principles of forest management for conserving populations...
TRANSCRIPT
Principles of forest management for conserving populations of harvested
forest fungi and sustaining or enhancing their fruit-body production.
Oral presentation by David Pilz
Tuesday, August 19, 2003
At the 3rd International Workshop on Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms
University of Victoria
British Columbia, Canada
[With support and contributions by Eric Jones, Becky Kerns, and Randy Molina]
Abstract: A Non-Timber Forest Product database, hosted by the Institute for Culture
and Ecology (http://www.ifcae.org/) now lists 104 edible, 19 medicinal, and 191
decorative fungus species that are commercially-harvested in US forests. Many more
species are likely collected for personal or recreational use. Forest managers are
increasingly aware that their choices influence the occurrence and abundance of these
fungi, but they often lack understanding of how such fungi respond to collection, or to
forest conditions, disturbances, and management. We discuss how the mode of
nutrition, growth substrate, forest habitat, and reproductive strategies of each fungus
species can be used to derive general principles about how mushroom harvesting and
forest management are likely to affect them. Such principles will be presented for
ectomycorrhizal, soil-saprobic, and wood-saprobic fungi and their responses to (1) forest
conditions such as stand age, stand density, tree species composition, presence of
snags, and coarse woody debris; (2) forest disturbances such as fire, wind-throw, or
pollution; (3) forest management activities such as clearcut harvesting, tree planting,
thinning, yarding, slash disposal, prescribed fire, fertilization, or snag creation; and (4)
harvesting impacts such as picking, raking, or trampling.
Contact Information for Contributors
David Pilz Forest Mycologist Department of Forest Science Oregon State University 321 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331-5752 USA Office: Room 014, Forestry Sciences Laboratory Phone: 541.750.7362 Fax: 541.737-1393 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.fsl.orst.edu/mycology/PilzPage.html Eric Jones Institute for Culture and Ecology P.O. Box 6688 Portland, Oregon 97228-6688 USA Phone: 503.331.6681 [email protected] Becky Kerns Pacific Northwest Research Station 3200 S.W. Jefferson Way Corvallis, OR 97331 USA Phone: 541.750.7497 Fax: 541.750.7329 [email protected] Randy Molina Pacific Northwest Research Station 3200 S.W. Jefferson Way Corvallis, OR 97331 USA Phone: 541.750.7391 Fax: 541.750.7329 [email protected]
Commercially-harvested forest fungi of the United States and its territories:
provisional tables of species and their nutritional substrates.
On-Line Source: Non-Timber Forest Product Database, Institute for Culture and
Ecology, Portland, OR (http://www.ifcae.org/). Eric Jones, Database Manager.
Entries compiled by: David Pilz
Owner/Consultant
PilzWald: Forestry Applications of Mycology
P.O. Box 2238
Corvallis, OR 97339-2238.
541.753.6209
Forest Mycologist
Department of Forest Science
321 Richardson Hall
Corvallis OR 97331-5752.
541.750.7362
Caveat: This is a provisional listing based on reference books, field guides, web sites,
and the author’s experience. It has not been peer-reviewed or published, hence it is
considered a work in progress. Users are cautioned to verify information in this table
before using or citing it. Feedback is welcomed.
Suggested citation for provisional tables: Pilz, D., Jones, E., Molina, R. 2003.
Commercially-harvested forest fungi of the United States and its territories: provisional
tables of species and their nutritional substrates. Fungal records in the Non-Timber
Forest Product Database of the Institute for Culture and Ecology, Portland, OR
(http://www.ifcae.org/). Presented August 19, 2003 at the Third International Workshop
on Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms. University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia.
About the Tables The commercially-harvested fungi we list are arbitrarily divided into three tables: edible,
medicinal, and decorative fungi. Where species are used for more than one purpose,
they are repeated in the relevant tables.
Scientific Names: Many scientific (Latin) names are in the process of being modified or
reassigned as genetic analyses provide new information. We consulted two online
authorities for current fungal names, but included many previously accepted names. We
suggest you also consult these databases as they are updated periodically. These two
sources are not in complete agreement because they are operated by different
individuals and institutions, but each cooperates extensively with taxonomic experts
around the world.
The CABI Bioscience International Mycological Institute and the Fungal Biodiversity
Center of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences host the web based
IndexFungorum, also known as the “ “Funindex”. It is a searchable database of all
fungal names globally and also lists higher level taxonomic classifications and prior
synonyms for each species.
Information about the database can be found at:
http://www.indexfungorum.org/
and the database can be searched at:
http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NAMES.ASP
The United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-
ARS), Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland hosts the
most definitive source of U.S. fungal names. Their databases allow searches of
nomenclature, host tree species, collection locations, bibliographic information, and
synonyms. Their data is extensive for saprobic (decay) and parasitic fungi, but lack most
ectomycorrhizal mushrooms.
The USDA-ARS home page is: http://nt.ars-grin.gov/index.htm
And the databases may be searched at:
http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/GenericSelectionFrame.cfm
Common names: The North American Mycological Association (NAMA) is undertaking
a project to compile common names for American fungi.
Commission on Common Mushroom Names The Mycophile 41:6, Nov/Dec 2000
http://www.namyco.org/publications/mycophile2000.html
The common names listed are from the reference materials used and from web-based
resources such as:
Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database, [Very complete, but slow]
http://gmr.landfood.unimelb.edu.au/Plantnames/Sorting/search.html
Foreign names of mushrooms from the cookbook page of the Mycological Society of
San Francisco, [Some selected species, non-English names]
http://www.mssf.org/cookbook/foreign.html
Japanese mushroom names
http://gmr.landfood.unimelb.edu.au/Plantnames/Sorting/Fungi_Japindex_kat1.html
Dutch mushroom names, Netherland's Mycological Society
http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/users/kap/internet/index2.html
Société Mycologique de France, Les noms français, [French names]
http://www.mycofrance.org/
PilzGalerie, [German mushroom names and photos]
http://www.pilzepilze.de/piga/
Language codes for common names are those listed by the International
Organization for Standardization ISO 639. Code for the representation of the names
of languages.
http://xml.coverpages.org/iso639a.html
Nutritional substrates: In some cases we do not know for sure whether a particular
species is saprobic or ectomycorrhizal. Much of this information is not based on
experimental trials but on careful observations and what is currently considered true for
species of a particular genus. Some species, such as Morchella elata and Tricholoma
magnivelare exhibit characteristics of more than one mode of nutrition and many
ectomycorrhizal fungi exude enzymes that decompose organic matter. We use the term
“pathogen” in the sense that the fungus will colonize the interior of live trees, fruit before
the tree dies, and contribute to breakage or toppling (regardless of whether the fungus
attacks living tissue or kills the tree directly). If this term is not used for a wood saprobe,
then fruiting bodies are typically observed after the tree dies, although the timing of
original infection remains unclear in many cases. Sources for mode of nutrition include:
Allen, E.; Morrison, D.; and Wallis, G. 1996. Common tree diseases of British
Columbia. Victoria, B.C.: Natural Resources Cananda, Canadian Forest Service.
