process analysis in gis environment

University of Salento

Landscape Ecology Di.S.Te.B.A.

Dr.Teodoro Semeraro

[email protected]

GIS DAYS:

Process analysis in GIS environment

Meknes 20/11/2014

Real World

Abstraction

world A

im

GID DAYS: GIS for environmental planning and management (20/11/2014 Meknes)

Planning and management of environmental resources requires the

analysis of a wide range of different information

GIS represent the most recent and useful information tool to analysis

quickly and with high precision of spatial data

within a GIS can be identified three groups of activities leading

specialized and interconnected

acquisition data

storage and management data

processing and return informations


From the functional point of view a G.I.S. must be able to:

acquire spatial data from different sources

store in a consistent and uniform spatial data

update the data stored

manipulate and process spatial data

select and make the data available for the analysis of mathematical and

statistical methods

modeling of natural and anthropogenic processes and functions

make available the final and intermediate results of the processing of

each activity prior or external

Syn

erg

y w

ay


Legend

+1,0 (high

vegetation)

0,0 (arable land)

+0,5

monthly change in NDVI from 2001 to 2005


A GIS differs from other graphics systems in several aspects:

First, data are georeferenced to the coordinates of a particular projection

system. This allows precise placement of features on the earth’s surface

and maintains the spatial relationships between mapped features. As a

result, commonly referenced data can be overlaid to determine relationships

between data elements.

For example, soils and wetlands for an area can be overlaid and compared to

determine the correspondence between hydric soils and wetlands. Similarly, land

use data for multiple time periods can be overlaid to determine the nature of

changes that may have occurred since the original mapping. This overlay function

is the basis of change detection studies across landscapes.


Before the arson

on the 24th of July 2007

after the arson on the 24th of July 2007

Study Area – Natural Park of Gargano


1988 1955

CORINE

Land cover

Territorial Trasformatio

and coast erosion

1997 2005

Second, GIS software use relational database management technologies to

assign a series of attributes to each spatial feature. Common feature

identification keys are used to link the spatial and attribute data between tables. A

soil polygon, for example, can be linked to a series of database tables that define

its mineral and chemical composition, crop yield, land use suitability, slope, and

other characteristics

Land use class:

Olive grove


http://www.nerrs.noaa.gov/doc/siteprofile/acebasin/html/glossary/glintro.htm#gis

Third, GIS provide the capability to combine various data into a composite

data layer that may become a base layer in a database. For example, slope,

soils, hydrography, demography, wetlands, and land use can be combined to

develop a single layer of suitable hazardous waste storage sites. These data, in

turn, may be incorporated into the permanent database of a local government and

used for regulatory and planning decisions.


http://www.nerrs.noaa.gov/doc/siteprofile/acebasin/html/glossary/glintro.htm#hydrography

There are two kinds of notions of the environment to structure the GIS :

the reductive conception that sees nature, as well as the society, formed by

a summation of components, factors and processes, where each entity is

separated from the other, as well as remain separated the "information

layers", meaning for such individual environmental themes levels and

structures that characterize the territory;


Environmental is defined multifunctional, because it is characterized by various

functions and values that vary in space and time (Haines-Young and Potschin,

2004; Haines-Young et al., 2006; Mander et al., 2007), and complex and

adaptive because the interactions among ecological patterns and processes,

economic-manufacturing processes, and administrative political organization of

society interact with each other


There is growing recognition that environmental, ecological, social and

economic systems require integrated assessment as the basis for resource

management and decision making

the systemic view, integration of data for environmental management; feed-back

of natural factors and human action. The current trend is to consider the natural

and human environment as a unic system, with its own character in space and its

evolution over time, where the environment at all levels of biological organization

is represented by the complex system of relationships that is to establish in space

and time between components and factors that make up its structure.

Technology is the available knowledge about the manner in which the inputs

can be combined to obtain a result (Weil 2007)


The term “ Georaphic Information System" is generally defined as the set of men

(professionalism), tools and procedures (often not formalized) that allow, in relation to

the external environment and the objectives to be achieved, acquisition, processing

and distribution of data within the organization and make them available when they

are needed to those who need to carry out any activity

Information

Output

Data

Processing

Data Storage Input Data

Target

AIM


Summy of decision-making process and role of scientific

information


This scheme was not

developed by me

The data acquisition is the critical part of the GIS

The choice of the most appropriate strategy for sampling and its proper application are critical phases in the modern environmental analysis, since it is from these phases depends on the correct evaluation of the sources of variation and therefore the precision of the parameter estimation

• The activity data collection has different characteristics for the four

types of use of an information system: government, planning, business

planning and management:

– For example, management in the long term is the moment of greatest production of information for the computer system, just think of the opportunities for environmental monitoring, such as monitoring the amount and quality of data that can provide.

