pricing
DESCRIPTION
steps involvedTRANSCRIPT
Presented by :Manish Mahajan20-MBA-13
Price is defined as the amount of money
which is charged by a Seller from a Buyer
for a product or for certain service.
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A company must set its price in relation to the value delivered and perceived by the customer.
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Super value High value Premium
Good value Medium value Overcharging
Economy False economy Rip off
6Price
qual
ity
I. Selecting the pricing objective
II. Determining demand
III. Estimating costs
IV. Analyzing competitors
V. Selecting a pricing method
VI. Selecting the final price7
The company first decides where it wants to position its market offering. The objective could be :-
Survival
Maximize current profit
Maximize market share
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Each price will lead to a different level of demand and have a different impact on a company’s marketing objectives.Demand and price are inversely related i.e. Higher the price, lower the demandSo, Company needs to consider :-
Price sensitivity Price elasticity of demand
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The degree to which the price of a product affects consumers purchasing behaviors.
The degree of price sensitivity varies from product to product and from consumer to consumer. 10
Shared cost (part of cost is borne by other party )
Inventory effect ( buyers can not store the
product )
Substitute awareness by buyers
Difficult comparison by buyers
End benefit ( expenditure small part of total
income )
Total expenditure ( purchase cost is insignificant
compared to the cost of end product )
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This determines the changes in
demand with unit change in price
If there is little or no change in
demand, it is said to be price inelastic.
If there is significant change in
demand, then it is said to be price
elastic.
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There are few or no substitutes
Buyers readily do not notice the
higher price
Buyers are slow to change their
buying habits
Buyers think that the higher prices
are justified13
Demand sets a price the company charge for its product and Cost sets the floor as company wants to set a price that cover there costs also.
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Fixed costs-doesn’t vary with
production.
Variable costs-varies directly
Total costs: FC+VC
Average cost-TC/production
Marketers are generally in a better position to establish prices when they know the competition’s prices; discovering competitors’ prices may be a regular function of marketing research.
Marketers in an industry in which price competition prevails need competitive price information to ensure their organization’s prices are the same, or lower than, their competitors’ prices.
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An organization may set its prices slightly above the competition to give its products an exclusive image, or it may use price as a competitive tool and price its products below those of competitors.
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The three major dimensions on which prices can be based are cost, demand, and competition.
An organization usually considers multiple dimensions. The selection of the bases to be used is affected by the type of product, the market structure of the industry, the brand’s market share position relative to competing brands, and customer characteristics.
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Markup pricing
Target-return pricing
Perceived-value pricing
Going-rate pricing
Auction-type pricing
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Markup is the difference between the cost of a good or service and its selling price
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Target return is calculated as the money invested in a venture plus the profit that the investor wants to see in return, adjusted for the time value of money. As a return on investment method, target return pricing requires an investor to work backwards to reach a current price.
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The valuation of good or service according to how much consumers are willing to pay for it, rather than upon its production and delivery costs.
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Setting a price for a product or service using the reveling market price as a basis. Going rate pricing is common practice with homogeneous products with very little variation from one producer to another does.
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English auctions
Dutch auctions
Sealed-bid auctions
Pricing methods narrow the range from which the company must select its final price. In selecting that price, the company must consider additional factors , inclosing the impact of the other activities , company pricing policies, gain and risk sharing pricing , and the impact of price in other parties
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Kotler Philip, Marketing Management , Pearson , 14e,pp 349-63
http://www.csustan.edu/market/williams/3410-21-10.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pricing
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