178 p.
Arora, D. 1986. Mushrooms demystified. Second edition. Berkeley, CA:Ten Speed
Press. 959 p.
Burns, R. M.; Honkala, B.H. tech. coords. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers;
2. Hardwoods. [Appendices entitled Checklist of Organisms Causing Tree
Diseases] Agriculture Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Washington, DC. vol, 1, 675 p. vol. 2, 877 p.
Farr, D.F.; Bills, G.F.; Chamuris, G.P.; Rossman, A.Y. 1989. Fungi on plants and
plant products in the United States. St. Paul, MN: APS Press. 1252 p.
Manion, P.D. 1981. Tree disease concepts. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 399
p.
Sinclair, W.A.; Lyon, H.H.; Johnson, W.T. 1987. Diseases of trees and shrubs. Ithica,
NY: Cornell University Press. 574 p.
Tainter, F.H.; Baker, F.A. 1996. Principles of forest pathology. New York: John Wiley
& Sons. 805 p.
Table 1: Edible forest fungi
About the data: There exists many more edible species of mushrooms in the United States than those listed in this table. We have provided information for forest species that we know are harvested and sold, or that are likely to be harvested and sold because they resemble choice edible species (for instance, Leccinum species that resemble King boletes in stature and light-colored pores).
We have excluded species that have been commercially harvested in the past, but are now considered dangerous to eat. These include the early morels (Verpa species), the false morels (Gyromitra species) and man-on-horseback (Tricholoma flavovirens). We have also excluded edible Amanita species due to the danger of misidentification and consumption of poisonous or deadly species. The “Lobster mushroom” is actually two fungi in one. Hypomyces lactiflorum parasitizes and completely encases other mushrooms. There is always a risk that Hypomyces is colonizing a poisonous mushroom, but on the west coast it almost always colonizes the edible Russula brevipes and is widely collected and sold. There might be a greater risk of Hypomyces colonizing inedible mushrooms in the eastern United States. Although many species names are subject to revision, morel taxonomy is especially unresolved. Many previous names are incorrect or not published appropriately. Both scientific names and common names overlap among species and some likely species have yet to be described. Fortunately, all true morels (in the genus Morchella) are choice edibles and commercially harvested throughout the United States.
Scientific Name Common Name(s) Substrate and likely mode of nutrition
Agaricus augustus Prince soil saprobe
Agaricus bitorquis Tork, Banded Agaricus, Urban Agaricus
soil saprobe
Agaricus subrutilescens Wine-colored Agaricus soil saprobe
Armillariella mellea [species complex], (Armillaria mellea)
Honey mushroom, Oak root fungus wood saprobe (root pathogen)
Auricularia auricula, (Tremella auricula)
Wood ear, Tree ear, Judas' ear, Brown ear fungus
wood saprobe
Boletus abieticola fir bolete ectomycorrhizal
Boletus aereus Queen bolete, Moretti (IT) ectomycorrhizal
Boletus appendiculatus Butter bolete ectomycorrhizal
Boletus atkinsonii None known ectomycorrhizal
Boletus barrowsii White king bolete ectomycorrhizal
Boletus chippewaensis None known ectomycorrhizal
Boletus edulis King bolete, Cep (FR), Steinpilz (DE), Porcini (IT)
ectomycorrhizal
Boletus fibrillosus, (Boletus None known ectomycorrhizal
olivaceobrunneus)
Boletus hortonii None known ectomycorrhizal
Boletus huronensis None known ectomycorrhizal
Boletus longicurvipes None known ectomycorrhizal
Boletus mirabilis Admirable bolete ectomycorrhizal
Boletus nobilis None known ectomycorrhizal
Boletus pinophilus, (Boletus pinicola)
Spring bolete ectomycorrhizal
Boletus regius Red-capped butter bolete ectomycorrhizal
Boletus speciosus None known ectomycorrhizal
Boletus subcaerulescens None known ectomycorrhizal
Boletus variipes None known ectomycorrhizal
Calvatia sculpta Sierran puffball, Sculptured puffball, Pyramid puffball
soil saprobe
Cantharellus cibarius var. roseocanus
Rainbow chanterelle ectomycorrhizal
Cantharellus cibarius Golden chanterelle, European golden chanterelle
ectomycorrhizal
Cantharellus cinnabarinus Cinnabar chanterelle, Red chanterelle ectomycorrhizal
Cantharellus formosus, (Cantharellus cibarius)
Pacific golden chanterelle, (Golden chanterelle)
ectomycorrhizal
Cantharellus lateritius, (Craterellus cantharellus)
Smooth chanterelle ectomycorrhizal
Cantharellus minor Small chanterelle ectomycorrhizal
Cantharellus subalbidus White chanterelle ectomycorrhizal
Catathelasma imperialis Imperial mushroom ectomycorrhizal
Catathelasma ventricosa Mock matsutake, Swollen-stalked cat ectomycorrhizal
Clitocybe nuda, (Lepista nuda), (Tricholoma nudum)
Blewit, Wood blewit soil saprobe
Coprinus comatus Shaggy mane, Shaggie, Shag, Lawyer's wig
soil saprobe
Craterellus cornucopioides, (Craterellus fallax)
Horn of plenty, Trumpet of death, Black chanterelle
ectomycorrhizal
Craterellus foetidus Fragrant black trumpet ectomycorrhizal
Craterellus lutescens, (Cantharellus lutescens), (Cantharellus xanthopus)
Yellow foot craterelle, (Yellow foot chanterelle), (Yellow stemmed chanterelle)
ectomycorrhizal
Craterellus odoratus, (Cantharellus odoratus)
Fragrant craterelle, (Fragrant chanterelle)
ectomycorrhizal
Craterellus tubaeformis, (Cantharellus tubaeformis), (Cantharellus infundibuliformis)
Winter craterelle, (Winter chanterelle), (Funnel chanterelle)
ectomycorrhizal
Fistulina hepatica, (Boletus hepaticus)
Beefsteak fungus, Ox tongue wood saprobe (on lower bole and stump)
Flammulina velutipes, (Agaricus velutipes)
Velvet foot, Winter mushroom, Enokitake (JA)
wood saprobe
Gomphus clavatus Pig’s ear, Pig’s ear gomphus ectomycorrhizal
Grifola frondosa, (Polyporus frondosus)
