proceedings, 7 african rift geothermal conference...

M. Y. Kwaya and E. Kurowska 1st November 2018

Proceedings, 7th African Rift Geothermal Conference Kigali, Rwanda 31st October – 2nd November 2018

.

M. Y. Kwaya and E. Kurovska, 1st November, 2018

Proceedings, 7th African Rift Geothermal Conference Kigali, Rwanda 31st October – 2nd November 2018

Presentation Outline

3

Introduction

Brief on Geological Setting of Nigeria

Electricity Production in Nigeria

Geothermal Exploration in Nigeria

Challenges

Conclusion and Recommendation

Nigeria has a total area coverage of 923,768 km2.

Population is more than 170 million people.

Energy demand is increasing and the energy available is grossly inadequate.

Geothermal energy that may contribute to the country energy source has not

been given due consideration so far.

However some preliminary studies indicate an existence of potential for

geothermal energy in Nigeria.

This paper presents the status of knowledge of geothermal energy exploration

in Nigeria and some major challenges hindering geothermal investigation and

exploitation in the country.

Introduction

Brief Geological Setting of Nigeria

14°10°6°

10°

6°

Geological Survey Division, Federal Ministry of Mines and Power, Nigeria, 1974

6

Regional Geological Setting, with Rift Sub-sytems

According to Genik, 1992, modified.

areas subjected

to geothermal

sudies during last ~40 years.

Hydropower Uranium

Coal

Natural GasCrude oil

BiomassWind Solar

Total reserves: Not Yet Quantified

SHP: 3,500 MWLarge Hydro:11,500 MW

3.5-7.0 kWh/m²/day

Total reserves:37.062 billion

barrels

Total reserves:187 TrillionSCF

Excess of 1.2m Tonnes/day

(2-4) m/s at 10m height (main land)

Total reserves:2.175 billion tonnes

Energy Resources of Nigeria

Prepared by Prof. Abubakar S. Sambo, May 2018

Electricity Production in Nigeria

There are 23 grid-connected generating

plants in operation in the Nigerian Electricity

Supply Industry (NESI) with a total installed

capacity of 10,396.0 MW and available

capacity of 6,056 MW. Most generation is

thermal based, with an installed capacity of

8,457.6 MW (81% of the total) and an

available capacity of 4,996 MW (83% of the

total). Hydropower from three major plants

accounts for 1,938.4 MW of total installed

capacity (and an available capacity of 1,060

MW).

Generation (2015)

According to Onochie et al 2015 Thermal power stationsHydroelectric power stations

Existing Future

Nigeria Power Plants.

Source Emodi Nnaemeka Vincent, Samson D. Yusuf (2014)


Geothermal Gradient

in Nigerian Sector of

Chad Basin

on a background of

Geological Map of Nigeria

by Geological Survey

Division, Federal Ministry

of Mines and Power,

Nigeria, 1974.

Based on temperature data from water wells and oil exploration wells collected by Askira & Schoeneich, 1987; Kwaya & Schoeneich, 2005.


Preliminary geothermal resource estimations by Mohammed Yerima Kwaya, Ewa Kurowska, 2011.

Geothermal Research in Nigeria Sector of Chad Basin – geothermal maps


Authors Geothermal gradient

Askira and Schoeneich,1987 3°C/100m to 6.44°C/100m

Kwayaet al, 2005; 2016 2.81˚C/100 m to 5.88˚C/100m

Nwazeapu, 1990 2.16˚C/100m to 5.26˚C/100m

Nwankwo et al, 2009 3.0˚C/100m to 4.4˚C/100m

Olugbemiro and Ligous,1999 3.1˚C/100m to 4.2˚C/100m

Nwankwo and Ekine, 2010 3.4˚C/100m (mean)

Umar, 1999 3.31˚C/100m (mean)

Table.1: Some Reported Geothermal Gradients in The Chad Basin

Geothermal Exploration in NigeriaGeothermal Gradient in Nigerian Part of Iullemmeden Basin

13°

12°

6°5°4°3°

Max. 11°C/100min Niger

Based on temperature data from water wells collected by Olatunji & Schoeneich, 1989; (Sokoto); Moumoni &Schoeneich, 2001 (Niger).

6 °

4°

8°4° 6° 8°

Geothermal Exploration in NigeriaGeothermal Gradient In Some Part Of Southern Nigerian

Gradient calculations by Nwachukwu (1975, 1976), Avbovbo (1978), Onuoha and Ekine (1999).

Geothermal Research in Southern Nigeria

Geothermal gradient map ( C/100m)

scale 1 : 500 000

oPreliminary map of geothermal

energy resources in depth interval

0-4000 m.