– The moments of government planning and exploit summary data and only partially produce new information, while the design, with the new impact studies, generally produces data areas in high detail areas in less detail.


how can you map the olive grove?

Points?

Lines?

Polygons?

This is dependent on what I

want to measure or

highlight

Example:

points if I want to know the

number of olive trees secular;

lines if I want to know the

perimeter of the field or the

number of rows of trees;

Polygons if I want to know the

area of the field of old olive

grove.


GIS software generally allow for two types of data:

vectors (points, lines and polygons) to represent features on the earth’s surface.


POINT: entities defined by a

pair of coordinates

POLYGON: closed area formed

by one or more 'lines (eg. land,

soil types, political boundaries,

urban areas, ..)

LINE: entity defined by

connecting a set of coordinates

or through a geometric

description (eg rivers, roads

centerlines, cadastral surveys,

aqueducts, pipelines, ..)

ANNOTATION: graphic and descriptive text string placed on the map

Some use raster data (i.e., discrete cells in a rigid row by column format),

such as satellite imagery or aerial photography,

DTM

Slope


With the raster data of the territory is played through an array of pixels of a

square or rectangular. Each pixel is associated with an attribute that defines the

characteristics of the element represented. For example, in a digital elevation

model to each pixel is associated with the value of the sea level at that point.

The pixel size is inversely proportional to the precision of the paper

Geometric models of spatial


• Maintains accurate geographical representation of entities mapped

• Manages points, lines, polygons, and nodes as discrete entities

• Allows the combination of different themes without losing the accuracy

of representation

Why Vector?

• easy to handle, allows the application of powerful algorithms for the

derivation of new information (geo-) morphological

Why Raster?


The information of a geographical element has 4 components

• cartographical location or position

• Attributes or informations

• spatial relationships (topology)

• time

The geographic information

The characteristics of geographic data


Manipulation and processing of data

The integrated processing spatial data-given attribute of a

GIS includes tools and procedures that allow the user of a

digital map to define and execute:

• query of attribute

• query of spatial

• analysis procedures integrated between position and

attribute for the obtaining of new spatial information

and not.


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Per im etro SIC

Uso del Suolo

tes suto urb .c ont.

case sparse

casa is o la ta

area industr ia le

area spor t.-r ic reat.

sem inativ o

colt. s erra

ol iv eto

mac chia bass a-gar iga

mac chia a l ta

veg. rada

canale d 'acqua

bac ino d 'acqua

cava

dune

veg. ig rofi la

lecc eta

pineta

Legenda

Torre San Giovanni

Torre Mozza

Lido Marini

GARIGA

(4,0%)

Olive grow

(45,01%)

Arable land

(12,08%)

Maquis

(15,4%)

Urban

elements

(8.5%)

Matrix AGRICULTURAL/URBAN/NATURE Number patch: 556

Land use in different time


Overlay

T0 T1 CD1,0=+T0 T1 CD1,0=+

1 21 2

1

3 4

21

3 4

2

2BB2

2AA1

AreaTipoID

2BB2

2AA1

AreaTipoID

2BB2

2AA1

AreaTipoID

2BB2

2AA1

AreaTipoID

BB

AA

BB

AA

Tipo T1

1AA1

1AA2

1BB4

1BB3

AreaTipo T2ID

BB

AA

BB

AA

Tipo T1

1AA1

1AA2

1BB4

1BB3

AreaTipo T2ID

Overl

ay

T0

T1

CD1,0

GEOMETRIA TABELLE


Change detection analysis

Torre San Giovanni

Torre Mozza

Lido Marini

Legend Bundary SIC Change 1955-1988

1988 1955

Change - 1955 vs 1988 -


EXTENT: the size of the investigate(Time/space)

GRAIN: the most giving small entities that we can identify


Geographical elements could disappear (eg ponds, villages, small

lakes)

Symbolic representation could change (from point to area)

Entities could change shape, less detailed

Some macro-entities can appear (regions, climate zones)z

The geographic information

Representation of geographic features: scale

Geographical elements and the symbols used to represent points, lines and polygons, depend

on the scale of the graph (Map scale) .