Hen of the woods, Sheep's head wood saprobe (root pathogen)
Hericium abietis Bear's head wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Hericium americanum Bear's head tooth wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Hericium coralloides, (Hericium laciniatum), (Hericium ramosum)
Coral hedgehog, Bear's head tooth, Waterfall hydnum
wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Hericium erinaceus Lion's mane, Bearded hedgehog, Bearded tooth
wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Hericium ramosum, (Hydnum ramosum), (Hericium laciniatum)
Comb hericium, Comb tooth wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Hydnum repandum, (Dentinum repandum)
Spreading hedgehog, Sweet tooth ectomycorrhizal
Hydnum umbilicatum, (Dentinum umbilicatum)
Belly-button hedgehog ectomycorrhizal
Hypomyces lactifluorum, Russula brevipes
Lobster mushroom fungal pathogen and ectomycorrhizal host fungus
Lactarius deliciosus, (Agaricus deliciosus)
Saffron milkcap, Delicious milkcap, Orange latex milky,
ectomycorrhizal
Lactarius fragilis, (Lactarius camphoratus subsp. fragilis)
Candy cap, Aromatic milky ectomycorrhizal
Lactarius rubrilacteus Bleeding milk-cap ectomycorrhizal
Laetiporus sulphureus, (Polyporus sulphureus)
Sulfur shelf, Chicken of the woods, Chicken mushroom
wood saprobe (bole and root pathogen)
Langermannia gigantea (Calvatia gigantea)
Giant puffball soil saprobe
Leccinum alaskanum None known ectomycorrhizal
Leccinum arctostaphylos None known, (bearberry bolete), (kinnikinnick bolete)
ectomycorrhizal
Leccinum aurantiacum red-capped scaber stalk, orange-capped bolete
ectomycorrhizal
Leccinum discolor None known ectomycorrhizal
Leccinum fallax None known ectomycorrhizal
Leccinum fibrillosum None known ectomycorrhizal
Leccinum insigne, (Leccinum aurantiacum)
Aspen bolete, Aspen scaber stalk ectomycorrhizal
Leccinum largentii None known ectomycorrhizal
Leccinum manzanitae Manzanita bolete, Madrone bolete ectomycorrhizal
Leccinum ponderosum None known ectomycorrhizal
Leccinum scabrum Birch bolete, Common scaber stipe, ectomycorrhizal
Brown birch bolete
Leccinum snellii None known ectomycorrhizal
Leccinum subalpinum None known ectomycorrhizal
Leucangium carthusianum, (Picoa carthusiana)
Oregon black truffle ectomycorrhizal
Lycoperdon perlatum Common puffball, Gemmed puffball, Gem-studded puffball
soil saprobe
Lyophyllum decastes, (Lyophyllum multiceps), (Clitocybe decastes), (Clitocybe multiceps), (Tricholoma aggregatum)
Fried chicken mushroom, Clustered Lyophyllum, Shimeji (JA), Hatake shimeji (JA)
soil saprobe
Morchella (unnamed species)
Grey morel, Gray morel soil saprobe
Morchella (unnamed species)
White morel soil saprobe ectomycorrhizal?
(Morchella angusticeps) Burn morel, Narrow-head morel soil saprobe
(Morchella atrotomentosa) Burnsite morel, Grey morel, Gray morel
soil saprobe
(Morchella conica) Burn morel, Narrow-headed black morel
soil saprobe
Morchella crassipes Thick-footed morel soil saprobe
Morchella deliciosa White morel soil saprobe
Morchella elata Natural, Fat-headed black morel soil saprobe ectomycorrhizal?
Morchella elata group, (Morchella angusticeps), (Morchella conica), (Morchella atrotomentosa)
Black morels soil saprobe ectomycorrhizal?
Morchella esculenta Yellow morel, Merkel, Sponge mushroom, Honeycomb morel, Land fish, Pine cone mushroom
soil saprobe
Morchella esculenta group, (Morchella deliciosa), (Morchella crassipes)
Light-colored morels soil saprobe
Morchella semilibra, (Morchella hybrida), (Mitrophora semilibera)
Half-free morel soil saprobe
Neolentinus ponderosus, (Lentinus ponderosus)
Ponderous Lentinus, Large Lentinus, wood saprobe
Pleurocybella porrigens, (Pleurotus porrigens), (Nothopanus porrigens), (Pleurotellus porrigens)
Angel wings, Angel's wings, wood saprobe (on logs and snags)
Pleurotus ostreatus, (Pleurotus limpidus), (Pleurotus salignus), (Pleurotus sapidus)
Oyster mushroom, Tree oyster, Tree mushroom
wood saprobe (on logs and snags)
Polyozellus multiplex, Blue chanterelle, Black chanterelle, ectomycorrhizal
(Cantharellus multiplex) Grey chanterelle
Polyporus umbellatus, (Grifola umbellata), (Polypilus umbellatus), (Dendropolyporus umbellatus)
Umbrella polypore wood saprobe (root pathogen)
Ramaria botrytis, (Clavaria botrytis)
Pink-tipped coral mushroom, Cauliflower coral, Clustered coral
ectomycorrhizal
Rozites caperata, (Rozites caperatus)
Gypsy mushroom, Gypsy nightcap soil saprobe
Sarcodon imbricatus, (Hydnum imbricatum)
Hawk wing, Scaly hydnum, Scaly tooth, Shingled hedghog
ectomycorrhizal
Sparassis crispa, (Clavaria crispa), (Sparassis radicata)
Cauliflower mushroom, Ruffles wood saprobe (root pathogen)
Sparassis spathulata, (Sparassis herbstii), (Sparassis crispa)
Eastern cauliflower mushroom, Ruffles wood saprobe (root pathogen)
Suillus [species] Slippery-jacks ectomycorrhizal
Suillus borealis None known ectomycorrhizal
Suillus brevipes, (Boletus brevipes)
Short-stalked Suillus, Short-stemmed slippery jack
ectomycorrhizal
Suillus granulatus, (Boletus granulatus)
Dotted-stalk Suillus, Granulated slippery Jack
ectomycorrhizal
Suillus luteus The Slippery Jack ectomycorrhizal
Tricholoma caligatum, (Armillaria caligata)
Brown matsutake, Fragrant Armillaria ectomycorrhizal
Tricholoma magnivelare, (Tricholoma ponderosum), (Armillaria ponderosa)
American matsutake, Pine mushroom, Matsi
ectomycorrhizal pathogenic and saprobic characters
Tricholoma populinum Poplar Tricholoma, Poplar Trich, The Sandy
Tuber gibbosum Oregon white truffle ectomycorrhizal
Ustilago maydis, (Lycoperdon zeae)
Cornsmut corn pathogen
Xanthoconium separans, (Boletus separans, Boletus pseudoseparans)
None known ectomycorrhizal
Sources for edible forest fungi
Literature:
Arora, D. 1986. Mushrooms demystified. Second edition. Berkeley, CA:Ten Speed Press. 959 p.
