priyanka reddy march 9, 2009 cs 260. agenda background introduction to context why context is...
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FRAMES AND ACTION
PRIYANKA REDDYMARCH 9, 2009CS 260
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Agenda
Background Introduction to Context Why Context is Important Situation Action Chains Covert Culture
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Background – ET Hall
Anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher
Lifelong research on cultural perceptions motivated by his service in the army during WWII
His works have been well received and become integral parts of intercultural communication Contextual model – most commonly used
cultural model in intercultural communication courses
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Introduction to Context
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Culture
Highly selective screen between man and outside world
Designates what we pay attention to Prevents system from “information
overload”
A way to program memory of system to require less info to activate
ContextingContext
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Culture and Contexting
If culture is selective screen, Degree to which you are aware of that
screen determines how much contexting is done
If you’re very aware of the selective screen, more contexting is done.
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High Context vs. Low Context HC or Restricted
Info conveyed through physical context or internalized by person
Not much info stored in the explicit message Rooted in the past, hard to change
LC or Elaborated Most of the info contained in explicit
message No additional info needed to understand Can be changed quickly and easily
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Examples: LC and HC
Thermal Scan
Color by Number
Constitution
Painting
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HC or LC
Machine Code? Person-Person: high context Programmer-Compiler: low context
Textbooks? Roadmaps?
Low context
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Contexting
Internal Contexting Based on past experience Innate Ex: proxemic needs
External Contexting Situation and/or Environment
A person’s behavior largely influenced by external contexting
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Why is Context Important?
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Internal Contexting
Gives man ability to: infer information and correct for
distortions detect and understand patterns
allows complex life to develop Lack of ability to pattern detect
leads to being fooled by mimicry Ex. Frog, fly fishing
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Contexting in Research Practices
Western peoples’ thought process Too concerned with specifics at cost of
missing everything else
Traditional taxonomy (LC) vs. folk taxonomy (HC)
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Two Ways of Thinking
Apollonian: develop established lines to perfection (LC) Used because they aim for replicability
and rigor in their methods, eliminating context
Dionysian: open new lines of research (HC)
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Culture’s building block
Situation
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Situation
Situational frame: smallest viable unit of culture that can be analyzed, taught, transmitted, and handed down as a complete entity helpful when learning a new subject or a
new culture Example: eating, working, cooking,
governing
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Situational Dialects
Languages used in specific situational frames Relatively high-context Can determine if person is an insider
or not New situations require new SDs Complexity of situational inventory is
a function of evolution Examples: rap, military commands
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Using Situational Dialects Speak to people
using their language to put them at ease In situations they are familiar with
When a person becomes uncomfortable in a conversation, could be caused by an incorrect SD by the speaker
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Suppression of Situational Needs Situational inventories can suppress
man’s situational needs Can result in distortions of the way we live,
our personalities and the way we perceive meaning
Example: mentally ill
Most cultures lack a good balance of man’s situational needs Man domesticated himself before
understanding his basic nature
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Action Chains
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Action Chains
Set of events in which usually 2 or more individuals participate
Can be very simple or incredibly complex
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3 Types of Transactions
With inanimate objects Cooking dinner
With living things Handshake
Intrapsychic transactions Between id, ego and superego
Note: 3 types are according to Western European thinking, different for others
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Commitment to complete chain Determined by 2 factors
Internal state of the organism (personality)
Culture/Situation Uncertain which is a stronger factor Example: Father-son argument
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Culture and Action Chains
Cultures are shaped by level of commitment to AC
HC Cultures Highly committed to completing an AC Polychronic More important to be kind, social than
complete AC LC Cultures
Take commitments very lightly Monochronic
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Broken Chains
Lacking detailed data causes chains to break Ex. A space that is inadequate for its functions
What happens if too many broken chains? Theory 1: people compensate but the
compensations will eventually change his behavior teenage crimes, psychosis (Spitz)
Theory 2: It will result in 4 types of apathy in serial (May) Final stage: State of numbness and “unfeelingness” Can last in this phase destructive actions
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Covert Culture and Action Chains
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Covert Culture
Basic modes of interaction are not verbalized Not controlled by speech On the emotional level rather than verbal level
People see AC as threatening AC reveals that people are intimately bound up
in the behaviors of others Why study AC?
People stuck in AC’s can’t be free until they understand these AC’s.
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Action Chains
AC’s all require words at some point. No words AC is short-circuited violence
In northern European tradition, stages of AC for a dispute: Nonverbal cues Indirection Verbal hints Verbal confrontation Legal action Force or physical action
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Problem with Covert Culture When people are from 2 different
cultures Steps might be skipped and lead to
serious psychosis All cultures have built-in safeguards to
prevent disputes from going too far – doesn’t work well with outsiders
Example: Japanese and Europeans
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Recognition of Culture Consciousness Man must transcend his own culture,
especially the more important unconscious culture Ignore what is happening on the
conscious, explicit level Avoid cultural projections
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Folklore of Culture
What people say about their culture People in a system can’t say much
about how it works Little relationship between
expression and organization of a system
Need better notation systems for the understanding of culture to develop