principles & practice of physics

GLOBAL

EDITION

PRINCIPLES & PRACTICE OF

PHYSICS

Eric Mazur

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Pearson Education LimitedEdinburgh GateharlowEssex cM20 2JEEngland

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© Pearson Education Limited 2015

The rights of Eric s. Mazur to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Principles & Practice of Physics, ISBN 978-0-321-94920-2, by Eric

Mazur, published by Pearson Education © 2015.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, saffron house, 6–10 Kirby street, London Ec1N 8Ts.

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isBN 10: 1-292-07886-3isBN 13: 978-1-292-07886-1

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isBN 13: 978-1-292-07644-7

(Print)

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The Principles and Practice of Physics PDFebook, Global Edition

Table of Contents

Principles of PhysicsCover

Brief Contents

About the Author

To the Student

To the Instructor

Acknowledgments

Detailed Contents

Chapter 1: Foundations1.1 The scientific method

1.2 Symmetry

1.3 Matter and the universe

1.4 Time and change

1.5 Representations

1.6 Physical quantities and units

1.7 Significant digits

1.8 Solving problems

1.9 Developing a feel

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 2: Motion in One Dimension2.1 From reality to model

2.2 Position and displacement

2.3 Representing motion

2.4 Average speed and average velocity

2.5 Scalars and vectors

2.6 Position and displacement vectors

2.7 Velocity as a vector

2.8 Motion at constant velocity

2.9 Instantaneous velocity

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 3: Acceleration3.1 Changes in velocity

3.2 Acceleration due to gravity

3.3 Projectile motion

3.4 Motion diagrams

3.5 Motion with constant acceleration

3.6 Free-fall equations

Table of Contents

3.7 Inclined planes

3.8 Instantaneous acceleration

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 4: Momentum4.1 Friction

4.2 Inertia

4.3 What determines inertia?

4.4 Systems

4.5 Inertial standard

4.6 Momentum

4.7 Isolated systems

4.8 Conservation of momentum

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 5: Energy5.1 Classification of collisions

5.2 Kinetic energy

5.3 Internal energy

5.4 Closed systems

5.5 Elastic collisions

5.6 Inelastic collisions

5.7 Conservation of energy

5.8 Explosive separations

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 6: Principle of Relativity6.1 Relativity of motion

6.2 Inertial reference frames

6.3 Principle of relativity

6.4 Zero-momentum reference frame

6.5 Galilean relativity

6.6 Center of mass

6.7 Convertible kinetic energy

6.8 Conservation laws and relativity

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 7: Interactions7.1 The effects of interactions

7.2 Potential energy

7.3 Energy dissipation

7.4 Source energy

7.5 Interaction range

7.6 Fundamental interactions

7.7 Interactions and accelerations

Table of Contents

7.8 Nondissipative interactions

7.9 Potential energy near Earths surface

7.10 Dissipative interactions

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 8: Force8.1 Momentum and force

8.2 The reciprocity of forces

8.3 Identifying forces

8.4 Translational equilibrium

8.5 Free-body diagrams

8.6 Springs and tension

8.7 Equation of Motion

8.8 Force of gravity

8.9 Hookes law

8.10 Impulse

8.11 Systems of two interacting objects

8.12 Systems of many interacting objects

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 9: Work9.1 Force displacement

9.2 Positive and negative work

9.3 Energy diagrams

9.4 Choice of system

9.5 Work done on a single particle

9.6 Work done on a many-particle system

9.7 Variable and distributed forces

9.8 Power

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 10: Motion in a Plane10.1 Straight is a relative term

10.2 Vectors in a plane

10.3 Decomposition of forces

10.4 Friction

10.5 Work and friction

10.6 Vector algebra

10.7 Projectile motion in two dimensions

10.8 Collisions and momentum in two dimensions

10.9 Work as the product of two vectors

10.10 Coefficients of friction

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 11: Motion in a Circle

Table of Contents

11.1 Circular motion at constant speed

11.2 Forces and circular motion

11.3 Rotational inertia

11.4 Rotational kinematics

11.5 Angular momentum

11.6 Rotational inertia of extended objects

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 12: Torque12.1 Torque and angular momentum

12.2 Free rotation

12.3 Extended free-body diagrams

12.4 The vectorial nature of rotation

12.5 Conservation of angular momentum

12.6 Rolling motion

12.7 Torque and energy

12.8 The vector product

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 13: Gravity13.1 Universal gravity