Arora, D. 1991. All that the rain promises and more... A hip pocket guide to western mushrooms. Berkeley, CA:Ten Speed Press. 263 p.
Alan E. Bessette, William C. Roody, and Arleen R. B 2000. North American boletes : a color guide to the fleshy pored mushrooms / Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press
Bandoni, R.J.; Szczawinski, A.F. 1976. Guide to common mushrooms of British Columbia. Handbook No. 24. Victoria, Canada: British Columbia Provincial Museum. 242 p.
Barron, G. 1999. Mushrooms of Ontario and Eastern Canada. Lone Pine Field Guide. Edmonton, Alberta: Lone Pine Publishing. 336 p.
Bessette, A.; Sundberg, W. 1987. Mushrooms: a quick reference guide to mushrooms of North America. Macmillan Field Guide Series. New York, NY: Collier Books. 170 p.
Bessette, A.E.; Bessette, A.R.; Fischer, D.W. 1997. Mushrooms of northeastern North America. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 582 p.
Biek, D. 1984. Mushrooms of northern California. Redding, CA: Spore Prints. 302 p.
Bigelow, Howard E. 1974. The mushroom pocket field guide Imprint New York, Macmillan
Courtenay, B.; Burdsall, H.H. Jr. 1982. A field guide to mushrooms and their relatives. New York, NY: Van Norstrand Reinhold. 144 p.
Desjardin, D. E. Hemmes, D. E. 2002. Mushrooms of Hawaii: An Identification Guide. Berkeley, CA:Ten Speed Press 212 p.
Evenson, V.S. 1997. Mushrooms of Colorado and the southern Rocky Mountains. Denver Botanic Gardens & Denver Museum of Natural History. Englewood, CO: Westcliffe Publishers. 207 p.
Fischer, D.W.; Bessette, A.E. 1992. Edible wild mushrooms of North America: a field-to-kitchen guide. Austin, TX: University of Austin Press. 254 p.
Glick, P.G. 1979. The mushroom trail guide. New York, NY: Holt Rinehart Winston. 247 p.
Groves, J. W.; [Addendum by Redhead, S. A.]. 1979. Edible and poisonous mushrooms of Canada. Publication 1112. Ottawa, ON: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. 326 p.
Hosford, D.; Pilz, D.; Molina, R.; Amaranthus, M. 1997. Ecology and Management of the Commercially Harvested American Matsutake Mushroom. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-412. Portland, OR: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 68 p.
Huffman, D.M.; Tiffany, L.H., Knaphus, G. 1989. Mushrooms & other fungi of the midcontinental United States. Ames, IO: Iowa State University Press. 326p.
Kibby, G. 1992. American nature guides. Mushrooms and other fungi. New York: Smithmark Publishing. 192 p.
Lincoff, G.H. 1981. The Audubon Society field guide to North American mushrooms. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 926 p.
McKenny, M.; Stuntz D.E.; Ammirati, J.F. 1987. The new savory wild mushroom. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 249 p.
McKnight, K.H.; McKnight, V.B. 1987. Peterson field guide. A field guide to mushrooms. North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 429 p.
Miller, O.K. Jr. 1978. Mushrooms of North America. New York: E. P. Dutton. 360 p.
Molina, R.; O'Dell, T.; Luoma, D.; [and others] 1993. Biology, ecology and social aspects of wild edible mushrooms in the forests of the Pacific Northwest: a preface to managing commercial harvest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-309. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 42 p.
Orr, R.T.; Orr, D.B. 1979. Mushrooms of western North America. Berkeley,CA: University of California Press. 293 p.
Phillips, R. 1991. Mushrooms of North America. Boston, MD: Little, Brown and Co. 319 p.
Pilz, David; Norvell, Lorelei; Danell, Eric; Molina, Randy. 2003 Ecology and management of commercially harvested chanterelle mushrooms. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-576. Portland, OR: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 83 p.
Redhead, S.A.; Norvell, L.; Danell, E. 1997. Cantharellus formosus and the Pacific golden chanterelle harvest in western North America. Mycotaxon. 65: 285-322.
Schalkwijk-Barendsen, H.M.E. 1991. Mushrooms of western Canada. Edmonton, Alberta: Lone Pine Publishing. 414 p.
Smith, A.H. 1949. Mushrooms in their natural habitats. Vols. 1 & 2. Portland, OR: Sawyer’s Inc. 626 p.
Smith, A.H. 1975. A field guide to western mushrooms. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 280 p.
Smith, A.H.; Weber, N.S. 1980. The mushroom hunter’s field guide; all color and enlarged. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 316 pages.
States, Jack S. 1990. Mushrooms and truffles of the Southwest. Flagstaff, AZ: University of Arizona Press. (Published with the assistance of Transition Zone Horticultural Institute,Tucson and Arboretum at Flagstaff)
Tylutki, E.E. 1987. Mushrooms of Idaho and the Pacific Northwest. Vol. 2. Non-gilled Hymenomycetes. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho Press. 232 p.
Weber, N.S.; Smith, A. 1985. A field guide to southern mushrooms. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 280 p.
Web sites
North American Mycological Societies http://www.mykoweb.com/na_mycos.html
Mushroom links (The WWW Virtual Library: Mycology by Kathie Hodge) http://www.keil.ukans.edu/%7Efungi/ MykoWeb by Micheal Wood http://www.mykoweb.com/
Table 2. Medicinal forest fungi About the data: Most medicinal fungi currently being marketed are cultivated rather than collected in the wild. The species listed in this table have a long history of human use. They also are important enough and sufficiently common that either wild harvests are known to have occurred or harvesting could be commercially viable. Although many fungi are being tested for pharmacological properties and the published literature is replete with information, much commercial research also remains proprietary. Even the cultivated medicinal mushrooms can be considered Nontimber Forest Products in the sense that companies frequently collect and test wild strains for superior properties. With two exceptions, (Grifola frondosa and Polyporus umbellatus) the medicinal mushrooms we list are not considered food. Many edible fungi can be considered “nutraceuticals”, however, because they have been shown to have healthful properties or compounds.
