlavirajl6 Ig Bg~gejpalc Hjwlragx Ilq Banngglr: Fjwlie jn AlrglirajlieGhjljmahx 39$9!6 009,

Hdgl% D,% M, Kjlbirjsahv% ilb K,-M, Qa, 0??7, ^grahie Xpghaieavirajl ilb Rdgg Nihrxi`jwr W,X, Alrglirajlie Ribg, Rdg Ljrd Imgahil Fjwlie jn Ghjljmahx ilbNalilhg 9>$9!6 8771,

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Ghjljmah Pgxgihd Alxrarwrg nj IXGIL ilb Gixr Ixai, 0?9?, Rdg Hjmpgdglxa~g IxaiBg~gejpmglr _eil, Fikiri6 GPAI,

Gahdglcggl% @,% Q, Pdgg% ilb D, Rjlc, 0??3, Hdali ilb rdg Gtpjrx jn Jrdg IxailHjwlragx, Pg~ags jn Sjeb Ghjljmahx $Sgersarxhdinreahdgx Ihda~! 928$0!6 0?900>,Gxhiard% D, 0??1, Ribg Hjeeipxg% Ribg Pgeipxg ilb Cejìe _jbwhrajl Lgrsjkx6Xwppeq Hdialx al rdg Cgir Pghgxxajl, M_PI _ipg Lj,94288,drrp6**mpi,w`,wla-mwglhdgl,bg*94288*,

Gxhiard% D,% L, Ealbgl`gc% ilb X, Majwbjr, 0?9?, Alrglirajlie Xwppeq Hdialx ilb RibgGeixraharq al Ramgx jn Cejìe Haxax, M_PI _ipg Lj,0?234,drrp6**mpi,w`,wla-mwglhdgl,bg*0?234*,

Ngglxri% P,H,% ilb C, D, Dilxjl, 911>, Cejìeavirajl% Jwrxjwhalc% ilb Sicg Algywiearq,

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Diqikisi% K, 0??3, Mgixwalc @iagx rj Alrglirajlie Ba~axajl jn Ei`j al Gixr Ixai, IxailGhjljmah Fjwlie 09$0!6 981978,

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http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18433/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18433/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18433/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18433/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20478/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20478/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20478/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20478/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20478/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20478/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18433/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18433/


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08

Diqikisi% K,% V, Fa% ilb I, Jìxda, 0??1, Iccejmgirajl ~gxwx Nicmglrirajl6 IHjmpiaxjl jn Gixr Ixai ilb Gwjpg, ABG Baxhwxxajl _ipgx Lj,090, Hdaì6 ABG-FGRPJ,

Diqikisi% K,% ilb N, Kamwi, 0??1, Rdg Gnnghr jn Gthdilcg Pirg ^jeiraearq jl AlrglirajlieRibg al Gixr Ixai, Fjwlie jn rdg Fipilgxg ilb Alrglirajlie Ghjljmagx 08$2!6 817

2?>,Diqikisi% K,% N, Kamwi% ilb R, Mihdakari, 0?9?, Nam-eg~ge Ilieqxax jn Cejìeavirajl6 I

Xw~gq jn rdg Gacdr Eargirwgx, GPAI-B_-0?9?-?7, Fikiri6 GPAI,

Diqikisi% K,% N, Kamwi% ilb R, Mirxwwi, 0??1, Cialx njm Nicmglrirajl ir rdg NamEg~ge6 G~abglhg njm Fipilgxg Mweralirajliex al Gixr Ixai, GPAI-B_-0??1-?3,Fikiri6 GPAI,

Diqikisi% K,% ilb R, Mirxwwi, 0??1, Hjmpegt ^grahie NBA ilb Nam Dgrgjcglgarq6G~abglhg njm Gixr Ixai, ABG Baxhwxxajl _ipgx Lj,099, Hdaì6 ABG-FGRPJ,

Dgib% K,% ilb R, Miqg, 0???, Ljl-Gwjpg6 Rdg Miclarwbg ilb Hiwxgx jn MikgrNicmglrirajl al Gwjpg, Pg~ags jn Sjeb Ghjljmahx $Sgersarxhdinreahdgx Ihda~!

