alternative power sources

8/3/2019 Alternative Power Sources

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A Review on Renewable Power Sources: Prospects

of Bangladesh and Scotland

Abul K. Azad*

Abstract

Bangladesh is experiencing a severe electric power capacity crisis that is only

likely to worsen over the next 15 years. Further, over eighty percent of

Bangladesh's population still lives with no electricity, and the rate of grid

expansion to connect rural villages is threatened by the looming capacity

shortage. There are a number of underlying reasons for the crisis, but ultimately

the country lacks the fossil fuel resources required to conduct a large scale grid-

expansion program. Recently the electricity supply deficiency is about 2000 MW

/day i.e. the total supply is 3000 MW/day within the demand of 5000MW/day.

Alternative approaches to electrifying the country must be found. This paper

outlines the prospects for wind and solar power in Bangladesh and estimates the

potential for commercial applications now and in the future. This paper also

outlines the prospect of renewable energies in Scotland and how the Scotland is

going to utilize the opportunity they have. This includes a technical assessment,

a market assessment, an environmental assessment, and a policy assessment.

________________________________________________________________________

* Abul K Azad is a Research Fellow at St. Andrews University, Scotland, UK


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The paper concludes that Bangladesh holds the potential to cost-effectively meet

a significant fraction of its future electricity demand through the use of

renewable generation technologies, possibly adding as much renewable capacity

as the current overall electric power capacity of the country. Many parts of thecountry have favorable solar and wind conditions and there are many potentially

cost-effective applications. But the country must develop a policy framework

that allows and encourages private investors to develop renewable energy

projects in order to realize the enormous potential of renewables.

Overview

Renewable energy (RE) technologies have become multi-billion dollar industry

from the realm of laboratories in recent years. At present, most of the large

International Oil Companies have started serious business with renewables.

Installed capacity of non-hydro renewable energy is already 60,000 MW [1] and

at present they are supplying about 14 percent of the total global energy demand

[2]. The World Energy Council (WEC), Shell, the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change (IPCC) and several UN bodies expect a significant share of

renewable energies in the future with major contribution from biomass, hydro,

wind and solar energy.

According to the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), major financiers of

renewable energy projects in the developing countries are non-government

organizations. In the developing countries, RE technologies are promoted by

different supporting policy or regulatory frameworks to combat greenhouse gas

emissions. But RE projects are mainly donor driven programs for rural or distant

electrification with subsidy or incentive and the market is transforming. It is

expected that some of the projects will attain commercialization without subsidy

or incentives.


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From the global experience, it has been observed that RE technologies are

economically viable for distant rural electrification program with upgrades the

living standard of the rural mass. Thus fact has also been fully endorsed by RuralElectrification Board (REB), state-own utility devoted on rural electrification in

Bangladesh since 1978. A large portion of the remote areas are not likely covered

by the grid network due to inaccessibility and low customer density. RE

technologies are considered viable alternative options for remote off-grid areas.

The socio-economic impact of the rural electrification in Bangladesh will be very

large especially in the health care, education, family planning, women

development and employment.

Renewable energy can promote energy security and price stability by

diversifying the energy supply. Currently, in the remote areas, usually diesel is

used for few hours in the evening for off-grid electrification. Bangladesh imports

diesel. It is obvious, that by substituting the diesel with RE energy can diversify

the energy mix and thereby save foreign currency.

Bangladesh is most vulnerable to

sea-level rise. The population is

already severely affected by

storm surges. It is hard to

imagine to what extent these

catastrophes would be with

accelerated sea-level rise. Figure

1 shows the probable impact of

sea level rise in Bangladesh. A three dimensional view of the country has been

overlaid with the current coastline and major rivers and potential sea-level rise

Fig. 1 Potential impact of sea-level rise on Bangladesh [2]


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of 1.5 meters. Even a very cautious projection of 10 cm rise, which would most

likely happen well before 2030, would inundate 2500 sq. km about 2% of the total

land area. Patuakhali, Khulna and Barisal regions are most at risk from sea level

rise. On average, the sea would move in about 10 km, but in the Khulna region,the sea will likely move in further. With the high end estimates, sea level rise in

Bangladesh would inundate 18% of the country by 2100. So, Bangladesh should

encourage clean renewable energies to combat greenhouse gas emissions to avert

the potential threats.

