principles of information systems eighth edition chapter 7 the internet, intranets, and extranets
TRANSCRIPT
Principles of Information Systems
Eighth Edition
Chapter 7
The Internet, Intranets, and Extranets
2Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition
Use and Functioning of the Internet
• Internet: a collection of interconnected networks, all freely exchanging information
• ARPANET– Ancestor of the Internet– Project started by the U.S. Department of Defense
(DoD) in 1969
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Use and Functioning of the Internet (continued)
• Internet Protocol (IP): communication standard that enables traffic to be routed from one network to another as needed
• Research to make Internet faster and easier to use– “Digital objects”: allow all types of computer systems
to use and share programs and data– Internet2 (I2), Next Generation Internet (NGI),
Abilene: provide Internet speeds of up to 2 Gbps or more
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Use and Functioning of the Internet (continued)
Table 7.1: A Brief History of the Internet
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How the Internet Works
• Internet transmits data from one computer (called a host) to another
• If the receiving computer is on a network to which the first computer is directly connected, it can send the message directly
• If the receiving computer is not on a network to which the sending computer is connected, the sending computer relays the message to another computer that can forward it
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How the Internet Works (continued)
• Data is passed in chunks called packets
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): widely used transport layer protocol that is used in combination with IP by most Internet applications
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL): assigned address on the Internet for each computer
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How the Internet Works (continued)
• Accessing the Internet– Connect via LAN server– Connect via Serial Line Internet Protocol
(SLIP)/Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)– Connect via an online service– Other ways to connect cell phones, PDAs, and home
appliances: e.g., wireless application protocol (WAP) for cell phones
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How the Internet Works (continued)
Figure 7.1: Routing Messages over the Internet
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How the Internet Works (continued)
Table 7.2: U.S. Top-Level Domain Affiliations
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How the Internet Works (continued)
Figure 7.2: Internet Growth: Number of Internet Domain Names
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How the Internet Works (continued)
Figure 7.3: Several Ways to Access the Internet
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Internet Service Providers
• Internet service provider (ISP): any company that provides individuals or organizations with access to the Internet
• Most charge a monthly fee
• Many ISPs and online services offer broadband Internet access through digital subscriber lines (DSLs), cable, or satellite transmission
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Internet Service Providers (continued)
Table 7.3: A Representative List of Internet Service Providers
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Internet Service Providers (continued)
Table 7.4: Approximate Times to Perform Basic Tasks with Various Internet Connections
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The World Wide Web
• Also called the Web, WWW, or W3
• Menu-based system that uses the client/server model
• Organizes Internet resources throughout the world into a series of menu pages, or screens, that appear on your computer
• Hypermedia: tools that connect the data on Web pages, allowing users to access topics in whatever order they wish
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The World Wide Web (continued)
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): standard page description language for Web pages
• HTML tags: let the browser know how to format text on a Web page and whether images, sound, and other elements should be inserted
• Extensible Markup Language (XML): markup language for Web documents containing structured information, including words, pictures, and other elements
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The World Wide Web (continued)
Figure 7.4: Sample Hypertext Markup Language
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Web Browsers
• Web browser: software that creates a unique, hypermedia-based menu on a computer screen, providing a graphical interface to the Web– Menu consists of graphics, titles, and text with
hypertext links– Popular Web browsers: Microsoft Internet Explorer,
Netscape Navigator, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Computer’s Safari
• Applet: small program embedded in Web pages
• Web browser plug-in: external program that is executed by a Web browser when it is needed
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Search Engines and Web Research
• Search engine: Web search tool– Examples: Yahoo.com, Google.com
• Most search engines are free
• Searches can use words, such as AND and OR to refine the search
• Meta-search engine: submits keywords to several individual search engines and returns results from all these search engines
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Search Engines and Web Research (continued)
Table 7.6 Popular Search Engines
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Web Programming Languages
• Java– Object-oriented programming language from Sun
Microsystems based on C++– Allows small programs (applets) to be embedded
within an HTML document
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Web Programming Languages (continued)
Figure 7.6: Downloading an Applet from a Web Server
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Web Programming Languages (continued)
• Other programming languages used to develop Web sites– JavaScript– VBScript– ActiveX– Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP)
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Web Services
• Web services: standards and tools that streamline and simplify communication among Web sites for business and personal purposes
