UPSC CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION

PRELIMS SPECIAL

1995 - 2018

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

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Geomorphology

(Earth’s Interior, Volcanism,

Rocks & Weathering)

CHAPTER LISTING

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Unit Chapter

World Geography

Physical Geography

Geomorphology

Climatology

Oceanography

Biogeography

Social Geography

Economic Geography

Indian Geography

Physical Geography

Basics of India

Physical features

River systems

Climate

Agriculture

Vegetation and Fauna

Social Geography

Economic Geography

Q 11- 25

CHAPTER LISTING

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Q 26-33

Chapter Topics

Geomorphology

Our Universe and the Solar System

Earth and its origins

Interior of the Earth

Volcanoes and Earthquakes

Types and characteristics of rocks

Weathering

Landforms formed by fluvial, Aeolian and glacial actions

L 1

L 2

Q. In the structure of planet Earth, below the mantle, the core is mainly made up of which one

of the following? [2009]

(a) Aluminium

(b) Chromium

(c) Iron

(d) Silicon

QUESTION 26

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QUESTION 26

• The structure of the earth'sinterior is made up of severalconcentric layers.

• Broadly three layers can beidentified: Crust Mantle Core.

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Interior of the Earth

QUESTION 26

• Crust is the outer thin layer with a total thickness normallybetween 30-50 km.

• Oceanic crust is thinner (5-30 km) than the continental crust (50-70 km).

• The continental crust is thicker in the areas of major mountainsystems. It is as much as 70 -100 km thick in the Himalayanregion.

• It forms 0.5-1.0 per cent of the earth’s volume.• The outer covering of the crust is of sedimentary material

(granitic rocks) and below that lie crystalline, igneous andmetamorphic rocks which are acidic in nature.

• The lower layer of the crust consists of basaltic and ultra-basicrocks.

• The continents are composed of lighter silicates—silica +aluminium (also called ‘sial’) while the oceans have the heaviersilicates—silica + magnesium (also called ‘sima’).

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The Crust

QUESTION 26

• The mantle extends from Moho’s discontinuity (35 km) to a depthof 2,900 km (Gutenberg-Discontinuity).

• The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle are calledlithosphere. Its thickness ranges from 10-200 km.

• The density of mantle varies between 2.9 and 3.3. The densityranges from 3.3 to 5.7 in the lower part.

• It is composed of solid rock and magma.• It forms 83 per cent of the earth's volume.• The outer layer of the mantle is partly simatic while inner layer is

composed of wholly simatic ultra-basic rocks.

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The Mantle

• The upper portion of the mantle which is in semi-molten orplastic state is called asthenosphere.

• It is considered to be extending up to 400 km.• It is the main source of magma that finds its way to the surface

during volcanic eruptions. It has a density higher than the crust’s.

The Asthenosphere

QUESTION 26

• Lies between 2900 km and 6400 km below earth's surface.• Accounts for 16 per cent of the earth's volume.• Core has the heaviest mineral materials of highest density.• It is composed of nickel and iron [nife].• The outer core is liquid while the inner core is solid. (their

boundary is Lehmann Discontinuity)

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The Core

QUESTION 26

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Chemical and Physical Composition of the Earth’s

Interior

QUESTION 26

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Composition of Earth Composition of Crust

QUESTION 26

SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE INTERIOR

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Direct Sources

• Surface Rocks• Deep earth mining and drilling• Volcanic Eruptions

Indirect Sources

• Geomagnetism• Seismic Activity• Meteors• Temperature and density variations

QUESTION 26

Indirect Sources

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Meteors

Material that becomes available for analysis from meteors is not from the interior of the Earth, although itis similar or same in some respects like structure and material.

Magnetic Field

Magnetic surveys provide information about the distribution of magnetic materials in earth’s interior.

Gravitational Anomalies

Gravitational anomalies (variations in recorded gravity values) indicate the layered structure and unequaldistribution of the mass of material in the Earth’s interior

QUESTION 26

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Seismic Waves

• The study of seismic waves provides a complete picture of the layered interior.• Abrupt release of energy along a fault causes earthquake. This causes a release of energy, and the

energy waves travel in all directions.• The point where the energy is released is called the focus or hypocentre of an earthquake.• The energy waves travelling in different directions reach the surface.• Earthquake waves are basically of two types —

Body waves: are generated due to the release of energy at the focus and move in all directionstravelling through the body of the earth.

Surface waves: The body waves interact with the surface rocks and generate new set of wavescalled surface waves. These waves move along the surface.

