producing heat and power from biomass in manitobabibeauel/research/... · 56% hot water heat...

Producing Heat and Power Producing Heat and Power from Biomass in Manitoba from Biomass in Manitoba

Dr. Eric BibeauDr. Eric BibeauMechanical & Industrial Engineering DeptMechanical & Industrial Engineering Dept

Manitoba Hydro/NSERC Chair in Alternative EnergyManitoba Hydro/NSERC Chair in Alternative Energy

Biomass Conference on SwitchgrassPortage La Prairie, Feb 02, 2006

Sponsored by: Frontier Centre Manitoba Sustainable Energy Association

TopicsTopicslWhy biopower and switchgrass in Manitoba

lGassifier/Combustors companies in Manitoba

l Distributed CHP technologies

l Research at UofM in Biopower

l Using wetland for nutrient removal and biopower production

Manitoba

Heat

Fossil fuels

Re-Electricity

Re-Fuels

Transport Electricity

- 118 PJ/yearWhy grow Switchgrass in Manitoba?

Energy Energy CostsCosts

NYMEX Crude PricingContract 1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1/2/

97

1/2/

98

1/2/

99

1/2/

00

1/2/

01

1/2/

02

1/2/

03

1/2/

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1/2/

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1997 - 2005

US

$ / b

arre

l

Can we grow biomass Can we grow biomass for energy use?for energy use?

Why are we not Why are we not changing to biomass?changing to biomass?

BioEnergyBioEnergylFuel handling

lCapital cost

lBiomass conversion technologies– Pyrolysis (no air)

– Gasification (sub-stochiometric air)

– Combustion (excess air)

lEmissions– Particulate matter

– NOx, VOC and CO

Which Conversion TechnologyWhich Conversion Technology

lTrue or False–Gasification may not be inherently cleaner than other thermal conversion processes

–If a gasifier, pyrolysis and combustion system all meet environmental emissions, then they are equal environmentally

Bioenergy Companies in ManitobaBioenergy Companies in Manitoba

Heat Innovations GasifierRyan Wall (204) 325-4253499 Manitoba Ave, Winkler MB R6W 4B1

Vidir Machine GasifierRaymond Dueck (204) 364 2442Box 700, Arborg MB R0C 0A0

W2E TechnologiesJude Sanson (204) 479-4720820 Bonner Ave, Winnipeg, MB R2G 2J7

Modern Organics Ed Mayer (204) 896-72001150-B Harris Rd, Headingly MB

Mesh Technologies Contact:Ron Giercke (204) 831-0351. 15 – 395 Berry St, Winnipeg MB

Home Farms Technologies Inc.Andy Butler (204) 725-000810 - 18th St, Brandon MB R7A 5A3

Heat InnovationsHeat Innovationsl Combustion furnaces

l Use biomass to heat hot water

l Use hot water to supply all heating requirements for all buildings

l Use– wood

– pellets

– coal

W2E TechnologyW2E Technologyl Gasifier

– 2 tonne/hour downdraft, low pressure, air blown gasifier

– Focusing on high temperature reduction reaction to produce a low tar producer gas for use in prime movers

– CHP – heat recovery from engine coolant to maximize efficiency

l Prime Mover– Low speed dual fuel diesel engines operating on

bio-diesel/diesel and producer gas

W2E DevelopmentsW2E Developmentsl 2 BDT/hour gasifier

– 2 MWe

l Direct energy system using syngas

l Automated for continuous operation

l Internal combustion engine: dual fuel – diesel/bio-diesel

– producer gas

W2E DevelopmentsW2E Developmentsl Heat recovery from gasifier

optimizedlGas conditioning l Feedstocks tested

– municipal sludge– wood residues

l Status– expand range of suitable fuels– improve efficiency of system

9.63%CO2

51.51%N2

10.15%H2

2.76%CH4

25.94%CO

Gas Composition:

VidirVidir

l Step 1: gasify biomass (updraft)

l Step 2: Combust gases in secondary chamber (downdraft)– remove silica and particulates

l Step 3: Extract heat from flue gases – produce steam/hot water

– indirect CHP system

Vidir Biomass GasifierVidir Biomass Gasifierl Capacity of units: 3 MBTU to 20 MBTU