Representation of geographic features

reference scale


GIS Technology

Top Down The High Higher levels of government;

Agency and University establish

guidelines to characterize the problem

Bottom Up

Levels of local management operate to

extract the information

Establish the necessary

information

establish standards

for extracting information

For example:

• if you use vector or

raster data;

• classification scheme

work to extract the information of

its competence


For example

Corine Land Cover classification for uniform European classification of land use

establish standards for extracting information


Institutional levels

International

National

Provincial

Municipal

Family

Individual

Ecological levels

Global

Biome

Landscape

Ecosystem

Group of

plants

Plant

Geographic Levels

Glibal Climatic

Conditions

Local Climatic

Conditions

Geological

features

Catchment

water area

Ground

water

Soil

formatiot

Environmental Conditions


Limit of the National Park of the Gargano


Environmental Conditions

Institutional levels


DPSIR framework could allow decision-makers to better understand the

relationships between the environment and human activities. It could also

help them arrange all information, assess criticalities and identify priorities with a

view to making strategies and action plans more effective and focused on local

need

Drivers; Pressure; State; Impact and Respnse (DPSIR) Scheme

(DPSIR) scheme is a flexible framework that can be used to assist decision-

makers in many steps of the decision process. DPSIR was initially developed by

the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD 1994) and

has been used by the United Nations (UNEP 1994; UNEP 2007) and European

Environmental Agency (Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the

Environment 1995; Pierce 1998; EEA 1999) to relate human activities to the state

of the environment.

A simple conceptual model of human-environmental relations


Drivers

Pressure

State

Impact

Response • Industy

• Urbanization

• Tourism

• Agriculture

• Polluting

Emissions

• water

Consumption

• Soil tillage

Landscape;

water; Air; Soiòl

qaulity;

• water

Availability

• Population

Health

• Economic

Damage

• Planning

• management

• Projects

• Information

DPSIR

• Desertification

The DPSIR framework does not capture every situation perfectly, but is a

good means to organize the many social, economic and ecological

interactions.


Spatial

Extent

Time for Change

Ecosystem

Region

Landscape

Watershed


This scheme was not developed by me

Spatial

Extent

Time for Change

Ecosystem

Landscape

Watershed

Region

Slow

processes

Rapid

processes

Broad

extents

Small

Extents

Constraints

Potentials

Hypotheses for (natural) hierarchical systems in steady state



Spatial

Extent

Time for Change

Ecosystem

Landscape

Watershed

Region

Pressure:

Nitrogen

fertilisation



Spatial

Extent

Time for Change

Pressure:

Nitrogen

fertilisation

Nitrate concentration

in soil solution


in groundwater


in river water


in drinking water

State:

Nitrate

concentrations

Ecosystem

Landscape

Watershed

Region



Spatial

Extent

Time for Change

Region

Nitrate leaching

Nitrate discharge in groundwater

Eutrophication of freshwater

Quality of

drinking water

Watershed

Ecosystem

Landscape

Ecological

impact



Spatial

Extent

Time for Change

Region

Nitrate leaching

Quality of

drinking water

Watershed

Ecosystem

Landscape

Ecological

impact

Fertiliser loss (capital loss)

Fishing reduction

Human health

Water treatment costs

Economic

impact





Spatial

Extent

Time for Change

Region

Nitrate leaching

Quality of

drinking water

Watershed

Ecosystem

Landscape

Ecological

impact

Fertiliser loss (capital loss)

Fishing reduction

Human health

Water treatment costs

Economic

impact



Societal

perception

Decision

Process



Spatial

Extent

Time for Change

Region

Watershed

Ecosystem

Landscape

Water framework

directive

Economic programmes

for rural areas

Information, consultation

and training

Local restrictions

or nitrogen taxes

Regional

agricultural

policy targets

Targets of

regional

development

Social state

in rural

Settlement

Response

Drivers

Economic

situation

of the farmer



Identification of the fundamental concepts

(Step 1)

It is necessary to identify:

persons or entities involved directly or indirectly in the development of

technology

tools needed for the development of technology;

actions that are performed by actors;

Scope: national, regional and local;

timing of realization;

expected results;

likely costs.