Scientific Name Common Name(s) Substrate and likely mode of nutrition
Agaricus sylvaticus Royal Agaricus® soil saprobe
Fomes fomentarius Tinder polypore, Touchwood, Punk, Punkwood, Hoof fungus, Amadou (FR), Amadouvier (FR), Surgeon's agarick, German tinder
wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Fomes pinicola, (Fomitopsis pinicola), (Polyporus pinicola), (Fomes ungulatus), (Ungulina marginata), (Polyporus ponderosus), (Boletus pinicola)
Red-belted polypore, tsugasaruno-hoshikake (JA)
wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Ganoderma applanatum Artist's conk, Artist's fungus wood saprobe (occasional bole pathogen)
Ganoderma lucidum, (Polyporus curtisii), (Polyporus lucidus)
Ling-Zhi (ZH), Reishi (JA), ("plant of immortality (ZH)), shi ri ("mushroom which grows on stone" (ZH)), ("ten thousand year mushroom" (ZH)), ("herb of spiritual potency" (ZH)), ("phantom mushroom (JA)), varnished conk
wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Ganoderma oregonense Oregon varnished conk wood saprobe (bole and root pathogen)
Ganoderma tsugae, (Polyporus tsugae)
Hemlock varnished conk wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Grifola frondosa, (Polyporus frondosus)
Hen of the woods, Sheep's head wood saprobe (root pathogen?)
Inonotus obliquus, (Polyporus obliquus), (Poria
Pilat, Chaga, Black birch touchwood, Birch mushroom, Clinker polypore,
wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
obliqua) tschagapilz (DE), crooked Schiller-porling, Kofukisaruno-koshikake (JA), sketaugen (Ojibwa)
Laricifomes officinalis, Fomitopsis palustris, (Fomitopsis officinalis), (Fomes officinalis), (Fomes laricis), (Microdiplodia bonnayae), (Polyporus palustris), (Tyromyces palustris)
Quinine conk, Quinine fungus, Panacea mushroom, Brown trunk rot, Agarick, Agaricum, White agaric, Purging agaric, Larch agaric
wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Lenzites betulina, (Daedalea betulina), (Lenzites ochraceus), (Lenzites variegata), (Agaricus betulina)
Gilled polypore, Kaigaratake (JA) wood saprobe
Phellinus igniarius, (Fomes igniarius), (Polyporus igniarius)
False tinder polypore, False tinder conk, Nisehokuchitake (JA)
wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Piptoporus betulinus, (Polyporus betulinus)
Birch conk, Birch polypore wood saprobe
Polyporus umbellatus, (Grifola umbellata), (Polypilus umbellatus), (Dendropolyporus umbellatus)
Umbrella polypore wood saprobe (on roots and stumps)
Pycnoporus sanguineus, (Polyporus sanguineus), (Polystictus sanguineus), (Trametes cinnabarina var. sanguinea)
Red fungus, Red polypore wood saprobe
Schizophyllum commune, (Schizophyllum radiatum)
Split-gill, Common split-gill, Split-fold mushroom
wood saprobe (occasional pathogen)
Trametes versicolor, (Coriolus versicolor), (Polyporus versicolor), (Polystictus versicolor)
Turkey tail, Many-colored polypore wood saprobe
Tremella fuciformis White Auricularia, Trembling fungus, white fungus, Bai Mu Erh [snow fungus](ZH), Yin er (ZH)
wood saprobe
Wolfiporia cocos, (Pachyma hoelen), (Poria cocos), (Macrohyporia cocos), (Daedalea extensa)
Tuckahoe (Algonquin), Tockawhoughe, Tawkee, Tuckah, Indian bread, Hoelen (ZH), Fuling (ZH), Matsuhodo (JA),
wood saprobe
Sources for medicinal forest fungi
Literature
Benjamin, D.R. 1995. Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas. A handbook for naturalists, mycologists, and physicians. New York: W. H. Freeman and Co. 422 p.
Hobbs, C.L.Ac. 1995. Medicinal mushrooms: an exploration of tradition, healing, & culture. Santa Cruz, CA: Botanica Press. 251 p.
Stamets, P.; Yao, C.D.W. 2002. Mycomedicinals: an informational treatise on mushrooms. Olympia, WA: MycoMedia Productions. 96 p.
Web sites
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms http://www.begellhouse.com/ijmm/ijmm.html Commercial sites marketing medicinal fungi and information about medicinal fungi
Fungi Perfecti http://www.fungi.com/mycomeds/index.html
Mushroom Nutraceutical Products http://www.gmushrooms.com/health/index.htm
Nammex (North American Medicinal Mushroom Extracts) http://www.nammex.com/Affiliates-NAMMEX.html
Table 3. Decorative forest fungi About the data: With a few exceptions, most of these fungi are used for natural dyes. All of the forest-inhabiting fungal species that are known in the literature to be used as sources of natural dyes are listed on the assumption that the products dyed will also be sold. Ganoderma applanatum, the artist’s conk, is unique in that it is used for sketching images (the white underside darkens when scratched). Most species of mushrooms can be used for making mushroom paper, a specialty product with a niche market in greeting cards. Almost any mushroom can be dried for decorative displays. Freeze-drying preserves the shape and color of a mushroom best, but the specimens can become brittle.