(20 to 210 gallon of oil per hour)l Whole unit Cost: $125,000 – $2,000,000l Over all efficiency: 85 %l So for in place: 3 Units in Manitobal Under purchase: 1 Unit in Manitoba & 1 in BCl Grants mobilized: REDI for 1 unitl Mission: Displacing GHG with BioPower

l Current market focus – Green houses, processing industries, community &

office buildings – Handling animal waste & municipal waste– Direct heating and power systems (CHP)

Vidir EmissionsVidir Emissionsl PM Emission : 0.074 g/s

l Combustion gas concentration

9.8 %10 %O2

22 ppm22 ppmSO2

344 ppm312 ppmNOx284 ppm154 ppmCO10.8 %10.2 %CO2

Chicken litter mixStrawGAS

MESH Technologies Inc.MESH Technologies Inc.l Multidiscipline

technology development and integration firm

l Global solution to waste and energy crises

l Produce hot flue gas– Heat system

– CHP

MESH: Organics ConverterMESH: Organics Converter

MESH OrverterMESH Orverterl Development Status

– R&D/critical function proving complete

– Process technologies validated

– Preliminary emissions and ash test results are well within environmental compliance

– Securing pilot facility funds

l Benefits, Environmental– Greenhouse Gas neutral for biomass feedstocks

– High temperature, low emissions organics destruction

– All installations industrial/hazardous/medical waste ready

MESH MESH OrverterOrverterTechnology Demo Technology Demo l Elie, Nov 2004 l National Center for Foreign Animal

Diseases, Dec 2004l Organic Materials Processed

– City of Winnipeg sewage sludge– beef, poultry and fish offal (slaughter

waste)– rendering plant cracklings– whole mortality animals– flax straw, wood chips, sawdust– beef brain and spine segments– cereal grains, beans and oil seeds– rubber tire segments and various plastics

Home FarmsHome Farmsl Updraft gasifier to convert biomass to high pressure

steam and electricity– waste effluent, crop residues, MSW

l Automated system: ash removal, fuel feeding, steam production

l Syngas fed to steam boiler– steam can be used to drive a turbine

l Negative static pressure throughout the system

Home Farms GasifierHome Farms Gasifierl 2004 Oak Bank demonstration

l Full operational system– automated flax chives feeding system

– gasifier 3.5 MMBtu

– burner and steam generation boiler

– full automated control system

– low emissions after combustion of gas

l Indirect energy system– generate hot flue gas

l Converted gasifier to mobile unit– step 1: testing of different fuels at EERC

– step 2: testing city Saskatoon

Modern OrganicsModern Organicsl Downdraft Gasifier

– simple design – 2 moving parts and no grate– self cleaning– non-combustible materials removed

from bottom– ash removed from cyclone

l Developed prototype– 3 MMBTU per hour– 20 US gal fuel oil per hour– 880 kWth

l Produces hot flue gas

Modern OrganicsModern Organicsl Large commercial system built and ready

for demonstration– 18 feet high

l Heat size– 3.5 MWth

– 12.6 GJ per hour

– 4700 Horsepower per hour

– 12 MMBTU per hour

– 80 gallon fuel oil per hour

l Power size– 400 to 700 kWe

UofM Collaboration ProjectsUofM Collaboration Projects

l MESH (Ducks, MRAC, SDIF, IISD)– Biopower and nutrient removal

l Vidir (preliminary)– Investigating biopower CHP system with district heating

system: hospital, EMO, Industrial users

l Modern Organics (preliminary)– CHP bioenergy system: Green energy industrial park in

Manitoba

l W2E (Manitoba Hydro)– Gasification model

BioPower ExampleBioPower ExampleRemote CommunitiesRemote Communities

l Can we ship Switchgrass pellets to remote communities or local use? – $150 to $170/tonnes pellets delivered for stoves