To identify these basic concepts you need to answer the following questions:

what kind of technology do you want to use and how it works?;

who is involved and What he does?

What are your main tasks?

What items are interesting in the analysis?

How these objects interact with the actors?


Esempio

Concept Description Importance (high,

medium, low)

Actor University of Salento, Apulian waterworks; Agency of

Civil; Air force; GIS user………………….

High

tools ArcMap software, Hardware……….. Low

actions data creation and selection; Data storage; Data

processing; information; output data………..

Medium

Scope Regional and local ……………….. Medium

timing Two years Low

expected results sustainability of water resources in the relationship

between demand and availability

High

likely costs 200.000€ High


Once you have identified the main concepts that characterize the problem and its

related technologies, it is essential to indicate how these concepts are related to

each other

It is suggested to identify a list of useful keywords to represent these correlations

and to use these words throughout the analysis

Relationship between the concepts

(Step 2)

A list of possible keywords are:

Interacts: to indicate that two actors interacting with each other;

Use: to indicate that an actor uses a particular object;

Participate: to indicate that a player and / or an object participates in a fact;

Manages: to indicate that an actor handles a certain object;

Provides: to indicate that an actor can give particular support.


Concept Relation Concept Notes

University of

Salento

Participate Selection the best

software and

Hardware

identification of

software and

hardware that can

best support the

storage of data and

their processing

trying to both contain

costs and ensuring

high efficiency

Air force Provide Information about

climatic conditions

(Precipitations,

temperature…..)

record spatial

information on

precipitation and

temperature, and

provides for the GIS

Agency Apulian

Aqueduct

Provide information on the

consumption of water

per inhabitant

……………….

………………………

….

………………………

…………

………………………

……

………………………

…

Others general information


Actors involved

(Step 3)

At this stage it is essential to describe in detail each actor. For each actor

identified in step 1 of the analysis it is necessary to specify:

description of the role of the actor in the field of technology that you want to

develop;

Main actions;

which interacts with other actors and what actions.


Actor Description

of the role

key

Responsibility

Main actions Interaction with

other actors

University of

Salento

Information

GIS

High choose the software and hardware

to use, sets standards for the

acquisition of information and

methods of data processing

Apulian waterworks;

Agency of Civil; Air

force; GIS user

Air force data

acquisition

Medium acquisition and processing of data

related to the precipitation and

temperature

University of

Salento

Agency

Apulian

Aqueduct

provides

information

on water

consumption

Medium makes available its database to

process data in accordance to the

characteristics of GIS

University of

Salento

………………

……

………………

.

…………………

…

……………………….. …………………..

Others general information


Actions to be performed / or groups of actions

to be performed

(Step 4)

Identification of actions is essential to define what each actor must accomplish in

order to fulfill the tasks laid. For each action, you must specify:

description of the action;

who performs the action;

the maximum time needed to perform the action;

who/what gives the input to perform the action;

output action.

actor of the next action (when the previous action has been realized);


Action Action

description

who

performs

the action

how much

time

Input Output next actor

Structuring

GIS

Database

creation of an

appropriate

structure to

store the

information that

make up the

GIS

University

of Salento

four months type of data

to use

database

structure

Apulian

waterworks;

Agency of

Civil; Air

force; GIS

user

Processing

data

integration of

the data to

estimate the

availability of

water

University

of Salento

two months precipitation

data;

groundwater

availability,

consumption

per inhabitant

water

sustainability

Apulian

waterworks

……………… ………………

…

--------------- ………………

…

………………

..

……………… ………………

.

General Information


Temporal relationships between actions

(Step 5) Closely related to step 4, step 5 allows you to identify a sequence between the

actions previously identified.

set of actions Actions previous action following action

Creation of a

database

choice of data to use definition of the

problem

choice of technology to

use

choice of technology to

use

choice of data to use database creation

database creation choice of technology to

use

data acquisition

data acquisition groundwater data

acquisition

definition of the

problem

data processing

…………………………

………

…………………………

………..

…………………………

………


Identifying hotspots most

vulnerable to fire for the

management of natural capital

Laboratorio di Ecologia del Paesaggio, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali,

Università del Salento, Lecce, Italia

Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Matematico-Statistiche, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italia

Aretano R.* Semeraro T. * Mastroleo G.§ Petrosillo I.* Zurlini G.*

*

§


Problem • The evaluation of vulnerability to fire is a critical aspect

for conservation management, since it determines when

and where a fire is more prone to occur, or where it will

have more negative effects (Chuvieco et al., 2010).