• The velocity of waves changes as they travel through materials with different elasticity (stiffness) ordensity. The more elastic the material is, the higher is the velocity. Their direction also changes as theyreflect or refract when coming across materials with different densities.

Q. In the structure of planet Earth, below the mantle, the core is mainly made up of which one

of the following? [2009]

(a) Aluminium

(b) Chromium

(c) Iron

(d) Silicon

Answer: c

QUESTION 26

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Q. Consider the following statements: [2006]

1. The Richter scale is a logarithmic scale and so an increase of 1 magnitude unit represents a factor

of 10 times in amplitude.

2. Each integer reading of the Richter scale has an energy 100 times that the previous integer reading.

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

QUESTION 27

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QUESTION 27

Earthquakes

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• A vibration or oscillation of the surface of the Earth caused byelasticity or isostatic adjustment of rocks beneath the surface.

• It is a release of energy in form of seismic waves deepbeneath the crust.

• Seismograph is the instrument used to record the earthquakewaves.

• The source of the quake is called the Focus.• The point on the surface directly above the focus is called

Epicenter.• Plate tectonic theory has been accepted as the most plausible

explanation of the causes of the earthquakes.• Disequilibrium is caused due to different types of plate

motions and consequently earthquakes of varyingmagnitudes occur.

QUESTION 27

Body Waves

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Primary (P) Waves

• Also called as the longitudinal or compressional waves i.e. particles of the medium vibrate along thedirection of propagation of the wave.

• P-waves move faster and are the first to arrive at the surface.• These waves are of high frequency and they can travel in all mediums.• Velocity of P waves in Solids > Liquids > Gases• Their velocity depends on shear strength or elasticity of the material.

Secondary (S) Waves

• Also called as transverse or distortional waves. Analogous to water ripples or light waves.• S-waves arrive at the surface with some time lag.• These waves are of high frequency waves which cannot pass through liquids or gases.• This observation led to the discovery of liquid outer core. Since S waves cannot travel through liquid,

they do not pass through the liquid outer core.

QUESTION 27

Surface Waves

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• Also called as long period waves.• They are low frequency, long wavelength, and

transverse vibration.• Generally affect the surface of the Earth only

and die out at smaller depth.• Develop in the immediate neighbourhood of

the epicenter.• They cause displacement of rocks, and hence,

the collapse of structures occurs.• These waves are responsible for most the

destructive force of earthquake.• Recoded last on the seismograph.

QUESTION 27

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Types of Earthquakes

• Tectonic earthquake: due to rockmovement along a fault line.

• Volcanic earthquake: these occur nearthe area of an active volcano.

• Collapse earthquake: occur in the areaof intense mining.

• Explosive earthquake: due toexplosion of underground explosives ornuclear weapons.

• Reservoir induced earthquake: due tohuge weight of reservoir water

QUESTION 27

How are Earthquakes Measured?

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• The Richter magnitude scale is a scale of numbers used to tell the size (energyreleased) of earthquakes.

• Charles Richter developed the Richter Scale in 1935.• It is logarithmic scale i.e. with each integer increase in scale, the amplitude

increases by factor of 10 and energy increases by a factor of 32.

Richter Scale

• Measures the intensity of earthquake (or the effects felt because of it).• Giuseppe Mercalli developed the Richter Scale in 1902 and it was modified later.• It measures earthquakes on a scale of twelve ranging from instrumental

(detected only by instruments) to catastrophic.

Mercalli Scale

Q. Consider the following statements: [2006]

1. The Richter scale is a logarithmic scale and so an increase of 1 magnitude unit represents a factor

of 10 times in amplitude.

2. Each integer reading of the Richter scale has an energy 100 times that the previous integer reading.

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: a

QUESTION 27

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QUESTION 27

Find out more about the different categories of earthquakes according to Mercalli scale.

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Find out the differences between Richter and Mercalli scale.

Q. Volcanic eruptions do not occur in : [2001]

(a) Baltic Sea

(b) Black Sea

(c) Caribbean Sea

(d) Caspian Sea

QUESTION 28

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QUESTION 28

A volcano is a opening in the Earth’s crustthrough which molten material, gases as wellas pyroclastic materials erupt.

What is a Volcano?

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• Active Volcanoes: frequent eruptions; eg:Mt. Erebus (Antarctica), Mt. Stromboli(Italy)

• Dormant volcanoes: no recent activity; eg:Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania); Mauna Kea(Hawaii)

• Extinct Volcanoes: active in distantgeological past but no indications of futurevulcanicity. Eg: Mt. Chimborazo (Ecuador)

Classifications of Volcanoes

QUESTION 28

Causes for Volcanism

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• In 1967, McKenzie and Parker suggested the theory of plate tectonics. The theory was later outlined byMorgan in 1968.