13.2 Gravity and angular momentum

13.3 Weight

13.4 Principle of equivalence

13.5 Gravitational constant

13.6 Gravitational potential energy

13.7 Celestial mechanics

13.8 Gravitational force exerted by a sphere

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 14: Special Relativity14.1 Time measurements

14.2 Simultaneous is a relative term

14.3 Space-time

14.4 Matter and energy

14.5 Time dilation

14.6 Length contraction

14.7 Conservation of momentum

14.8 Conservation of energy

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 15: Periodic Motion15.1 Periodic motion and energy

15.2 Simple harmonic motion

15.3 Fouriers theorem

Table of Contents

15.4 Restoring forces in simple harmonic motion

15.5 Energy of a simple harmonic oscillator

15.6 Simple harmonic motion and springs

15.7 Restoring torques

15.8 Damped oscillations

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 16: Waves in One Dimension16.1 Representing waves graphically

16.2 Wave propagation

16.3 Superposition of waves

16.4 Boundary effects

16.5 Wave functions

16.6 Standing waves

16.7 Wave speed

16.8 Energy transport in waves

16.9 The wave equation

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 17: Waves in Two and Three Dimensions17.1 Wavefronts

17.2 Sound

17.3 Interference

17.4 Diffraction

17.5 Intensity

17.6 Beats

17.7 Doppler effect

17.8 Shock waves

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 18: Fluids18.1 Forces in a fluid

18.2 Buoyancy

18.3 Fluid flow

18.4 Surface effects

18.5 Pressure and gravity

18.6 Working with pressure

18.7 Bernoullis equation

18.8 Viscosity and surface tension

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 19: Entropy19.1 States

19.2 Equipartition of energy

19.3 Equipartition of space

Table of Contents

19.4 Evolution toward the most probable macrostate

19.5 Dependence of entropy on volume

19.6 Dependence of entropy on energy

19.7 Properties of a monatomic ideal gas

19.8 Entropy of a monatomic ideal gas

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 20: Energy Transferred Thermally20.1 Thermal interactions

20.2 Temperature measurement

20.3 Heat capacity

20.4 PV diagrams and processes

20.5 Change in energy and work

20.6 Isochoric and isentropic ideal gas processes

20.7 Isobaric and isothermal ideal gas processes

20.8 Entropy change in ideal gas processes

20.9 Entropy change in nonideal gas processes

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 21: Degradation of Energy21.1 Converting energy

21.2 Quality of energy

21.3 Heat engines and heat pumps

21.4 Thermodynamic cycles

21.5 Entropy constraints on energy transfers

21.6 Heat engine performance

21.7 Carnot cycle

21.8 Brayton cycle

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 22: Electric Interactions22.1 Static electricity

22.2 Electrical charge

22.3 Mobility of charge carriers

22.4 Charge polarization

22.5 Coulombs law

22.6 Forces exerted by distributions of charge carriers

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 23: The Electric Field23.1 The field model

23.2 Electric field diagrams

23.3 Superposition of electric fields

23.4 Electric fields and forces

23.5 Electric field of a charged particle

Table of Contents

23.6 Dipole field

23.7 Electric fields of continuous charge distributions

23.8 Dipoles in electric fields

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 24: Gausss Law24.1 Electric field lines

24.2 Field line density

24.3 Closed surfaces

24.4 Symmetry and Gaussian surfaces

24.5 Charged conducting objects

24.6 Electric flux

24.7 Deriving Gausss Law

24.8 Applying Gausss Law

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 25: Work and Energy in Electrostatics25.1 Electric potential energy

25.2 Electrostatic work

25.3 Equipotentials

25.4 Calculating work and energy in electrostatics

25.5 Potential difference

25.6 Electrostatic potentials of continuous charge distributions

25.7 Obtaining the electric field from the potential

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 26: Charge Separation and Storage26.1 Charge separation

26.2 Capacitors

26.3 Dielectrics

26.4 Voltaic cells and batteries

26.5 Capacitance

26.6 Electric field energy and emf

26.7 Dielectric constant

26.8 Gausss law in dielectrics

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 27: Magnetic Interactions27.1 Magnetism

27.2 Magnetic fields

27.3 Charge flow and magnetism

27.4 Magnetism and relativity

27.5 Current and magnetism

27.6 Magnetic flux

27.7 Moving particles in electric and magnetic fields

Table of Contents

27.8 Magnetism and electricity unified

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 28: Magnetic Fields of Charged Particles in Motion28.1 Source of the magnetic field