• The management authority must identify the areas

which require specific management intervention of

protection and maintenance to enhance the natural

features, as well as their prevention of natural and

human risks.

17


VULNERABILITy • …the degree to which a system, subsystem, or system

component is likely to experience harm due to exposure to

a hazard, either a perturbation or stress/stressor (White,

1974).

• Vulnerability is a function of interactions among three

elements (Adger, 2003; 2006 Marshall et al., 2010; Tuler et

al., 2008; Turner et al., 2003):

Exposure

Sensitivity

Adaptive capacity

1


• A GIS-based DSS is proposed to be integrated with a

conceptual model of vulnerability in order to identify the

hotspots of vulnerability and determine where a fire is

more prone to occur, or where it will have more

negative effects in the RNS of Torre Guaceto.

• Study realized in the ETCP Greece-Italy 2007-2013

Aim of the research

3


4

Study area: RNS TORRE

GUACETO

RNS: 1,100 ha

Study area: 2,000 ha


METHODS

63

Fuzzy Expert System as cognitive model that, formalizing

objective data and qualitative concepts together, generate

an algorithm that best replicates the human way to

aggregate information and decide.


Aim

METHODS

64






Aim

METHODS

65






AIM Data

Aim

METHODS

6

•Natural Capital flow;

Land cover category

The most

representati

ve Biome

ES coefficient

(US $×ha−1 per

year)

(Costanza et al.,

1997)

Urban Urban 0

Bare Rocks Rock

Arable lands Croplands 92

Uncultivated ground

Grasslands Grasslands 232

Sclerophyllous

vegetation

Transitional woodland

scrub

Reforestation areas

Forests 969

Coastal beach Coastal

beach 4,052

Wetlands Wetlands 14,785

Sensitivity (α)

V= k + α(U) (Zurlini et al., 1999; Limongelli et al., 2006; Petrosillo et

al., 2009)

Effectively managing Ecosystem

Services (ES), which represent a

component of system sensitivity,

can strengthen ecosystem

resilience reducing the overall

system vulnerability (Bennett et

al., 2009).


METHODS

7

Sensitivity (α)


•Habitat relevance;


al., 2009)


METHODS

8

Sensitivity (α)



•Susceptibility to fragmentation


al., 2009)


METHODS

9




•Fire behavior

Sensitivity (α)


al., 2009)

Identification of fuel types related to the land-cover classes and

their fireline intensity, estimated through the software BehavePlus

fire modeling system


METHODS

10




•Fire behavior

•Vegetation recovery after fire

Focus group with forest managers and botanists that during a spatially explicit

consultation of maps and field surveys have classified each vegetation type,

considering the vegetation recovery after a fire.

Sensitivity (α)


al., 2009)


METHODS

11

•Agriculture;

•Tourism;

Focus group with forest managers and stakehorders involved in agricultural and

tourist sectors that have indicated the level of pressure related to agriculture

and tourism by assigning, with a spatially explicit consultation of maps and field

surveys, a score from 1 to 5 (the higher the score, the higher is the pressure).

Pressures (U)




•Fire behavior

•Vegetation recovery of burnt areas

Sensitivity (α)


al., 2009)


METHODS

12

•Agriculture;

•Tourism;

•Urbanization

Pressures (U)




•Fire behavior

•Vegetation recovery of burnt areas

Sensitivity (α)


al., 2009)


sensitivity

14


pressures

15


vulnerability

16



there is not only one way to get a result, the

important thing is that the result is useful to

solve the problem

Bob Kennedy said “GDP-GNP can tell us

everything about America, but does not

tell us if we can be proud to be Americans”

GIS can give us all the information we

need, but not the solution to our problem


of course, all what I said is not the truth, but

it's just my point of view

Thanks for your attention


Teodoro Semeraro

University of Salento

[email protected]

+39-0832-298886

+39-0832-298896

+39-320-8778174

Laboratorio di Ecologia del Paesaggio, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali,

Università del Salento, Lecce, Italia

Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Matematico-Statistiche, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italia

mailto:[email protected]

process analysis in gis environment

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