The UK and Scottish Governments are committed to significant cuts in

greenhouse gas emissions across a range of sectors to help stabilise global

warming at no more than a 2C rise. Reducing carbon emissions from electricity

generation is a key part of the Scottish Executives climate change programme,

with an ambitious target set for 40% of electricity consumption in Scotland to

come from renewable sources by 2020. Scottish Ministers have emphasised that

the Executives objective is to deliver renewables without environmental harm.

With increasing demand for electricity and the impending closures of existing

fossil fuel and nuclear electricity generating plants, questions have been raised

over the ability of renewable energy to meet our needs and reduce carbon

emissions, without compromising environmental protection in sensitive sites. In

this report, we look at the opportunities for addressing Bangladesh and

Scotlands electricity demands through renewables development and energy

efficiency, taking account of planned closures in conventional generation [3].

Renewable Energy Prospect in Bangladesh

Solar Energy:

Bangladesh is situated between 20.30 - 26.38 degrees north latitude and 88.04 -

92.44 degrees east which is an ideal location for solar energy utilization. Daily


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average solar radiation varies between 4 to 6.5 kWh per square meter. Maximum

amount of radiation is available on the month of March-April and minimum on

December-January. At present, solar energy data can be found from the

following sources:a. Renewable Energy Research Centre (RERC), Dhaka University (DU) is the only

source which has got long-term measured data of Dhaka city in Bangladesh. The

published data are average of results of hourly measurements of over three years

global (G) and diffuse (D) radiation with Eppley Precision Pyrometer.

b. Bangladesh Meteorological Department has 34 sunshine recording stations

situated generally in towns and cities.

c. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering

(BUET) and Technology, has also got time series data of Dhaka city. Apart from

the above-mentioned sources, few other organizations or institutes have also

measured time series of global radiation, direct or beam radiation, diffuse

radiation, sunshine hours and temperatures of different parts of the country. But

for meticulous estimation and simulation of different solar energy applications

several other parameters are required which are not available at the moment.

In most of the developing countries, renewable resource information is absent or

inadequate. This is one of the major barriers for wide-spread deployment of

RETs in these countries. Understanding this obstacle, United Nations

Environmental Program (UNEP) is carrying out a 3-year long Solar and Wind

Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA) project with GEF fund. The overall goal

of this project is to promote the integration of wind and solar alternatives in

national and regional energy planning and sector restructuring as well as related

policy making. The project will enable informed decision making and enhance

the ability of participating governments to attract increased investor interest in

renewable energy.


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Maps and Geographical Information System (GIS) data sets of monthly and

yearly sums of Global Radiation and of Direct Radiation covering the land areas

of Bangladesh will be made available with an expected accuracy of better than

10% with respect to the annual sum of solar radiation. The maps will be based on3 years of time series data with a time resolution of 1 hour. Bangladesh will have:

access to enhanced solar resource maps and expanded databasesincluding national validation results and expanded time series

information.

the capacity to use the data in an effective manner to facilitate solartechnology investment.

understanding of how the resource data are developed improved ability to undertake measurement programs for further

validation data

site-specific pre-feasibility studies

Wind Energy:

In Bangladesh, some early studies on wind energy prospects were made by

Professor Muhtasham Hussain of Dhaka University and his colleagues, as well as

some enthusiasts from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technologies

(BUET). The Bangladesh Meteorological Department has wind speed measuring

stations in towns and cities. Data from earlier measurements and analysis of

upper air data by CWET India show that wind energy resource of Bangladesh is

not good enough (>7 m/s) for grid connected wind parks [4]. Wind data from

Bangladesh Meteorological Department and different previous and ongoing

wind resource assessment projects are briefly described in the subsequent

sections.