• According to this theory, earth’s lithosphere is broken into distinct plates which are floating on a plastic layercalled asthenosphere (upper mantle). Plates move horizontally over the asthenosphere as rigid units.

Plate Tectonic Theory

• Major geomorphological features such as fold and Block Mountains, mid-oceanic ridges, trenches, volcanism,earthquakes etc. are a direct consequence of interaction between various lithospheric plates.

Plate Movements

QUESTION 28

Causes for Volcanism

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• Mid-oceanic ridges (see floor spreading): sites ofearth crust formation (hence constructive) andvolcanic earthforms are common along such edges.

• Earthquakes (shallow focus) are common.• Examples: East African Rift Valley (due to divergence

of African and Somali plates); Mid-Atlantic Ridge(American Plate(s) is/are separated from the Eurasianand African Plates).

Divergent Plate Boundary (Constructive Boundary)

QUESTION 28

Causes for Volcanism

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Plate Movements

• Plates collide against each other.• The zone of collision may undergo crumpling and

folding and folded mountains may emerge. This is anorogenic collision. Eg. Himalayan Boundary Fault.

• When one of the plates is an oceanic plate, it getsembedded in the softer asthenosphere of thecontinental plate and as a result, trenches are formedat the zone of subduction.

• The subducted material gets heated, up and is thrownout forming volcanic islands.

• Thus, there are mainly three ways in whichconvergence can occur: between an oceanic and continental plate; between two oceanic plates; and between two continental plates.

Convergent Plate Boundary (Destructive Boundary)

QUESTION 28

Causes for Volcanism

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• Formed when two plates slide past each other.• In this kind of interaction, two plates grind against

each other and there is no creation or destruction oflandform. Crust is neither produced nor destroyed asthe plates slide horizontally past each other.

• In oceans, transform faults are the planes ofseparation generally perpendicular to the mid oceanicridges.

• San Andreas Fault along the western coast of USA isthe best example for a transform edge on continents.

Transform Fault Boundary (Conservative Boundary)

QUESTION 28

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QUESTION 28

Active Volcanic Regions

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Q. Volcanic eruptions do not occur in : [2001]

(a) Baltic Sea

(b) Black Sea

(c) Caribbean Sea

(d) Caspian Sea

Answer: a

QUESTION 28

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Q. Where is the volcanic mountain, Mount St. Helens located? [2005]

(a) Chile

(b) Japan

(c) Philippines

(d) United States of America

Do It Yourself

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Q. Consider the following statements: (2018)

1. The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian territory.

2. Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar.

3. The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive since

then.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3

(c) 3 only

(d) 1 and 3

QUESTION 29

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QUESTION 29

• Barren Island is the only live volcano in theIndian territory.

• The Barren Island volcano is located 140 kmNortheast of Port Blair.

• It had been dormant for more than 150 yearsbefore it started erupting in 1991 and hassince then shown intermittent activity.

Volcano in India

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Barren Island

Q. Consider the following statements: (2018)

1. The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian territory.

2. Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar.

3. The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive since

then.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3

(c) 3 only

(d) 1 and 3

Answer: a

QUESTION 29

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Q. Consider the following statements made about sedimentary rocks: [2001]

1. Sedimentary rocks are formed at earth's surface by the hydrological system

2. Formation of sedimentary rocks involves the weathering of pre existing rocks

3. Sedimentary rocks contain fossils

4. Sedimentary rocks typically occur in layers

Which of these statements are correct?

(a) 1 and 2

(b) 1 and 4

(c) 2, 3 and 4

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

QUESTION 30

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QUESTION 30

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Rocks

• Any naturally occurring organic or inorganic substances having an orderly atomic structure anddefinite chemical composition and physical properties.

• Any naturally occurring agglomeration of mineral particles forms a rock.• On the basis of mode of origin, rocks are classifies as:

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

QUESTION 30

• Formed after the cooling and solidification of molten lava coming out ofthe Earth’s interior.

• These are granular and crystalline rocks.• Are also known as Primary or Basic rocks as these are the first rocks to be

formed.• Examples: granite, basalt, peridotite etc.

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Classification of Igneous Rocks

Igneous Rocks

On the basis of mode of occurrence, igneous rocks are further classified as:• Intrusive or Plutonic rocks: cooling has been deep-seated; eg: Granite,

Diorite etc.• Extrusive rocks: cooling and solidification at shallow depth or at surface.

Eg: Basalt, Rhyolite.