Power 1 MWe

Heat 4 MWth

Need Components

Power Wind turbine 3.3 MWe

Heat Oil furnace 4.7 MWth

Power Water turbine 1.3 MWe

Heat Oil furnace 4.7 MWth

Power 1.0 MWe

Heat 0.0 MWth

Kinetic turbine

Biomass

System Size

Biomass CHP

Community

Requirements

System

Wind with storage

BioEnergy in a BioEnergy in a Northern CommunityNorthern Community

2 MWe Community Subsidized Power System BioPower SystemPower (2 MWe) tonne CO2 0 tonne CO2

Heat (10 MWth) tonne CO2 0 tonne CO2

Total tonne CO2 0 tonne CO2

115532305534,608

Power: Diesel Fuel Turbion™ CHPNorthern Community

Heat: Oil Biomass (local or pellets)2 BD tonne/MWe-hr

Power

Heat

~233 liters/ MWe-hr~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter

~93 liters/ MWth-hr~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter

~1 MWe-hr~No GHG

~5 MWth-hr~No GHG

BioPower SystemSubsidized Power System

(Biomass district heat already installed)

CHOICES?

Power: Diesel Fuel Turbion™ CHPNorthern Community

Heat: Oil Biomass (local or pellets)2 BD tonne/MWe-hr

Power

Heat

~233 liters/ MWe-hr~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter

~93 liters/ MWth-hr~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter

~1 MWe-hr~No GHG

~5 MWth-hr~No GHG

BioPower SystemSubsidized Power System

(Biomass district heat already installed)

CHOICES?

Why DG CHP Systems Using Why DG CHP Systems Using Biomass are UncommonBiomass are Uncommon

lLow Cost: the primary need

l Independence: must not affect process

lSimplicity: reduce operator qualifications

lRuggedness: allow remote locations

lMaintenance Free: reducing cost

lAutomated: simple to operate

DG CHP with Steam not ViableDG CHP with Steam not Viablel Boilers require qualified operatorsl Large equipmentl Cooling towerslMaintenancel Poor efficiencyl Low grade heat rejection

– need CHP economics

l High capital and operating cost

Biomass AdvantageBiomass Advantage

l Highest energy density of renewable fuels

l Can be harvested, stored, transported and used on demand

l Biomass residues are a major potential source of renewable energy

l Utilization success has been limited to specific large-scale applications

Utilization OpportunitiesUtilization Opportunities

l Expanded use of biomass favors distributed approach– biomass resource is distributed– CHP applicable to smaller scale– transportation costs eliminated– minimizes power grid upgrades

l Biomass is fundamentally a distributed resource

l Better technology is needed for a distributed CHP biopower

Distributed Biomass TechnologiesDistributed Biomass Technologies

l Most technologies have failed economically rather than technically

l Unsuccessful attempts have formed negative biases

l Need to separate preconceptions from basic knowledge

l Evaluate opportunities objectively based on appropriate technology

l Increasing the use of biomass requires cost-effective, small-scale systems

4 4 BioPowerBioPower SystemsSystems

Superheater

Economizer

Boiler

Feed Pump

Deaerator

Attemporator

Turbine

2% blowdown

Condensate return and makeup

10

9

6

4

3

1 8

7

Co-generation process

5

Thermal Oil Heat Transfer

TURBODEN srl

synthetic oil ORC

Conversion

1000°C 310°C

250°C 300°C

60°C

80°C Liquid Coolant

Air heat dump

17%

Input Heater 59.9% recovery

Entropic Fluid Heat

Transfer

ENTROPIC power cycle Conversion

1000°C 215°C

170°C 400°C

60°C

90°C Liquid Coolant

Air heat dump

17.6%

Input Heater 68.2% recovery

650°C 315°C

367 kPa 258 °C

111 kPa 315 °C 336 kPa

483 °C

377 kPa 127 °C

13.1% cycle eff. 58.3%

cycle energy

108 kPa 185 °C

101 kPa 15.6 °C

Air Heater

7.4% overall eff.