Scientific Name Common Name(s) Substrate and likely mode of nutrition
Agaricus augustus The prince soil saprobe
Agaricus pattersonae None known soil saprobe
Agaricus sylvaticus Red-staining mushroom, Wood mushroom, Forest mushroom
soil saprobe
Amauroderma [species] None known wood saprobe (root pathogen)
Amylocystis lapponica, (Polyporus lapponicus), (Polyporus ursinus)
None known wood saprobe
Anthracophyllum lateritium None known wood saprobe
Apiosporina morbosa, (Dibotryon morbosum), (Plowrightia morbosa)
Black knot wood saprobe (pathogen)
Bankera fuligineo-alba, (Hydnum fragile), (Hydnum friabile), (Hydnum fuligineo-album)
Grayish white Hydnum ectomycorrhizal
Bankera violascens, (Bankera carnosa)
Fleshy Hydnum ectomycorrhizal
Boletopsis subsquamosa Kurokawa (JA) ectomycorrhizal
Boletus aereus Queen bolete, Moretti (IT) ectomycorrhizal
Boletus carminiporus None known ectomycorrhizal
Boletus edulis King bolete, Cep (FR), Steinpilz (DE), Porcini (IT)
ectomycorrhizal
Boletus hypocarycinus None known ectomycorrhizal
Boletus illudens, (Xerocomus illudens)
None known ectomycorrhizal
Boletus inedulis None known ectomycorrhizal
Boletus miniato-olivaceus None known ectomycorrhizal
Boletus mirabilis Admirable bolete ectomycorrhizal
Boletus projectellus, (Boletellus projectellus)
None known ectomycorrhizal
Boletus pulcherrrimus, (Boletus eastwoodiae)
Red-pored bolete ectomycorrhizal
Boletus rubripes None known ectomycorrhizal
Boletus spadiceus None known ectomycorrhizal
Boletus speciosus var. brunneus
None known ectomycorrhizal
Boletus subvelutipes None known ectomycorrhizal
Boletus zelleri Zeller's bolete ectomycorrhizal
Bulgaria inquinans, (Bulgaria polymorpha), (Phaeobulgaria inquinans)
Poor man's licorice, Black jelly drops wood saprobe
Chalciporus piperatus, (Boleuts piperatus), (Leccinum piperatum)
None known ectomycorrhizal
Chalciporus rubinellus None known ectomycorrhizal
Chroogomphus rutilus, (Gomphidius rutilus), (Gomphidius viscidus)
Pine spike ectomycorrhizal
Chroogomphus vinicolor Pine spike ectomycorrhizal
Clavariadelphus ligula Strap coral, Strap-shaped coral ectomycorrhizal
Clavariadelphus occidentalis
Western club coral ectomycorrhizal
Clavariadelphus pistillaris,(Clavaria pistillaris)
Common club coral, Pestle-shaped coral
ectomycorrhizal
Clavariadelphus truncatus Flat-topped coral, Truncate club coral ectomycorrhizal
Collybia acervata Clustered Collybia, Clustered coin cap
soil saprobe
Collybia iocephala, (Gymnopus iocephalus), (Marasmius iocephalus)
Purple coincap, Violet Collybia soil saprobe
Coltricia perennis, (Polyporus perennis), (Polystictus perennis)
None known soil saprobe
Coprinus atramentarius Alcohol inky cap, Alcohol inky, Inky cap
soil saprobe
Coprinus micaceus Glistening inky cap, Mica cap soil saprobe
Cortinarius armillatus Bracelet Cortinarius ectomycorrhizal
Cortinarius aureifolius None known ectomycorrhizal
Cortinarius badius None known ectomycorrhizal
Cortinarius bolaris None known ectomycorrhizal
Cortinarius brunneus None known ectomycorrhizal
Cortinarius cinnamomeus, (Dermocybe cinnamomea)
None known ectomycorrhizal
Cortinarius corrugatus None known ectomycorrhizal
Cortinarius cotoneus Scaly Cortinarius ectomycorrhizal
Cortinarius croceofolius, (Cortinarius malicorius)
None known ectomycorrhizal
Cortinarius croceus None known ectomycorrhizal
Cortinarius limonius, (Cortinarius whitei)
None known ectomycorrhizal
Cortinarius marylandensis None known ectomycorrhizal
Cortinarius phoeniceus var. occidentalis
None known ectomycorrhizal
Cortinarius sanguineus, (Dermocybe sanguinea)
Blood-red Cortinarius ectomycorrhizal
Cortinarius scaurus None known ectomycorrhizal
Cortinarius semisanguineus, (Cortinarius cinnamomeus var. semisanguineus)
None known ectomycorrhizal
Cortinarius tubarius var. luteofolius
None known ectomycorrhizal
Cortinarius tubarius var. tubarius
None known ectomycorrhizal
Cortinarius violaceus Violet Cortinarius ectomycorrhizal
Craterellus cornucopioides, (Craterellus fallax)
Horn of plenty, Trumpet of death, Black chanterelle
ectomycorrhizal
Craterellus tubaeformis, (Cantharellus tubaeformis), (Cantharellus infundibuliformis)
Winter craterelle, (Winter chanterelle), (Funnel chanterelle)
ectomycorrhizal
Cystostereum murrayi, (Stereum murrayi), (Thelephora murrayi), (Stereum tubeculosum)
False turkey tail wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Daedalea quercina Thick-walled maze polypore wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Daldinia concentrica, (Sphaeria concentrica)
Cramp ball, Carbon ball wood saprobe
Daldinia grandis, (Daldinia grande), (Sphaeria concentrica)
Cramp ball, Carbon ball, King Alfred's cakes
wood saprobe
Dermocybe californica, (Cortinarius californicus)
California red-dye ectomycorrhizal
Diplomitoporus rimosus, (Phellinus robineae), (Poria rimosa)
Cracked-cap polypore, Rimosus decay
wood saprobe
Echinodontium tinctorium Indian paint fungus, Toothed conk wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Fistulina hepatica, (Boletus hepaticus)
Beefsteak fungus, Ox tongue wood saprobe
Flammulina velutipes, (Agaricus velutipes)
Velvet foot, Winter mushroom, Enokitake (JA)
soil saprobe
Fomes fomentarius Tinder polypore, Touchwood, Punk, Hoof fungus, White spongy trunk rot, Amadou (FR), Amadouvier (FR), Ice man fungus
wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Fomitopsis cajanderi, (Fomes subroseus)
Rosy conk, Rosy polypore wood saprobe (occasional pathogen)
Fuscoboletinus paluster, (Suillus paluster)
None known ectomycorrhizal