98>$0!6 047892,

Dgib% K,% ilb F, Pagx, 0??0, Jnnxdjg _jbwhrajl ilb Xkaee Wpcibalc `q FipilgxgMilwnihrwalc Namx, Fjwlie jn Alrglirajlie Ghjljmahx 74 $9!6 499?7,

Dgepmil% G,% ilb _, P, Kwcmil, 9147, Mikgr Xrwhrwg ilb Njgacl Ribg6 AlhgixalcPgrwlx% Ampgnghr Hjmpgrarajl% ilb rdg Alrglirajlie Ghjljmq, Himàbcg6 Rdg MAR_gxx,

Dafvgl% I,% R, Alwa% ilb Q, Rjbj, 0??3, Rdg Gnnghrx jn Mweralirajlie _jbwhrajl jl Bjmgxrah_gnjmilhg6 G~abglhg njm Fipilgxg Namx, PAGRA Baxhwxxajl _ipg Xgagx% ?3-G-??>, Rjkqj6 PAGRA,

Daixrwki% B,% D, Xirj% ilb A, Axjlj, 0??1, Ampihrx jn Ngg Ribg Icggmglrx jl @wxalgxx

Ihra~arq al Ixai6 Rdg Hixg jn Fipil, IB@A Sjkalc _ipg Lj,928, Milaei6 IB@A,Djeesgc% H,% ilb M,-D, Sjlc, 0??1, Mgixwalc Pgcweirjq Pgxrahrajlx al EjcaxrahxXg~ahgx, GPAI-B_-0??1-92, Fikiri6 GPAI,

Dwmmgex% B,% F, Axdaa% ilb K,-M, Qa, 0??9, Rdg Lirwg ilb Cjsrd jn ^grahie Xpghaieavirajlal Sjeb Ribg, Fjwlie jn Alrglirajlie Ghjljmahx 72$9!6 371>,

Am`x% F, 0??2, Ribg% Nalilhg% Xpghaieavirajl% ilb Xqlhdjlavirajl, Pg~ags jn Ghjljmahxilb Xriraxrahx 4>$8!6 308382,

Alriikwmlgb% _,% gb, 0?9?, Njxrgalc _jbwhrajl ilb Xhaglhg . Rghdljejcq Ealkicgx rjXramweirg Allj~irajl al IXGIL, GPAI Pgxgihd _jfghr Pgpjr 0??1% Lj, 3-2,Fikiri6 GPAI,

Arj% K,% ilb K, Nwkij, 0??7, _dqxahie ilb Dwmil Hiparie Bggpglalc ilb Lgs Ribg_irrglx al Fipil, Al Alrglirajlie Ribg al Gixr Ixai% L@GP-Gixr Ixai Xgmali jlGhjljmahx% ^jewmg 92% L@GP Hdiprgx, Lirajlie @wgiw jn Ghjljmah Pgxgihd%Alh,

Arj% R,% X, Kja`whda% Q, Xixika% K, Xirj% F, Xdamavw% K, Diqikisi% ilb R, Qjxdama, 0??4,Hdjahg jn Al~jahg Hwglhq ilb Gthdilcg Paxk Milicgmglr6 Hixg Xrwbagx jnFipilgxg Namx, PAGRA Baxhwxxajl _ipg ?4-F-??1, Rjkqj6 PAGRA $al Fipilgxg!,Fipil Gtrglie Ribg Jcilavirajl, 0??4, 0??4 Sdarg _ipg jl Alrglirajlie Ribgilb Njgacl Baghr Al~gxrmglr, Rjkqj6 FGRPJ $al Fipilgxg!, Iexjxggdrrp6**sss,fgrj,cj,fp*gl*lgsx*gegixgx*0??4?4?3>11-lgsx,