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Most of the previous wind speed data in Bangladesh is available from the

Bangladesh Meteorological Department.

Some of the meteorological stations have

automatic data logging systems whichrecord wind-speed data onto paper rolls

but rest are recorded by office stuff. These

are collected and set to the Headquarters

in Dhaka where they are entered on

computer and made available at an

agreed cost to interested parties in

addition to their being used for whether

forecasting purposes. From experience

reported by those interested in wind

energy in measurements at low heights

and relatively inaccurate instruments. Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies

(BCAS) obtained and reviewed Bangladesh Meteorological Department records

with a view to establishing the prospects for wind energy and the following

information about the wind climate in Bangladesh had been found:

Wind speeds at most Met Office

stations appear to be low, with typical annual mean wind speeds of 2 to 4

knots or 1 to 2 m/s, at heights between 5 to 10 meter above ground level.

Wind speeds appear to be higher in the east of the country than the west.

Wind speeds in the coastal areas appear to be higher than inland.

Wind speed exhibits a strong seasonal cycle, lowest in the winter and

higher in the summer.

Wind speed exhibits a diurnal cycle, generally peaking at noon and

weakest at night.

Fig. 2 Map of Bangladesh showi ng annualaverage wind speed in knots [2].


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The Wind Energy Study (WEST) Project of Bangladesh Centre for Advanced

Studies (BCAS) was an attempt to collect wind-speed data through technically

sound monitoring system, since no such study had previously been done in

Bangladesh. The project was approved by Aid Management Office, Dhaka(AMOD) in September, 1995. BCAS has been provided with necessary technical

assistance and cooperation by Energy Technical Support Unit (ETSU), Harwell,

UK in the implementation of the project. Local Government Engineering

Department (LGED) helped in installation of the wind monitoring masts,

collection and dispatch of data cards from the monitoring sites to BCAS

Headquarters at Dhaka on regular basis.

Hydro Power:

Bangladesh is a riverine country with three main rivers (1) Ganges (2)

Brahmaputra and (3) Jamuna. About 1.4 trillion cubic meter (m ) of water flows

through the country in an average water year. Numerous rivers flow across the

country which are mostly tributaries of these main rivers. Out of these, 57 rivers

are transboundary which originate from India and Myanmar. Apart from the

south-eastern region, other parts of the country are mostly flat in nature. Major

rivers of the country have high flow rate for about 5 to 6 months during

monsoon season, which is substantially reduced during winter. More than 90%

of Bangladeshs rivers originate outside the country, due to which proper

planning of water resource is difficult without neighboring countries

cooperation. Downstream water sharing with India is a highly contentious issue

in Bangladesh.

In Bangladesh, the annual average rainfall is about 2,300 mm, which varies from

1,200 mm in the northwest to 5,800 mm in the north-east. Most of the rainfall (80

%) occurs during the months of May/June to September/October. In

Bangladesh, there are three types of rivers


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1. Major and medium size perennial rivers with most of the catchment area

outside the national border

2. Medium and small size seasonal internal rivers mainly tributaries and

distributaries of the main rivers and3. Small and medium both perennial and seasonal border rivers

At present only 230 MW of hydro power is utilized in Karnafuli Hydro Station,

which the only hydro-electric power plant operated by Bangladesh Power

Development Board (BPDB). BPDB is considering extension of Karnafuli Hydro

Station to add another 100 MW capacity which will add energy marginally, but

will be effective to operate it as a peaking power plant. The additional energy

will be generated during the rainy season when most of the year water is spilled.

Apart from Kaptai, two other prospective sites for hydro power generation at

Sangu and Matamuhuri river are identified by BPDB. But no pre-feasibility study

has been made so far. A brief description of these two sites is given below.

Sangu Project

This would be a new Project with an annual energy of about 300 GWh per year.

For an installed capacity of 140 MW, the annual plant factor is 23%, and it is

estimated that the plant would operate in peaking mode. However, this project

needs a detailed environmental, social and economic study in the present day

context.