Ganoderma applanatum Artist's conk, Artist's fungus wood saprobe (occasional bole pathogen)
Ganoderma curtisii, (Polyporus curtisii)
Stalked polypore wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Ganoderma tsugae, (Polyporus tsugae)
Hemlock varnished conk wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Gastroboletus turbinatus Bogus Boletus, Gastroid bolete, Bolete false truffle
ectomycorrhizal
Gloeophyllum sepiarium, (Gloeophyllum hirsutum), (Lenzites sepiaria)
Rusty-gilled polypore wood saprobe
Gomphidius glutinosus Glutinous Gomphidius ectomycorrhizal
Gomphidius subroseus Rosy Gomphidius ectomycorrhizal
Gomphus clavatus Pig’s ear, Pig’s ear gomphus ectomycorrhizal
Gymnopilus junonius, (Gymnopilus spectabilis), (Pholiota spectabilis)
Big laughing mushroom, Big laughing Gym, Giant Gymnopilus
soil saprobe
Gymnopilus liquiritiae None known soil saprobe
Gymnopilus luteofolius None known soil saprobe
Gymnopilus luteus None known soil saprobe
Gymnopilus penetrans, (Flammula penetrans)
None known soil saprobe
Gymnopilus sapineus Common Gymnopilus, Boring Gymnopilus
soil saprobe
Gymnopilus ventricosus Common Gymnopilus, Boring Gymnopilus
soil saprobe
Gyrodon merulioides, (Boletinellus merulioides)
None known ectomycorrhizal
Gyromitra esculenta False morel, Conifer false morel, Brain mushroom
soil saprobe
Gyromitra infula Hooded false morel, Saddle-shaped false morel
soil saprobe
Gyroporus cyanescens var. violaceotinctus
None known ectomycorrhizal
Gloeophyllum rutilans, (Hapalopilus nidulans), (Polyporus nidulans), (Polyporus rutilans)
Tender nesting polypore wood saprobe
Hebeloma mesophaeum Veiled Hebeloma ectomycorrhizal
Hericium erinaceus Lion's mane, Bearded hedgehog, Bearded tooth
Hydnellum aurantiacum, Orange Hydnellum soil saprobe
(Hydnum aurantiacum)
Hydnellum caeruleum, (Hydnum caeruleum), (Calodon caeruleum)
Blue-gray Hydnellum, Blue spine, Bluish tooth
soil saprobe
Hydnellum peckii, (Hydnellum diabolus)
Strawberries and cream, Bleeding Hydnelleum, Red-juice tooth
soil saprobe
Hydnellum pineticola None known soil saprobe
Hydnellum regium None known soil saprobe
Hydnellum scrobiculatum var. zonatum, (Hydnellum zonatum), (Hydnellum ferrugineum var. scrobiculatum), (Hydnum scrobiculatum), (Hydnum velutinum var. scrobiculatum)
Rough Hydnellum soil saprobe
Hydnellum spongiosipes Spongy-footed tooth soil saprobe
Hydnellum suaveolens Fragrant Hydnellum soil saprobe
Hydnum repandum, (Dentinum repandum)
Spreading hedgehog, Sweet tooth ectomycorrhizal
Hygrocybe calciphila, (Hygrophorus miniatus), (Hygrocybe miniatus)
Miniature waxy cap, Fading scarlet waxy cap, Vermilion waxycap
soil saprobe
Hygrocybe psittacina, (Hygrophorus psittacinus)
Parrot waxy cap, Parrot mushroom soil saprobe
Hygrocybe punicea, (Hygrophorus puniceus), (Hygrocybe coccinea), (Hygrophorus coccineus)
Scarlet waxy cap, Scarlet hood soil saprobe
Hygrophorus conicus, (Hygrocybe conica)
Witch's hat, Conical waxy cap ectomycorrhizal
Hygrophorus hypothejus Olive-brown waxy cap, Winter herald ectomycorrhizal
Hypholoma capnoides, (Naematoloma capnoides)
Conifer tuft, Smoky-gilled Naematoloma, Orange stump mushroom
wood saprobe
Hypholoma fasciculare, (Naematoloma fasciculare)
Sulfur tuft, Sulphur tuft wood saprobe
Hypholoma sublateritium, (Naematoloma sublateritium)
None known wood saprobe
Hypomyces lactifluorum, (Russula brevipes host)
Lobster mushroom fungal pathogen and ectomycorrhizal host fungus
Inocybe angustispora None known ectomycorrhizal
Inocybe maculata Brown Inocybe ectomycorrhizal
Inonotus hispidus, (Polyporus hispidus)
Hispidus canker wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Inonotus obliquus, (Polyporus obliquus), (Poria obliqua)
Pilat, Chaga, Black birch touchwood, Birch mushroom, Clinker polypore, tschagapilz(DE), crooked Schiller-porling, Kofukisaruno-koshikake (JA), sketaugen (Ojibwa)
wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Inonotus rheades, (Inonotus rickii)
Inonotus heartrot, trunk rot wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Inonotus tomentosus, (Coltricia tomentosa), (Onnia tomentosa), (Polyporus tomentosus), (Polystictus tomentosus), (Mucronoporus tomentosus)
Tomentosus root disease wood saprobe (root and bole pathogen)
Ischnoderma resinosum, (Polyporus benzoinus), (Polyporus resinosus), (Trametes benzoina)
Resinous polypore wood saprobe
Lacrymaria velutina, (Psathyrella velutina)
None known wood saprobe (from soil)
Lactarius deliciosus, (Agaricus deliciosus)
Saffron milkcap, Delicious milkcap, Orange latex milky,
ectomycorrhizal
Lactarius rubrilacteus, (Lactarius sanguifluus)
Bleeding milk cap, Red juice milk cap ectomycorrhizal
Laetiporus sulphureus, (Polyporus sulphureus)
Sulfur shelf, Chicken of the woods, Chicken mushroom
wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Leccinum manzanitae Manzanita bolete, Madrone bolete ectomycorrhizal
Lentinus torulosus, (Lentinus conchatus), (Panus torulosus), (Panus conchatus)
Smooth Panus, Conch Panus wood saprobe
Leptoporus mollis, (Polyporus mollis), (Tyromyces mollis)
None known wood saprobe
Microglossum viride, (Geoglossum viride), (Leotia viridis), (Mitrula viridis), (Clavaria viridis), (Leptoglossum viride)
Green earth tongue soil saprobe
Omphalotus olivascens, (Clitocybe illudens)
Jack-o-lantern mushroom, Western Jack-o-lantern mushroom
wood saprobe (on roots and stumps)
Paxillus atrotomentosus, (Tapinella atrotomentosa)
Velvet pax wood saprobe? ectomycorrhizal?
Paxillus involutus Poison pax, Inrolled pax wood saprobe (root pathogen) ectomycorrhizal?