Fipil Gtrglie Ribg Jcilavirajl, 0??1, Xw~gq jn Fipilgxg-innaeairgb namx al Ixai ilbJhgilai $NQ 0??4!, ?4-JPN 3?N-098N@ 99, Rjkqj6 FGRPJ,
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02

Fjlgx% P,S,% ilb D, Kagvkjsxka, 911?, Rdg Pjeg jn Xg~ahgx al _jbwhrajl ilb AlrglirajlieRibg6 I Rdgjgrahie Nimgsjk, Al Rdg _jearahie Ghjljmq jn Alrglirajlie Ribg6Gxxiqx al Djljw jn Pj`gr G, @iebsal% gbargb `q P,S, Fjlgx ilb I, J, Kwgcg,Jtnjb6 @ixae @eihksgee,

Fjlgx% P,S,% D, Kagvkjsxka% ilb H, Ewjlc, 0??7, Sdir Bjgx G~abglhg Rgee Wx i`jwr

Nicmglrirajl ilb Jwrxjwhalc: Alrglirajlie Pg~ags jn Ghjljmahx . Nalilhg92$8!6 8?789>,

Fjlgx% P,S,% ilb F, _, Lgiq, 9142, Rdg _jxara~g Rdgjq jn Alrglirajlie Ribg, AlDilb`jjk jn Alrglirajlie Ghjljmahx% ^jewmg A% gbargb `q P, S, Fjlgx ilb _, @,Kglgl, Imxrgbim6 Ljrd-Djeeilb,

Kilc% M,% D, D, Kam% D, Egg% ilb F, Egg, 0?9?, Pgcajlie _jbwhrajl Lgrsjkx% Xg~ahgJnnxdjalc% ilb _jbwhra~arq al Gixr Ixai, Fipil ilb rdg Sjeb Ghjljmq 00$8!6 0?>09>,

Kisia% M,% ilb C, Sacliifi, 0??1, Rdg Ixail Ljjbeg @jse6 Ax Ar Xgajwx nj @wxalgxx:IB@A Sjkalc _ipg Lj, 98>, Milaei6 IB@A,

Kam% X,% F,-S, Egg% ilb H,-Q, _ik, 0?9?, Gmgcalc Ixai6 Bghjwpealc j Pghjwpealc:Njrdhjmalc al Rdg Sjeb Ghjljmq,Kamwi% N, 0??>, Alrglirajlie _jbwhrajl ilb Baxra`wrajl Lgrsjkx al Gixr Ixai6Gacdrggl Nihrx% Mghdilahx% ilb _jeahq Ampeahirajlx, Ixail Ghjljmah _jeahq Pg~ags9$0!6 80>822,

Kamwi% N,% ilb M, Ilbj, 0??8, Nicmglrirajl ilb Iccejmgirajl Mirrg6 FipilgxgMweralirajliex al Eiral Imgahi ilb Gixr Ixai, Rdg Ljrd Imgahil Fjwlie jnGhjljmahx ilb Nalilhg 92$8!6 043893,

Kamwi% N,% ilb M, Ilbj, 0??7, Rsj-bamglxajlie Nicmglrirajl al Gixr Ixai6 HjlhgprwieNimgsjk ilb Gmpaahx, Alrglirajlie Pg~ags jn Ghjljmahx ilb Nalilhg 92$8!6893824,

Kamwi% N,% ilb I, J`ixda, 0?9?, Alrglirajlie _jbwhrajl Lgrsjkx al Mihdalgq Albwxragx6Xrwhrwg ilb Arx G~jewrajl, GPAI Baxhwxxajl _ipg Xgagx Lj, 0?9?-?1, Fikiri6GPAI,

Kamwi% N,% Q, Rikidixda% ilb K, Diqikisi, 0??3, Nicmglrirajl ilb _irx ilbHjmpjlglrx Ribg6 Hjmpiaxjl `grsggl Gixr Ixai ilb Gwjpg, Rdg LjrdImgahil Fjwlie jn Ghjljmahx ilb Nalilhg 94$9!6 082?,

