principles of fish passage design · principles of fish passage design • fishway types •...
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Martin Mallen-CooperFishway Consulting Services
Charles Sturt UniversityOzFish Unlimited
Email: [email protected]
Principles of Fish Passage Design
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• Fishway types
• Principles of fishway design:
Biology, hydrology and hydraulics
Design
1 Attraction (fishway entrance)
2 Passage
Principles of Fish Passage Design
Conclusion: It’s a team approach!
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Fishway Types
• Vertical-slot fishway
• Cone fishway
• Trapezoidal weirs
• Rock-ramp or Nature-like fishways
• Denil fishway
• Fish locks, fish lifts, trap and transport
• Downstream
Pool-typefishways
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Flow Path
Fishway Types
Vertical-slot Fishway
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Flow
High River Flow Low River Flow
Vertical-slot Fishway
Fishway Types
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Flow
Vertical-slot Fishway - variations
Fishway Types
Different: • fish • turbulence • hydrology
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Dual Vertical-slot Fishway
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Fishway Types
Cone Fishway
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Trapezoidal weirs fishway
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Trapezoidal weirs fishway
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Fishway Types
Rock-ramp or Nature-like Fishways
• Full width• Partial-width• Bypass channels
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Fishway Types
Full-width Rock-Ramp Fishway
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Partial-width Rock-Ramp Fishway
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Recessed Partial-width Rock-Ramp Fishway
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Nature-like bypass channel
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Fishway TypesDenil Fishway
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CulvertsFishway Types
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Floodgates
Fishway Types
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WEI
RFish Locks Fish Lifts
DAM
• •
8 high-level (> 7m) locks7 low-level locks
3 fish lifts
Fishway Types
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Barrier removal
Fishway Types
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Downstream migration
1. Overshot better than undershot
2. Deep downstream water better than shallow
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HYDROLOGYBIOLOGY
HYDRAULICS
Fish Passage Options
Principles of Fish Passage Design
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• Smallest fish
• Largest fish
• Biomass
• Upstream & downstream
• Migration & Flow
Biology
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No. of fish
Migrate on low flows
Migrate on flow peaks
Migrate on recession
Time
Flow
Migrate on temperature
1-in-1 year, 1-in-5, 1-in-20 year flood
Biology & Hydrology
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Biology, hydrology and hydraulics
Fishway flow: >10% of river flow
Upstream water levels
Downstream Water levelsDam
or Weir
• If levels unknown, be conservative (erosion, climate change) • Make fishway a bit longer and deeper; adjustable hydraulics
Minimum
Maximum
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Biology, hydrology and hydraulics
Dam or
Weir
Fish migration
flows
Fish migration flows
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HYDROLOGYBIOLOGY
HYDRAULICS
DepthVelocityTurbulenceDischargeRoughness
Fish Passage Options
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Hydraulics - velocity
- determines maximum water velocity
Difference in water level (“head loss”)
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Hydraulics - turbulence
Energy entering the poolPool volume
= turbulence
(Watts per cubic metre)(W/m3)
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Turbulence and velocity in fishways
Same difference in water level = same max. water velocity
This fishway is shorter and cheaper
BUT, this fishway has double the turbulence
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Results:
• wall roughness - high potential
• columns – poor potential
Turbulence and velocity in fishways Turbulence is average (Watts/m3)
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Result: • floor rocks need to be a higher density near the slot
– being applied now
Turbulence and velocity in fishways Velocity is a maximum (from head loss)
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Velocity distribution of sharp-edged slot
Result: • sharp-edged slot has a favourable velocity distribution
– being applied now
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Principles of Fish Passage Design
Biology, hydrology and hydraulics
Design
No Fish In = No Fish Out1 Fishway entrance (Attraction)
2 Passage
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Fishway Entrance
1. Upstream limit of migration2. Fishway flow easily detectable
• Quiet, low turbulence
Fishway Entrance
Path of fish
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Fishway Entrance – Physical modelling
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Fishway Entrance – Physical modelling
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Fishway Entrance – Computer ModellingComputational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
GHD – Burrum Weir Fishway Project
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Case Study – Paradise Dam, QldFishway Entrance – scope in design
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AbutmentDam axis
SpillwayDissipating basin
Outlet works Gates Bank protection
Case Study – Paradise Dam, QldFishway Entrance – scope in design
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Abutment designGate design
Dissipating basin
Gate OperationBank protection
Case Study – Koondrook Weir, Vic
• Fish passage is an integrated part of dam/weir design.• Biologist, engineer, operator on-site and a team from the start
Fishway Entrance – scope in design
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Think like a fish!
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Conclusion
• Biology, hydrology, hydraulics
• Design
1. Attraction (entrance) Design
2. Passage Design
Fishway Types • Vary in water level range, discharge & fish size; and O&M
Design process
It’s a team approach!
• Tender, site inspection, background data, workshop concepts; review, discuss, question,• Consider assumptions, risks• Never a cookbook, each solution is unique
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