Paxillus panuoides Fan pax wood saprobe
Phaeolus schweinitzii, Dye polypore, Dyer's polypore, Red- wood saprobe
(Polyporus schweinitzii) brown butt rot, Schweinitz's polypore (root pathogen)
Phellinus chrysoloma, (Fomes pini var. abietis), (Polyporus chrysoloma), (Phellinus pini)
Golden spreading polypore wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Phellinus everhartii, (Fomes everhartii), (Mucronoporus everhartii), (Pyropolyporus everhartii)
White spongy rot wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Phellinus gilvus, (Hapalopilus gilvus), (Polyporus gilvus), (Polyporus licnoides)
Oak conk wood saprobe
Phellodon alboniger None known soil saprobe
Phellodon atratus Blue-black Phellodon soil saprobe
Phellodon confluens, (Hydnum confluens)
Fused-cork Hydnum soil saprobe
Phellodon melaleucus, (Hydnum melaleucum), (Hydnum graveolens)
None known soil saprobe
Phellodon niger, (Hydnum nigrum), (Calodon nigrum)
Black tooth, Dusky cork Hydnum soil saprobe
Phellodon tomentosus, (Hydnum tomentosum)
Zoned Phellodon, Zoned cork Hydnum
soil saprobe
Phlebia incarnata, (Merulius incarnatus), (Phlebia tremellosa), (Merulius tremellosus)
Coral woodcrust wood saprobe
Pholiota albocrenulata None known wood saprobe
Pholiota aurivella, (Agaricus aurivellus), (Dryophila aurivella), (Pholiota aurivella var. cerifera), (Pholiota cerifera)
Golden Pholita wood saprobe
Pholiota flammans, (Pholiota kauffmaniana)
Flamming Pholita, Yellow Pholita wood saprobe
Pholiota malicola var. macropoda
Forgettable Pholita wood saprobe
Pholiota squarrosoides None known wood saprobe
Pholiota velaglutinosa None known wood saprobe
Phylloporus leucomycelinus, (Phylloporus rhodoxanthus var. albomycelinus)
None known ectomycorrhizal
Phylloporus rhodoxanthus Gilled bolete ectomycorrhizal
Pisolithus tinctorius, (Pisolithus arrhizus), (Pisolithus arenarius), (Polysaccum pisicarpium),
Dead man's foot, Dye maker's false puffball, Stone puffball, Bohemian truffle
ectomycorrhizal
(Scleroderma tinctorium)
Polyozellus multiplex, (Cantharellus multiplex)
Blue chanterelle, Black chanterelle, Grey chanterelle
ectomycorrhizal
Polyporus badius, (Polyporus fissus), (Polyporus picipes)
Black leg wood saprobe
Polyporus melanopus None known wood saprobe
Postia caesia, (Oligoporus caesius), (Polyporus caesius), (Tyromyces caesius)
Blue cheese polypore wood saprobe (bole pathogen)
Postia fragilis, (Oligoporus fragilis), (Polyporus fragilis), (Spongipellis fragilis), (Tyromyces fragilis)
Rusty-staining cheese polypore wood saprobe
Pulveroboletus ravenelii, (Boletus ravenelii)
None known ectomycorrhizal
Pycnoporellus fulgens, (Hydnum fulgens), (Phaeolus fibrillosus), (Polyporus fibrillosus)
None known wood saprobe
Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, (Polyporus cinnabarinus), (Polystictus cinnabarinus), (Trametes cinnabarina)
Red polypore wood saprobe
Pycnoporus sanguineus, (Polyporus sanguineus), (Polystictus sanguineus), (Trametes cinnabarina var. sanguinea)
Red fungus, Red polypore wood saprobe
Ramaria abietina, (Ramaria ochraceovirens), (Clavaria abietina)
Green-staining coral mushroom wood saprobe
Rhizopogon [species] Pogies ectomycorrhizal
Russula ventricosipes None known ectomycorrhizal
Sarcodon fennicus, (Hydnum fennicum)
Bitter hedgehog ectomycorrhizal
Sarcodon fuligineoviolaceus, (Hydnum fuligineo-violaceum)
None known ectomycorrhizal
Sarcodon fuscoindicus, (Hydnum fuscoindicum)
Violet hedgehog ectomycorrhizal
Sarcodon imbricatus, (Hydnum imbricatum), (Sarcodon scabrosus)
Hawk wing, Scaly Hydnum, Scaly tooth, Shingled hedghog
ectomycorrhizal
Sarcodon joeides, (Hydnum jonides)
None known ectomycorrhizal
Sarcodon scabrosus, (Hydnum scabrosum)
Bitter hedgehog, Scaber Hydnum ectomycorrhizal
Sarcodon stereosarcinon, (Hydnellum stereosarcinon), (Hydnum stereosarcinon)
None known ectomycorrhizal
Sarcodon subincarnatus, (Hydnum subincarnatum)
None known ectomycorrhizal
Sarcodon underwoodii None known ectomycorrhizal
Sarcodontia setosa, (Hydnum setosum)
Ochre tooth wood saprobe
Scleroderma meridionale, (Scleroderma macrorhizon)
None known soil saprobe
Scleroderma polyrhizon, (Scleroderma geaster)
Dead man's hand soil saprobe
Stropharia ambigua Questionable Stropharia soil saprobe
Stropharia aurantiaca, (Hypholoma aurantiacum), (Naematoloma aurantiacum)
Orange Naematoloma soil saprobe
Suillus americanus None known ectomycorrhizal
Suillus cothurnatus None known ectomycorrhizal
Suillus granulatus, (Boletus granulatus)
Dotted-stalk Suillus, Granulated slippery Jack
ectomycorrhizal
Suillus grevillei, (Boletus grevillei), (Suillus clintonianus)
None known ectomycorrhizal
Thelephora palmata, (Merisma foetidum), (Merisma palmatum)
Fetid false coral ectomycorrhizal
Thelephora terrestris f. concrescens
Earth fan, Fiber base ectomycorrhizal
Thelephora terrestris, (Thelephora laciniata), (Thelephora tristis)
Earth fan, Fiber base, Common fiberbase, Groundwart
ectomycorrhizal
Thelephora vialis Vase Thelephore ectomycorrhizal
Trametes versicolor, (Coriolus versicolor), (Polyporus versicolor), (Polystictus versicolor)
Turkey tail, Many-colored polypore wood saprobe
Tricholoma vaccinum None known ectomycorrhizal
Tricholomopsis rutilans, (Agaricus rutilans)
Plums and custard wood saprobe
Tylopilus alboater, (Boletus alboater)
None known ectomycorrhizal
Tylopilus atronicotianus None known ectomycorrhizal
Xerocomus badius, (Boletus badius)
Bay bolete ectomycorrhizal
Sources for decorative forest fungi
Literature
Bessette, A.R.; Bessette, A.E. 2001. The rainbow beneath my feet: a mushroom dyer’s field guide. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 176 p.
Rice, M.C.; Beebee, D. 1980. Mushrooms for color. Eureka, CA: Mad River Press. 153 p.
Web sites
Art of Mushroom Dyeing http://www.sonic.net/dbeebee/index.html International Symposia on dyeing with mushrooms http://hem.passagen.se/hjordis/