presidential power institutional sources of presidential power –powers enumerated in constitution...
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Presidential Power
• Institutional Sources of Presidential Power– Powers enumerated in Constitution
• Behavioral or Individual Sources of Presidential Power– Power of Persuasion- Neustadt– Importance of Personality- Barber– Going Public- Kernell
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Institutional Sources of Presidential Power
• Chief of State (symbolic/ceremonial roles)• Chief Executive (appointment power,
control over executive branch/executing laws)
• Commander-in-Chief• Chief Diplomat• Chief Legislator (recommending
legislation, executive orders, veto/signing legislation)
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Individual Sources of Presidential Power
• Power of Persuasion– Richard Neustadt - Presidential Power and
the Modern Presidents
• Importance of Personality– James Barber – Presidential Character
• “Going Public”– Samuel Kernell – Going Public
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Neustadt and Presidential Power
• Way to persuade is to convince members of Congress that what the W.H. wants of them is what they ought to do for their own sake and on their authority
• Power of persuasion is the power to bargain
• Key is a bargaining game
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Neustadt Continued
• All of the players have different advantages:• President- status of office, public standing (if
high), veto, appointments, budget• Bureaucracy- since also beholden to Congress,
will not necessarily go along with what Executive wants
• Congress- hold purse strings, approve appointments
• Public- only important in approval of President and to prove that the actor cares about an issue
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Barber – Presidential Character
• Personality plays an important role in shaping presidential behavior
• Will affect whether president has persuasion powers
• Two Important dimensions:– Active/Passive- Energy towards Government
or what Government should do– Negative/Positive- How feel about the job
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Barber - Typology of 4 Types
• Active-Positive– High self esteem, oriented towards results,
adaptive– Examples- Kennedy, Truman, and FDR
• Active-Negative– Intense effort with low emotional reward,
motivated by personal ambition-– Examples- Johnson and Nixon
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Barber - Typology of 4 Types
• Passive-Positive– Try to please others, compliant with decisions by
others– Example- Reagan
• Passive-Negative– Minimal Performance, low self esteem, work out of
sense of duty– Example- Washington, Eisenhower?
• Where would we place Clinton or George W. Bush?
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Kernell – Going Public
• Definition– Strategy of appealing to the public to get
Congress to do what the President Wants
• Examples– Clinton and Health Care Reform – George W. Bush and the Homeland Security
Bill
• Evidence for its Importance– Public addresses, travel, speeches
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Going Public vs. Bargaining
• Why does Going public violate bargaining model?– Rarely includes the kind of exchanges in
bargaining theory– No benefits to members from complying with
the President- only costs if don’t comply– Entails public posturing- makes compromise
difficult– Undermines the legitimacy of other politicians
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Why Growth of Going Public?
• Growth of the welfare state– Constituencies outside of D.C.
• Modern Communications– President in News everyday– Easier to mobilize public opinion
• Decline of Political Parties- Divided Government– Hard to bargain with individual members,
especially if different party
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Implications of Going Public
• Congress will only listen if the President has high levels of approval (50% at least)
• Constant Campaign to Sway Voters
• Every White House since Carter has had an in-house pollster– Constantly track public approval of President
and opinion over the issues
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Evaluation of Theories of Presidential Power
• Presidents clearly have institutional power– However, the use of these powers have
varied over time
• Most political scientists think that Barber’s “presidential character/personality” measure is no good
• Going public vs. Bargaining