Matamuhuri Project

The Matamuhuri development would be a new project of capacity 75 MW and an

approximate average annual energy 200 GWh per year. In 1992 under the Flood

Action Plan, Northeast Regional Water Management Project (FAP-6) a

preliminary assessment of selected rivers in the Northeast Region has been

carried out. The finding for the most promising rivers and sites shows that they


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suitable for development of run-off-river low head schemes. However, to obtain

the required head for generating power a weir or barrage need to be constructed

across the river channel. Based on mean monthly discharges and an assumed 5m

head the hydro potential of the 10 major and medium perennial rivers of theNortheast Region is estimated at about 161 MW of continuous power, with an

annual energy production of about 1410 GWh. These are perennial rivers with

sufficient flow for power generation throughout the year.

Biomass Power:

Biomass in the most significant energy source in Bangladesh which accounts for

70% of the total final energy consumption in Bangladesh. The main sources ofbiomass fuels are

1. Trees (woodfuels, twigs, leaves, plant residues)

2. Agricultural Residues (paddy husk, bran, bagasse, jute stick etc.) and

3. Livestock (animal dung).

Land use pattern and different biomass fuels of Bangladesh are described below

in separate subsections. Approximate land use pattern of the country is

1. Agricultural land : 64 %

2. Forests : 18 %

3. Human Settlement : 8 %

4. Water and other : 10 %

Geothermal Power:

Geothermal energy is the natural heat of the Earth. It is a renewable source of

energy if the exploration process doesnt hamper the ecosystem or emit

greenhouse gases. Geothermal reservoirs that are close enough to the surface to

be reached by drilling can occur in places where geologic processes have allowed

magma to rise up through the crust, near to the surface, or where it flows out as


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lava. The crust of the Earth is made up of huge plates, which are in constant but

very slow motion relative to one another. Magma can reach near the surface in

three main geologic areas:

1. Where Earth's large oceanic and crystal plates collide and one slides beneathanother, called a subduction zone The best example of these hot regions around

plate margins is the Ring of Fire and the areas bordering the Pacific Ocean: the

South American Andes, Central America, Mexico, the Cascade Range of the U.S.

and Canada, the Aleutian Range of Alaska, the Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia,

Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia and New Zealand.

2. Spreading centers, where these plates are sliding apart, (such as Iceland, the

rift valleys of Africa, the mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Basin and Range Province in

the U.S.) and

3. Places called hot spots-- fixed points in the mantle that continually produce

magma to the surface.

Because the plate is continually moving across the hot spot, strings of volcanoes

are formed, such as the chain of Hawaiian Islands.

There is a known hot salt water spring, known as Labanakhya, in Bangladesh at

5 kilometer to the north of Sitakunda (40 kilometer from Chittagong). Possibility

of extracting energy from this site or any other unknown sites can be

investigated by Satellite Remote Sensing or Physical Surveys.

Marine Power:

Bangladesh has got 710 km long coastal belt along the Bay of Bengal. If the

marine RETs become viable option in the future, then the country may harness

energy from marine RETs. The main marine RETs are

1. Tidal

2. Wave and

3. Oceanic Thermal Energy Conversion


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Tidal

Tidal power utilizes the twice daily variation in sea level caused primarily by the

gravitational effect of the Moon and, to a lesser extent the Sun on the world's

oceans. The Earth's rotation is also a factor in the production of tides. The normaltidal head rise and fall in the coastal region of Bangladeshi is between 2 and 8

meters. This tidal range can easily be converted to pollution free clean renewable

energy by using the simple low-cost technology of a tidal wheel in the sluice

gates. The real benefits of this technology however are that it can be applied in a

way that simultaneously enables the development of local infrastructure and

various resource producing activities such as agriculture and aquaculture along

with improved living conditions for the local people [5]. A demonstration tidalpower project is being planned in Sandwip, one of the coastal island of

Bangladesh, by ISTP of Murdoch University, Australia. ISTP has developed a

feasibility plan for rebuilding a recently damaged sluice gate with a trial paddle

wheel. If become successful, the tidal project of Sandwip can be replicated in the

other coastal areas and which will usher new light in the region.