• XML is used within a Web page to describe and transfer data between Web service applications
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Business Uses of the Web
• In 1991, Commercial Internet Exchange (CIX) Association was established to allow businesses to connect to the Internet
• Firms use the Internet for many types of applications
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E-Mail, Instant Messaging, and Push Technology
• E-mail– No longer limited to simple text messages– Can embed sound and images– Can attach files
• Instant messaging: online, real-time communication between two or more people who are connected to the Internet
• Push technology: automatic transmission of information over the Internet rather than make users search for it with their browsers
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E-Mail, Instant Messaging, and Push Technology (continued)
Table 7.7: Some Common Abbreviations Used in Personal E-Mail
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Telnet and FTP
• Telnet: terminal emulation protocol that enables users to log on to other computers on the Internet to gain access to public files
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP): protocol that describes a file transfer process between a host and a remote computer and allows users to copy files from one computer to another
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Web Log (Blog), Video Log (Vlog), and Podcasting
• Web log or blog: Web site that people create and use to write about their observations, experiences, and feelings on a wide range of topics
• Video log or vlog: video content placed on the Internet using the same overall approach as a blog
• Podcast: audio broadcast over the Internet– People and corporations use podcasts to listen to
audio material, increase revenues, or advertise products and services
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Usenet and Newsgroups
• Usenet: system closely allied with the Internet that uses e-mail to provide a centralized news service– Protocol that describes how groups of messages can
be stored on and sent between computers
• Newsgroups: online discussion groups that focus on specific topics
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Usenet and Newsgroups (continued)
Table 7.8: Selected Usenet Newsgroups
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Chat Rooms
• Chat room: enables two or more people to engage in interactive “conversations” over the Internet
• Internet Relay Chat (IRC) requires participants to type their conversation rather than speak
• Voice chat allows participants to speak their conversation– Must have a microphone, sound card, speakers, a
fast modem or broadband, and voice-chat software compatible with the other participants’
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Internet Phone and Videoconferencing Services
• Internet phone service– Relatively inexpensive, especially for international
calls
• Voice-over-IP (VoIP) technology– Network managers can route phone calls and fax
transmissions over the same network they use for data
• Internet videoconferencing– Supports both voice and visual communications– Webcasts or Webinars
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Content Streaming
• Method for transferring multimedia files, radio broadcasts, and other content over the Internet
• Data stream of voice and pictures plays more or less continuously without a break, or with very few breaks
• Enables users to browse large files in real time
• Works best when the transmission of a file can keep up with the playback of the file
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Shopping on the Web
• You can shop for almost anything over the Internet
• Convenient, easy, and cost effective
• Many Web sites also offer free shipping and pickup for returned items
• Bot: a software tool that searches the Web for information, products, or prices– Finds the best prices or features from multiple Web
sites
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Web Auctions
• Web auction: Internet site that matches buyers and sellers– Businesses grow or reach customers for a low cost
per transaction
• One of the most popular auction sites: eBay
• Potential problems with auction Web sites– Auction sites cannot always determine whether the
people and companies listing products and services are legitimate
– Some Web sites have illegal or questionable items offered
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Office on the Web
• Internet office: Web site that contains files, phone numbers, e-mail addresses, an appointment calendar, and more– Allows your desktop computer, phone books,
appointment schedulers, and other important information to be with you wherever you are
• Many services and software products give you remote access to your files and programs over the Internet
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Internet Sites in Three Dimensions
• Some Web sites offer three-dimensional views of places and products
• Examples– 3-D Internet auto showroom: allows people to get
different views of a car– 3-D real estate site: people can tour the property, go
into different rooms, etc.
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Intranets and Extranets
• Intranet: internal corporate network built using Internet and World Wide Web standards and products– Used by employees to gain access to corporate
information– Reduces the need for paper
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Intranets and Extranets (continued)
• Extranet: network based on Web technologies that links selected resources of a company’s intranet with its customers, suppliers, or other business partners
• Virtual private network (VPN): secure connection between two points across the Internet
• Tunneling: process by which VPNs transfer information by encapsulating traffic in IP packets over the Internet
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Intranets and Extranets (continued)
Table 7.9: Summary of Internet, Intranet, and Extranet Users
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Net Issues
• Management issues– Preventing attacks
• Service and speed issues– Keeping up with Internet traffic and traffic on
company intranets
• Privacy
• Fraud
• Security
• Unauthorized Internet sites