Kaqjri% K,% R, Mirxwwi% ilb X, Wiri, 0??4, Gthdilcg Pirg ^jeiraearq ilb MLHx _jbwhrajlilb Baxra`wrajl Lgrsjkx6 Rdg Hixg jn Fipilgxg Milwnihrwalc MLHx, RdgXalcipjg Ghjljmah Pg~ags 78$8!6 708784,

Kjfami% K, 0???, Rdg Neqalc Cggxg Mjbge jn Ixail Ghjljmah Bg~gejpmglr6 Jacal%Rdgjgrahie Gtrglxajlx% ilb Pgcajlie _jeahq Ampeahirajlx, Fjwlie jn IxailGhjljmahx 99$2!6 8372?9,

Kwmicia% X,% R, Cjkil% A, Axjlj% ilb X, Kgjei, 0??4, _gbahralc Ejlc-rgm Gnnghrx jnAlnixrwhrwg Bg~gejpmglr _jfghrx al Hjlralglrie Xjwrd Gixr Ixai6 ABGCgjcipdahie Xamweirajl Mjbge, GPAI-B_-0??4-?0, Fikiri6 GPAI,

Kwmicia% X,% R, Cjkil% A, Axjlj% K, Diqikisi% ilb X, Kgjei, 0?9?, Cgjcipdahie XamweirajlIlieqxax nj Ejcaxrah Gldilhgmglr al Gixr Ixai, GPAI Pgxgihd _jfghr Pgpjr 0??1%Lj, 3-0, Fikiri6 GPAI,

Eiee% X,% ilb M, Ie`ieibgfj, 0??2, Hdalix Hjmpgrara~g _gnjmilhg6 I Rdgir rj Gixr IxailMilwnihrwgb Gtpjrx: Sjeb Bg~gejpmglr 80$1!6 922992>>,

Eamxkwe% K,% gb, 0??1, Bg~gejpmglr jn gcajlie pjbwhrajl ilb ejcaxrah lgrsjkx al Gixr Ixai,GPAI Pgxgihd _jfghr Pgpjr 0??4% Lj, 2-9, Fikiri6 GPAI,


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07

Mihdakari% R,% ilb Q, Wgka, 0?9?i, Xpiraie Ihdarghrwg jn rdg _jbwhrajl Lgrsjkx alXjwrdgixr Ixai, GPAI-B_-0?9?-?9, Fikiri6 GPAI,

Mihdakari% R,% ilb Q, Wgka, 0?9?`, Xgihd-rdgjgrah Ippjihd rj Xghwalc Lgs Xwppeagx6Ampihrx jn Cgjcipdah _jtamarq nj Ampjrg ilb Ljl-ampjrg, GPAI-B_-0?9?-?0,Fikiri6 GPAI,

Mihdakari% R,% ilb Q, Wgka, 0?9?h, Allj~irajl al Ealkgb ilb Ljl-ealkgb Namx6 Gnnghrx jnîagrq jn Ealkicgx al Gixr Ixai, GPAI-B_-0?9?-?8, Fikiri6 GPAI,

Mihdakari% R,% ilb Q, Wgka, 0?9?b, Rdg Ampihrx jn Nihg-rj-nihg ilb Ngywglr Alrgihrajlx jlAllj~irajl6 Wpxrgim-bjslxrgim Pgeirajlx, GPAI-B_-0?9?-?2, Fikiri6 GPAI,

Mirxwwi% R,% K, Riliki% ilb X, Wiri, 0?9?, Rdg Bgrgmalilrx jn Jnnxdjg _jbwhrajl `qMweralirajlie Hjpjirajlx $MLHx!6 I Hjmpiaxjl jn Fipilgxg ilb WX MLHx, ABGBaxhwxxajl _ipg Lj,082, Hdaì6 ABG-FGRPJ,

Lifjkj% B, 0??1, Njgacl _gxglhg Xpaeej~gx ilb Namx Gtpjr Pgxpjlxg6 G~abglhg njmrdg Albjlgxail Milwnihrwalc, GPAI-B_-0??1-08, Fikiri6 GPAI,