Wave

Ocean waves represent a considerable renewable energy resource. Waves are

generated by the wind as it blows across the ocean surface. They travel great

distances without significant losses and so act as an efficient energy transport

mechanism across thousands of kilometers. Energy can be taken from waves

almost everywhere but if the waves are to small expenses will be to high. Wave

energy is stronger around the poles and around the equator the water contains

lesser potential. Any site in the world with an average wave power level of over

15kW per meter has the potential to generate wave energy at competitive prices.

It can be seen that for Bay of Bengal the value is 8 kW per meter of crest width.

So, at present Wave power is not a viable option for Bangladesh.


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Oceanic Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) utilizes the temperature difference

between the warm surface sea water and cold deep ocean water to generate

electricity. For OTEC to produce a net output of energy, the temperaturedifference between the surface water and water at a depth of 1000m needs to be

about 20C [Australian RE Website]. It can be seen that for Bay of Bengal the

temperature difference between surface and sub surface (1000m) sea water is

between 20 to 22C. So, OTEC project is expected to be feasible in the Bay of

Bengal in the future when the technology will be mature and cost of the system

will go down.

Renewable Energy Prospect in Scotland

Scotland has long been recognised as being in a unique position to exploit

renewable sources of energy. Although energy policy is a reserved power, under

the Scotland Act (1998), Scottish Ministers have devolved powers to promote

renewable resources. The Scottish Executive has therefore set a target of 18% of

electricity demand in Scotland to be from renewable sources by 2010 and an

aspirational target of 40% by 2020 [6]. Between 20002002, Scotlands annual

electricity generation was

around 50TWh, with the

majority from nuclear and

coal power stations.

Renewable generation stood

at 10% (5TWh) of the total,

and was made up largely of

hydropower sources [7]. About two thirds of Scotlands generated electricity

(34TWh) was consumed by electricity customers in Scotland in 2002. The


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remaining 16TWh (32%) was largely exported to the rest of the UK, in addition to

losses from transmission and generators own use [8].

Target for 2010

The Scottish Executive has clarified that its short-term target of 18% of electricity

from renewable sources by 2010 relates to the electricity consumed in Scotland as

opposed to the total amount generated. Scotland is expected to face a growing

electricity demand, of about 1% per year [9]. Taking this increased demand intoaccount the 2010 target equates to around 6.5TWh of renewable electricity

generation. To meet the 2010 target, the required increase in renewable electricity

generation, above that which was already available in 20002002, comes to about

1.5TWh and is expected to be almost entirely from onshore wind generation [10].

The proposed output from renewable energy projects in operation together with

those under construction or given planning consent in 2005 already exceeds this

target [11].

Target for 2020

By 2020, Scotlands annual electricity consumption could be around 43TWh if

electricity demand continues to rise at 1% per year. The 40% renewables target

for 2020 would therefore mean annual generation of 17.2TWh of renewable

electricity. It has been estimated that to deliver the 2020 renewables target of

17.2TWh will require around 6GW of installed renewables plant [12]. This is

based on the expectation that renewable energy is largely going to rely on

intermittent sources such as wind or marine, over the next few decades. The

industry standard assumes an average of 33% of the generating plants capacity

when calculating how much electricity will be produced. In January 2006, the

Fig.3 Scottish Electricity Generating Output, 2002


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installed capacity of wind farms in Scotland was 0.56GW out of a total of 1.9GW

of operating renewables capacity. A further 1.4GW of wind will be available out

of a total of 1.6GW of renewables which have planning consent or are under

construction [13]. The total built and consented renewables (3.5GW) is wellabove that required to deliver the 2010 renewables target. This leaves around

3GW of renewables still required to meet the 2020 target.

Can renewables deliver Scottish energy needs?