Compressor Turbine /

Expander

Recuperator

combustion air

56.7% recovery

Steam Brayton

EntropicORC

Biomass Feed20% moisture Harvesting

Fuel Preparation(hogging)

6.0% Power Production

Steam CHPPlant

Transport to CHP plant

1.8% energy input (fossil fuel)

0.4% energy input(fossil fuel)

34.6% energy

loss

0.4% energy

loss59% Steam Heat

Production

315°CFlue Gas




ORC CHPPlant




32.5% energy

loss

0.4% energy

loss56% Hot WaterHeat Production

310°CFlue Gas

Steam

Brayton

Entropic

ORC




EntropicCHP Plant




23.3% energy

loss

0.4% energy

loss63% Hot WaterHeat Production

215°CFlue Gas




Air TurbineCHP Plant




50.2% energy

loss

0.4% energy

loss41% Hot Air

Heat Production

315°CFlue Gas

Values for bugwood

Ene

rgy

Dia

gram

Can we use Switchgrass for biopowerCan we use Switchgrass for biopowerl Can the farmer afford to make switchgrass at $60/BDT FOB plantl Can you operate a heat only system with feedstock at $60/BDTl Can you operate a CHP system with feedstock at $60/BDT

Organic Rankine Cycle

Small-scale Steam

Entropic Cycle

Air Turbine

CONVERSION EFFICIENCY

HEAT

10%

EL

20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

HEATELEC

HEATELECT

HEATEL

Organic Rankine Cycle

Small-scale Steam

Entropic Cycle

Air TurbineCost Range ($/kWe)

Size Range (kWe) 100 500 1,000 5,000 10,000S IZE

50

COST

COSTSIZE

SIZECOST

SIZE

$ 1,000 $3,000 $5,000 $7,000 $9,000

COST

GHG DisplacementGHG Displacement

-1.000

-0.800

-0.600

-0.400

-0.200

0.000

0.200

On-Grid PowerNatural Gas Heat

Off-Grid Diesel PowerHeating Oil

t CO

2 pe

r bd

t of f

eeds

tock Transport to plant

Harvesting

GHG from Heatdisplacement

GHG from Powerdisplacement

Values for bugwood in BC

1

Distributed BioPowerDistributed BioPowerCHP Conversion ChartCHP Conversion ChartSwitchgrass 20% MCSwitchgrass 20% MC

Switchgrass at 20% MCSmallSteam

AirBrayton

OrganicRankine Entropic

Large Steam

Power delivered 6.0% 8.4% 11.1% 13.1% 28.0%Heat delivered 59.0% 41.0% 56.0% 63.0% -Overall CHP delivered 65.0% 49.4% 67.1% 76.1% 28.0%Electricity (kWhr/BDT) 333 467 617 728 1,556Heat (kWhr/BDT) 3,278 2,278 3,111 3,500 -Electricity (GJ/BDT) 1.2 1.7 2.2 2.6 5.6Heat (GJ/BDT) 11.8 8.2 11.2 12.6 -Electricity (gallon oil/BDT) 7.6 10.6 14.0 16.6 35.4Heat (gallon oil/BDT) 74.7 51.9 70.9 79.7 -

1

Distributed BioPowerDistributed BioPowerCHP Revenue Chart (Manitoba)CHP Revenue Chart (Manitoba)

Natural Gas (Cnd) $11.65 per GJ

Furnance

Revenue (per BDTon)Heat (80% use)

$158

Heat Only

$0.06 per kWhr$11.65 per GJ

Power (90% use) Heat (60% use) Total

Small Steam $18 $82 $100Air Brayton $25 $57 $83ORC $33 $78 $112Entropic $39 $88 $127Large Steam $84 $0 $84

Electical Power (Cnd)Natural Gas (Cnd)

Revenue (per BDTon)

1

Distributed BioPowerDistributed BioPowerCHP Revenue Chart (Industrial)CHP Revenue Chart (Industrial)


Furnance


$158

Heat Only





Revenue (per BDTon)

1

Distributed BioPowerDistributed BioPowerCHP Revenue Chart (Ontario)CHP Revenue Chart (Ontario)


Furnance


$158

Heat Only





Revenue (per BDTon)

UofM ResearchUofM ResearchDistributed CHP TechnologiesDistributed CHP Technologies

Brayton Hybrid Cycle (BHC)

Entropic Rankine Cycle (ERC)

l Distributed CHP– Waste: forestry and agriculture biomass residues– Industrial waste heat

Target: $2,500 /kW Turnkey

UofM: Entropic Rankin CycleUofM: Entropic Rankin Cyclel simple technology

l twice the power compared to a steam based system

l produces hot glycol 90ºC-115ºC for cogeneration

l small components l no certified operators

UofM: Entropic CHP SystemUofM: Entropic CHP System

l No boiler required: uses vapour heater

l Small equipment: compact system

l High temp. heat: 90°C district heat

l Dry air heat rejection: 60°C return

l Low maintenance: no dynamic seals

lGood Power efficiency: 17%-22% cycle eff.