QUESTION 30

• Rocks formed on the surface due to deposition and lithification of erodedmaterial of igneous and sedimentary rocks.

• These occur in layers or beds.• Found over 95% of the crust but contribute only 5% in the crustal volume.• These also contain fossils which are absent in igneous and metamorphic

rocks.

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Classification of Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary Rocks

• Sedimentary rocks are further classified as : Mechanically formed or clastic rocks: sandstones; conglomerates;

loess etc. Chemically formed rocks: such as chalk; gypsum; salt rocks etc. Biologically formed rocks: such as limestone; coal; peat etc.

• Shale, limestone and sandstone make up over 99% of all sedimentaryrocks.

SHALE

SANDSTONE

QUESTION 30

• Formed due to complete alteration inthe appearance and the composition ofpre existing igneous or sedimentaryrocks due to change in temperatureand pressure.

• Are the hardest rocks and devoid offossils.

• Metamorphism usually takes place atdepth in roots of mountains oradjacent to intrusive igneous rocks.

• Examples: Slate (from shale); marble(from limestone); quartzite (fromsandstone); gneiss (granite); schist(basalt) etc.

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Metamorphic Rocks

QUESTION 30

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Q. Consider the following statements made about sedimentary rocks: [2001]

1. Sedimentary rocks are formed at earth's surface by the hydrological system

2. Formation of sedimentary rocks involves the weathering of preexisting rocks

3. Sedimentary rocks contain fossils

4. Sedimentary rocks typically occur in layers

Which of these statements are correct?

(a) 1 and 2

(b) 1 and 4

(c) 2, 3 and 4

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer : d

QUESTION 30

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Q. Quartzite is metamorphosed from: [2001]

(a) limestone

(b) obsidian

(c) sandstone

(d) shale

Answer : c

QUESTION 31

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Q. Which one of the following types of coal contains a higher percentage of carbon than the

rest? [1999]

(a) Bituminous coal

(b) Lignite

(c) Peat

(d) Anthracite

Answer : d

QUESTION 32

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Q. Identify the correct order of the process of soil-erosion from the following: [2001]

(a) Splash erosion, Sheet erosion, Rill erosion, Gully erosion

(b) Sheet erosion, Splash erosion, Gully erosion, Rill erosion

(c) Rill erosion, Gully erosion, Sheet erosion, Splash erosion

(d) Gully erosion, Rill erosion, Sheet erosion, Splash erosion

QUESTION 33

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QUESTION 33

• The lowering and levelling of earth’s surface due to the action of exogenetic forces ( like wind,running water etc.) is called denudation.

• Denudation plays a major role in shaping the landforms on the surface of the Earth.• Denudation is influenced by following factors:

Relief or Topography Climate Rock structure Actions of Humans

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Denudation

QUESTION 15

Earth revolves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit.

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Motions of the Earth

Revolution

• Time taken is about 365 days and 6 hours to completeone revolution.

• The extra 6 hours become one extra day in a leap yearafter 4 revolutions.

Earth is closest to the Sun on 3rd January (147 million km),called as Perihelion.Earth is farthest from the Sun on 4th July ( 153 million km),called as Aphelion.

QUESTION 33

• Large-scale transportation of weathered materials by agentssuch as running water, wind, waves etc. is termed as erosion.

• Erosional processes result in formation of various erosional anddepositional landforms.

• Erosion results in loss of valuable top soil which adverselyimpacts human activities like farming and construction etc.

• Human activities may exaggerate the natural rate of top soilerosion.

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Erosion

Examples of Erosion

QUESTION 33

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Different Stages of Erosion by Water

• Splash erosion occurs when the raindrop hits the surface and impacts soil into individual particles.• Sheet erosion is the detachment of soil particles by rain drop and their removal down slope by water

flowing overland as a sheet in definite channels.• Rill erosion refers to the development of small ephemeral concentrated flow paths which function as

both sedimentary source and sediment delivery systems for erosion on hill slopes.• When erosion occurs in lines which are more than 30 cm deep then these forming channels are called

as gully erosion. .

Rill ErosionSheet Erosion Gully Erosion

Splash Erosion Rill ErosionSheet Erosion Gully Erosion

Q. Identify the correct order of the process of soil-erosion from the following: [2001]

(a) Splash erosion, Sheet erosion, Rill erosion, Gully erosion

(b) Sheet erosion, Splash erosion, Gully erosion, Rill erosion

(c) Rill erosion, Gully erosion, Sheet erosion, Splash erosion

(d) Gully erosion, Rill erosion, Sheet erosion, Splash erosion

Answer: a

QUESTION 33

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