Scotland has considerable renewable energy opportunities with around 23% of

the total European wind energy resource, both on-shore and off-shore, as well as

a very large part of the UKs marine energy resource, a large proportion of theUK forestry biomass resource and some untapped hydro potential [15]. Given

the planning difficulties, landscape concerns and environmental issues arising

from onshore wind generation, and add the pressures to reduce coal fired

generation it is perhaps no surprise that the debate has focused on: More wind

or nuclear? Yet published evidence from the UK Government and the Scottish

Executive suggests that this is a false choice. To understand why, we need to go

back to the work that underpinned the imperative to reduce emissions.

Figure 4 shows the Scottish electricity demand and how this demand can be met

over time with the planned growth in renewables and energy efficiency [3]. In

2000, the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution proposed that over the

next 50 years the UK must

reduce its carbon dioxide

emissions by at least 60%

[16]. In the view of the

Commission, this target

was feasible and essential;


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both to demonstrate global leadership and to minimise the potential social and

environmental damage that a major change in climate would bring globally. The

views of the Commission were influential in framing the development of the UK

Governments Energy White Paper16 in 2003, which also drew on a range ofdetailed economic and market studies that examined the feasibility of reducing

greenhouse gas emissions by such magnitude [17,18]. The White Paper

concluded that the target could be met, at relatively small economic costs, but not

with current energy policies. The focus had to be on improving energy efficiency

and increasing the share of renewable resources, which would also go some way

towards alleviating concerns over security of supplies, since the UK will become

a net importer of oil and gas in the next few years. It did not set targets for the

share of energy supply by different fuels. While there are widely divergent views

on the costs and potential of different renewable technologies and the barriers to

improve energy efficiency, few informed people dispute:

The practical usable renewable resource in the UK is very large.

Energy efficiency is the most cost-effective way of meeting all four goals of UK

energy policy: reducing carbon emissions, ensuring security of supply,

maintaining competitiveness, and tackling fuel poverty.

Based on current costs, new nuclear build is unattractive as a cost-effective

means of reducing emissions. The safe disposal of radioactive waste poses

serious problems. Even the issue of dealing with 500,000 tonnes of waste from

existing nuclear power stations has not yet been resolved [19].

Renewables capacity in Scotland

The Scottish Executive commissioned a study in 2001 that considered areas of

Scotland where wind speeds were high enough to make wind generation

economically viable and then identified constraints such as sensitive wildlife and

landscape areas and MOD low fly zones. Environmental and MOD constraints


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together covered 70% of the Scottish land area. Even with these constraints,

onshore wind alone was estimated to be capable of providing around 45TWh,

which is equivalent to Scotlands entire projected electricity consumption in 2020.

Onshore wind in theory could therefore meet the 2020 renewables target ofaround 17TWh and the additional 20TWh energy gap created by planned

conventional plant closures. These figures help illustrate the general point that

there is considerable capacity for onshore wind but in practice high level reliance

on this one technology is unlikely, both because of the need to overcome the

intermittency effects of wind and the need for transmission line (grid) upgrades

and new routes. The Scottish Parliaments Enterprise and Culture Committee,

when reviewing renewable energy in 2004, concluded that the Renewables

Obligation (Scotland) the mechanism by which the Executive incentivise the

development of renewable sources had been successful in a single direction,

that of onshore wind, but was working against other renewable technologies.

This, the Committee argued, was neither sensible nor sustainable and missed the

obvious economic and environmental benefits of other renewable sources.


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Conclusion

This review demonstrates that there is considerable opportunity for Bangladesh

and Scotland to meet its renewable electricity targets, deliver significant savingsin carbon emissions whilst protecting sensitive areas of our environment. There

are many ways in which these goals can be delivered, through combinations of

different renewables technologies, grid based generation and micro-renewables,

energy efficiency and demand reduction. Government has many options which

would deliver emission reductions, of the scale urgently needed, from the

electricity generation sector whilst avoiding the risks and problems associated

with new nuclear power.

Bangladesh has got ample solar insolation throughout the country. Daily average

solar radiation varies between 4 to 6.5 kWh/m2. Maximum amount of radiation

is available on the month of March-April and minimum on December-January.