28.2 Current loops and spin magnetism

28.3 Magnetic dipole moment and torque

28.4 Ampèrian paths

28.5 Ampères law

28.6 Solenoids and toroids

28.7 Magnetic fields due to currents

28.8 Magnetic field of a moving charged particle

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 29: Changing Magnetic Fields29.1 Moving conductors in magnetic fields

29.2 Faradays law

29.3 Electric fields accompany changing magnetic fields

29.4 Lenzs law

29.5 Induced emf

29.6 Electric field accompanying a changing magnetic field

29.7 Inductance

29.8 Magnetic energy

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 30: Changing Electric Fields30.1 Magnetic fields accompany changing electric fields

30.2 Fields of moving charged particles

30.3 Oscillating dipoles and antennas

30.4 Displacement current

30.5 Maxwells equations

30.6 Electromagnetic waves

30.7 Electromagnetic energy

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 31: Electric Circuits31.1 The basic circuit

31.2 Current and resistance

31.3 Junctions and multiple loops

31.4 Electric fields in conductors

31.5 Resistance and Ohms law

31.6 Single-loop circuits

31.7 Multiloop circuits

31.8 Power in electric circuits

Chapter Glossary

Table of Contents

Chapter 32: Electronics32.1 Alternating currents

32.2 AC circuits

32.3 Semiconductors

32.4 Diodes, transistors, and logic gates

32.5 Reactance

32.6 RC and RLC series circuits

32.7 Resonance

32.8 Power in AC circuits

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 33: Ray Optics33.1 Rays

33.2 Absorption, transmission, and reflection

33.3 Refraction and dispersion

33.4 Forming images

33.5 Snels law

33.6 Thin lenses and optical instruments

33.7 Spherical mirrors

33.8 Lensmakers formula

Chapter Glossary

Chapter 34: Wave and Particle Optics34.1 Diffraction of light

34.2 Diffraction gratings

34.3 X-ray diffraction

34.4 Matter waves

34.5 Photons

34.6 Multiple-slit interference

34.7 Thin-film interference

34.8 Diffraction at a single-slit barrier

34.9 Circular apertures and limits of resolution

34.10 Photon energy and momentum

Chapter Glossary

AppendixAppendix A: Notation

Appendix B: Mathematics Review

Appendix C: SI Units, Useful Data, and Unit Conversion Factors

Appendix D: Center of Mass of Extended Objects

Appendix E: Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation Equations

Solutions to Checkpoints

Credits

Index

Table of Contents

Practice of PhysicsCover

Brief Contents

Getting the Most Out of Practice

Chapter 1: Practice FoundationsChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel

Worked and Guided Problems

Questions and Problems

Answers to Review Questions

Answers to Guided Problems

Chapter 2: Practice Motion in One DimensionChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 3: Practice AccelerationChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 4: Practice MomentumChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 5: Practice EnergyChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel


Table of Contents




Chapter 6: Practice Principle of RelativityChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 7: Practice InteractionsChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 8: Practice ForceChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 9: Practice WorkChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 10: Practice Motion in a PlaneChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel



Table of Contents



Chapter 11: Practice Motion in a CircleChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 12: Practice TorqueChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 13: Practice GravityChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 14: Practice Special RelativityChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 15: Practice Periodic MotionChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel




Table of Contents


Chapter 16: Practice Waves in One DimensionChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 17: Practice Waves in Two and Three DimensionsChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 18: Practice FluidsChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 19: Practice EntropyChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 20: Practice Energy Transferred ThermallyChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Table of Contents

Chapter 21: Practice Degradation of EnergyChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 22: Practice Electric InteractionsChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 23: Practice The Electric FieldChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 24: Practice Gausss LawChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 25: Practice Work and Energy in ElectrostaticsChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 26: Practice Charge Separation and Storage

Table of Contents

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 27: Pactice Magnetic InteractionsChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 28: Practice Magnetic Fields of Charged Particles in MotionChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 29: Practice Changing Magnetic FieldsChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 30: Practice Changing Electric FieldsChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 31: Practice Electric CircuitsChapter Summary

Table of Contents

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 32: Practice ElectronicsChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 33: Practice Ray OpticsChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





Chapter 34: Practice Wave and Particle OpticsChapter Summary

Review Questions

Developing a Feel





AppendixAppendix A: Notation

Appendix B: Mathematics Review

Appendix C: SI Units, Useful Data, and Unit Conversion Factors

Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems

Credits

principles & practice of physics

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