l High CHP efficiency: 50%-85% flue heat

l Affordable capital cost: $2,500/kW target

UofM: Brayton Hydride CycleUofM: Brayton Hydride CyclelOver 40% increase in

overall efficiency without major capital cost

l Simple to operate

l 60 PSI air pressure

l Low temperature inlet turbine and heater– no ceramic or expensive

materials

UofM: Bioenergy N&P FilterUofM: Bioenergy N&P Filter2001

Vegetation Class Area Covered Hectares (ha)

% of Total Marsh Area

Bulrush (Scirpus) 317.1 1.2 River Rushes 166.3 0.6 Cattail (Typha) 4533.8 17.6 Giant Reed (Phragmites) 522.6 2.0

Vegetation maps Netley-

Libau Marsh 2001

Netley 1979 Area Moisture HHV

Plant Available kJ/kg

Species (ha) min max (%) min max Dry

Cattail 4987 8,528 118,267 17.1 7,070 98,043 18,229Bulrush 3247 3,215 32,584 18.2 2,629 26,653 17,447Reed Grass 650 1,112 1,170 12.8 969 1,020 17,285Rushes, Sedges.. 922 954 6,638 12.4 836 5,819 15,838Sum 9,806 13,808 158,659 11,505 131,535Weighted average 16.7 18,024

Harvest Biomass

(Wet tonne) (Dry tonne)

From: Evaluation of a wetland-biopower concept for nutrient removal and value recovery from the Netley-Libeau marsh at Lake WinnipegN. Cicek, S. Lambert, H.D. Venema, K.R. Snelgrove, and E.L. Bibeau

UofM: Bioenergy N&P FilterUofM: Bioenergy N&P FilterNetley-Libau Results Parameters

Cattail Bulrush River Rushes Giant Reeds

Moisture, % as fed 13.2 12.7 12.8 11 TN, % dry matter 1.72 1.32 0.9 0.64 TP, % dry matter 0.32 0.11 0.1 0.08 Heating Value, KJ/kg 18,229 17,417 17,285 NA

2001 Vegetation Class Total N

Removed (ton) Total P

Removed (ton) Bulrush 4.1-42.0 0.3-3.5 River Rushes 1.5-10.8 0.2-1.2 Cattail 133.3-1849.3 24.8-344-1 Giant Reed 5.7-6.0 0.7-0.8 Total 144.8-1908.1 26.0-349.5 Average 1026.5 187.8

From: Evaluation of a wetland-biopower concept for nutrient removal and value recovery from the Netley-Libeau marsh at Lake WinnipegN. Cicek, S. Lambert, H.D. Venema, K.R. Snelgrove, and E.L. Bibeau

UofM: Bioenergy N&P FilterUofM: Bioenergy N&P Filter

Small

Condensing Steam

Small steam with

cogeneration

Organic Rankine

Cycle

Air Brayton

cycle

Entropic cycle Gasification1

Heat recovery loss (MW)

8.0 8.0 7.8 12.3 5.3 11.0

Cycle loss (MW)

15.2 16.5 15.3 12.1 7.2 10.5

Power generated (MWe)

3.03 1.75 3.13 1.83 3.68 4.71

Cogeneration heat (MWth)

0.0 15.0 14.5 0.0 16.4 0.0

1Assumes Producer gas has heat value of 5.5 MJ/m3 and cooled down to room temperature

l Nutrient from Red River to Lake Winnipeg– average 32,765 ton/yr of N; 4,905 ton/yr of P

l Biomass harvesting – 3.1-4.2% of N; 3.8-4.7% of P

l Nutrient removal City of Winnipeg– reduce N by 2,200 ton and P 260 ton in Red River

– estimated cost $181 million or $80,000 per ton of N

l Energy production

l Manitoba Hydro/NSERC Chair in Alternative Energy

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

Presentations on alternative energyPresentations on alternative energy

l http://www.umanitoba.ca/engineering/mech_and_ind/prof/bibeau/

producing heat and power from biomass in manitobabibeauel/research/... · 56% hot water heat...

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