There is bright prospect for applications of solar thermal and photovoltaic

systems in the country. From the previous studies, it can be inferred that the

small wind turbines can be installed in the coastal regions of the country. LGEDs

ongoing WERM project under Sustainable Rural Energy (SRE) program is

expected to provide more valuable information regarding Wind Energy potential

of Bangladesh for larger projects. There is limited potential of small hydro power

plants in the hilly regions and existing irrigation project locations. BPDB and

Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) should work together to

implement a pilot project at any of the prospective regulating structures of Tista

Canal system. A comprehensive study should be carried out to assess the

biomass potential of the country for modern applications like gasifiers. Waste-to-

energy project should be given serious contemplation which will not only

provide electricity, but also reduce the unpleasant waste disposal problems of

metropolitan cities of the country. Recently, an initiative has been taken to


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explore the scope of integrated tidal power plants in the island of Sandwip. If the

pilot project becomes successful, similar projects can be replicated to other

coastal islands of the country. Most wanted UNEPs Solar and Wind Energy

Resource Assessment (SWERA) project will be finished by the year 2004. It isexpected that from the middle of the year 2004, energy planners or private

entrepreneurs will have clear understanding regarding the solar and wind

energy potentials at different parts of the country.

This report draws on the information available at the time and more detailed

statistics on energy use in Scotland are expected as part of the Scottish

Executives ongoing work on the Scottish Climate Change Program. We will be

urging the Scottish Executive to ensure that this information is presented in a

way that demonstrates the wide range of opportunities available to Scotland to

help cut carbon from our energy use, as described in our report, so that future

decisions on energy can be made in a fully informed manner.

References

1. Building renewable electricity supply in BangladeshFulton, L.M. Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 1997. IECEC-97.

Proceedings of the 32nd Intersociety, Volume 3, Issue 27 Jul-1 Aug 1997

Page(s):2187 - 2192 vol. 3.

2.

Assessment of Renewable Energy Resources of Bangladesh, MazharulIslam, EBook1, version 1, May 2002, pp. 1-51.

3. The Power of Scotland: Cutting Carbon with Scotlands RenewableEnergy, A briefing from RSBP Scotland, WWF Scotland and FoE Scotland,

February 2006.


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4. Global Environment Facility, Renewable Energy: GEF Partners WithBusiness For A Better World, Washington, USA, 2001.

5. Salequzzaman M., Newman P., Ellery M. and Corry B. (2000), Prospectsof Electricity in Coastal Region of Bangladesh: Tidal Power as a CaseStudy, Journal of Bangladesh Studies, vol.2, no. 1, June 2000.

6. Scottish Executive News release: Future of Renewable Energy MappedOut. 22/07/2005.

7. Figure taken from Review of the Climate Change Programme: AConsultation Scottish Executive 2004.

8. Key Scottish Environment Statistics. Scottish Executive 2004.9. Scotlands Renewable Energy Potential, Future Generation Group report,

Scottish Executive 2005.

10. Renewable Energy in Scotland: Enterprise and Culture Committee 6thReport Scottish Parliament 2004.

11. Scottish Executive Press Release 18/11/2004: Scotland on target overrenewable energy.

12. As 913. Scottish Renewables Forum Overview of Energy projects in Scotland,

January 13 2006 (http://www.scottishrenewables.com/data/reports

/060113_RenewablesSummary.pdf) .

14. Submission by the Scottish Executive to the PIU Energy Review 200115. Energy: The Changing Climate: Royal Commission on Environmental

Pollution 2000.

16. Our Energy Future Creating a low carbon future: Energy White Paper:DTI 2003.

17. The Energy Review: Performance and Innovation Unit (PIU), CabinetOffice 2002.

18. Long-term reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in the UK: IAG, UKGovernment 2002.
http://www.scottishrenewables.com/data/reportshttp://www.scottishrenewables.com/data/reports


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19. The Committee on Radioactive Waste Management (CoRWM) willreport with recommendations before the end of 2005 on how best to

manage the existing high activity radioactive waste in the long term. The

Government has stated that it will respond to these recommendations in2006.

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