Adedapo Jepson Olumide, Ewa Kurowska (2013)

NEW GEOTHERMAL STUDY OF BENUE TROUGH

New temperature measurements – location of

water holes for temperature investigation

(Bako, 2013-2016) – have not been terminated.

by James Bako Aruwa Sarkinpada:


Nigeria geothermal Springs – geothermal surface manifestations

ON THE

BACKGROUND

OF TOPOGRAPHY

met

res

abo

vese

ale

vel

0 100 km

Gulf of Guinea

Elevation model based on

SRTM, 2000 data


Location of Springs Within Keana Anticline, Middle Benue Trough

Digital Elevation Model based on SRTM, 2000 data

Spring/well - TemperatureAkiri 53.5 °CAwe wellAwe 2 Awe 3 Assaiko well Keana Azara Kanje Ribi

43.4 38.6 34.8 34.1 36.4 33.4 33.4 34.2 James Aruwa Bako Sarkinpada, Ewa Kurowska,

Krzysztof Schoeneich, 2009-2011;

K’tso Nghargbu, Irena Ponikowska, K. Schoeneich, 2013


James Aruwa Bako Sarkinpada,

Ewa Kurowska, Krzysztof Schoeneich,

2009-2011.

Middle Benue Trough,

Akiri Hot Spring


Warm Spring in Yankari Game Reservere

W

I

K

K

I

MAWLUNGO


2009-2011.


Location of Ruwan Zafi Hot Spring within Lamurde Anticline



2009-2011.


Ruwan Zafi Hot Spring



2009-2011.

Warm Springs of Crystalline Province

Photos taken by Laroo Babatunde, 2009, ABU

Ikogosi Spring –

Precambrian

Basement and

Schist Belt


Rafin Rewa Warm Spring

Rafin Rewaspring

Ririwairing complex38.5±1.7 mW/m2

KudaruRing complex

Banke Ring complex

ImoriRing complex

RishiwaRing complex


Ririwai Terrestrial Heat Flow

according to Verheijen and Ajakaiye (1979)

Mohammad Lawal Garba,

Ewa Kurowska,

Krzysztof Schoeneich,

2009-2011


The major problems and barriers to geothermal development in Nigeria

may be specified in the following points:

There is little technical knowledge, expertise and exposure on

geothermal energy in Nigeria in general, this results in limitations in

local technological and human resource capacity;

Full understanding of the hydrogeology beneath deep sedimentary

basins as well as in some areas in the crystalline province that

includes porosity, permeability and occurrence of water within deep

formations or fault/fracture zones;

CHALLENGES

Identification of the nature of geothermal heat concentrations and

prospective resources prior to drill; more direct and indirect (geophysical)

research are needed;

Security situation in the regions hindered continuous research;

Generally it is difficult, time consuming and expensive acquiring data for

geothermal exploration in the deep sedimentary basin.

CHALLENGES Cont.....

The geothermal analysis based on geothermal gradients indicated geothermal

anomalies within sedimentary basins.

The areas of geothermal anomalies with gradients above 5°C/100m found

in various studies might be prospective for geothermal energy utilization.

The influence of Cenozoic volcanic episodes on geothermal regime in the area

has not been investigated yet. It is likely that heating effect of volcanic and

intrusive activity on Cretaceous sedimentary basins, especially Benue Trough

as well as basement complex, contributed to the development of local

anomalies that can be detected presently.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


In Nigeria the most needed application of geothermal energy would be

production of electricity but the real possibility of that and potential

assessment need further research.

The possibility of electricity production is not obvious, as there is no

active volcanic zones in Nigeria.

The technology known as “geothermal binary power generation system”

might be feasible, if the area with proper geothermal and hydrogeological

conditions is found.

The more detail investigation on thermal springs should explain the origin of

heat carried by the water to the surface and the depth of water circulation.

It will give an idea about that natural phenomena and contribute to the

exploration for possibilities of use of geothermal heat from both sedimentary

and Precambrian Provinces in Nigeria.

The elements that are absolutely necessary to be able to assess the real

possibilities for geothermal utilization, are:

• existance of subsurface deep reservoirs containing water,

• knowledge about hydrogeological and geothermal properties of rocks,

• knowledge about amount and properties of geothermal fluids,

• knowledge about the features and processes in the hydrogeothermal system

of interest.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Gratitude to my sponsors to attend this Conference

In Collaboration with

Thank you• M.Y. Kwaya and E. Kurowska

• Geology Department, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria

• [email protected]

• and Polish Geothermal Society, Poland

• [email protected]

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