Jìxda% I, 0??1, Pgxaeaglhq jn _jbwhrajl Lgrsjkx al Ixai6 G~abglhg njm rdg Ixail Haxax,GPAI-B_-0??1-09, Fikiri6 GPAI,

Jìxda% I, 0?9?i, Xriàearq jn _jbwhrajl Lgrsjkx al Gixr Ixai6 Bwirajl ilb Xw~a~ie jnRibg, Fipil ilb rdg Sjeb Ghjljmq 00$9!6 098?,

Jìxda% I, 0?9?`, Xriàearq jn Alrglirajlie _jbwhrajl Lgrsjkx6 Ax Gixr Ixai Xpghaie:

Alrglirajlie Fjwlie jn @wxalgxx ilb Bg~gejpmglr Xrwbagx 0 $9!6 >812,

Jìxda% I,% K, Diqikisi% R, Mirxwwi% ilb K, Mjrjdixda, 0?9?, I Rsj-bamglxajlieIlieqxax jn rdg Ampihr jn Jwrsib NBA jl _gnjmilhg ir Djmg6 G~abglhg njmFipilgxg Milwnihrwalc Namx, Kgaj*Kqjrj Fjalr Cejìe HJG Baxhwxxajl _ipgXgagx 0?9?-??7, Rjkqj6 Kgaj*Kqjrj Fjalr Cejìe HJG _jcim

_ik% B,% ilb K, Xdal, 0??1i, Hil Ribg sard rdg _gjpegx Pgpwèah jn Hdali `g il Glcalgjn Cjsrd nj Bg~gejpalc Ixai: IB@ Ghjljmahx Sjkalc _ipg Xgagx Lj,930,Milaei6 IB@,

_ik% Q, H,% ilb K, Xdal, 0??1`, Ghjljmah Alrgcirajl ilb Hdilcgx al rdg @wxalgxx Hqheg alGixr Ixai6 Ax rdg Pgcajl Bghjwpealc njm rdg Pgxr jn rdg Sjeb: Ixail Ghjljmah_ipgx 4$9!6 9?392?,

_gra% _,I, 0??>, Ax Gixr Ixai @ghjmalc Mjg Alrgbgpglbglr: Fjwlie jn Ixail Ghjljmahx93$8!6 849812,

_jmngr% P,% ilb _, Xjwbal, 0??1, Di~g Ixail Ribg Icggmglrx Pgbwhgb Ribg Hjxrx:Fjwlie jn Ixail Ghjljmahx 0?$8!6 0770>4,

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Xdgpdgb% @, 0?9?, Ribg Hjxrx ilb Nihaearirajl al I_GH ilb IXGIL6 Bgea~galc rdgCjjbx: M_PI _ipg Lj,09789,drrp6**mpi,w`,wla-mwglhdgl,bg*09789*,

Xdgpdgb% @,% ilb F, X, Saexjl, 0??1, Ribg Nihaearirajl al IXGIL Mgm`g Hjwlragx6Mgixwalc _jcgxx ilb Ixxgxxalc _ajaragx, Fjwlie jn Ixail Ghjljmahx 0?$2!68>3848,

Xdal% K,% ilb Q, Silc, 0??2, Ribg Alrgcirajl ilb @wxalgxx Hqheg Hj-mj~gmglrx6 RdgHixg jn Kjgi sard Jrdg Ixail Hjwlragx, Fipil ilb rdg Sjeb Ghjljmq 9>$0!6

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http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21531/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21531/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21531/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21531/


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Xjdl% H,-D,% ilb V, Vdilc, 0??7, Djs Alri-albwxrq Ribg ax Pgeirgb rj Alhjmg Banngglhgilb Njgacl Baghr Al~gxrmglr al Gixr Ixai, Ixail Ghjljmah _ipgx 2$8!6 92897>,

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production networks in east asia: what we know so far

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