presentation: waste recycling
TRANSCRIPT
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Orlando Branco
The advantages ofwaste recycling
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Introduction
Recycling is the collection, separation, clean-up and processing of waste material toproduce a marketable material or product;
Recycling can take place within themanufacturing process, eg. Paper industry;
Recycling can take place at the post-consumerstage;
Recycling employs about one million peopleworldwide and is responsible for capitalinvestment totalling around 7 billion.
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Aims To demonstrate the types of waste
recycling systems; To explain the types of waste recycling;
To analyse and compare recycled and
virgin material life cycles; To compare energy consumption and
emissions of recycled paper with virgin
paper production; To compare energy emissions savings of
recycling with virgin production;
To examine three successful case studies.
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Types of recycling systems
Bring system involves the segregation ofrecyclable materials from household wasteby the public and delivery to a collection
site, eg. Bottle and paper banks; Collect system involves house-to-house
kerbside collection of recyclable materials;
Centralised materials recycling facility The household waste is brought to acentral plant for reclamation and recycling.
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Recycling systems
Bring system has the advantage of beinglow in capital costs, easily accessible andcan provide an easy method of
segregating clean readily marketablematerials;
Collect system provides convenience for
the householder and as a result higherrecovery rates of recyclable materials. Forexample, glass collection rates can be upto 71% and paper 67%;
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Recycling systems
Centralised materials recycling facilitiessegregate material streams and processbetween three and eight components ofparticular materials which may beseparated or mixed;
Such facilities handle clean waste andconsequently contamination levels are low
and recovery rates are high. For example,general commercial office waste maycontain levels of paper over 80% byweight.
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Types of waste recycling
Recycling paper can reduce water use by almost60%;
Recycling can reduce energy consumption by40%;
Recycling can decrease air pollution by 74% andwater pollution by 35%;
For countries without significant domesticsources of pulpwood, the main advantage of
recycling paper is to reduce the need forimported pulp. For example, recycled materialcurrently provides a high proportion of fibre usedto make paper and board in Netherlands 69%,Denmark 66%, Spain 55% and UK 53%.
Paper
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Types of waste recycling
Glass recycling reduces the requirement
for raw materials (each tonne of cullet
saves 1.2 tonnes of raw materials such as
sand, soda ash and limestone);
Cullet (waste glass) is cheaper than the
equivalent amount of raw materials and
also saves energy in glass manufacturesince recycled glass melts at a lower
temperature than the raw material;
Glass
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Types of waste recycling
Increasing the amount of cullet can resultin a 15% saving in energy. When usingraw materials, 15% of the weight of input
is lost as waste gases out, while usingcullet, there are no gases. Water used inthis process is reduced by up to 50%;
Up to 80% of glass cullet can beaccepted into the glass making and thereis no limit to the number of times thatglass can be recycled.
Glass
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Types of waste recycling
Pos-industrial plastic waste is well established
and economically viable, since such material is
normally single polymer and is clean, therefore
the reprocessing is a straightforward operation; Recycled plastics can be used either to replace
virgin polymers or can be reprocessed as mixed
plastics to produce wood substitute materials;
Recycled plastics can be used in cases whichaesthetics are unimportant. For example, pipes
or ducting can be made from polyethylene or
PVC and are likely to be buried or hidden.
Plastics
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Types of waste recycling
Making iron and steel from suitable scrap
metal saves about 75% of energy,enormous amounts of left over mine spoil
and huge quantities of water used to make
the steel;
Recycling one tonne of steel saves 900 kg
of raw material;
Metals
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Types of waste recycling
Aluminium can be recycled almost 100%. Thissaves more than 90% of energy costs. It alsosaves tropical rainforests areas where most of
this resource comes from. The forest is clearedand a highly red mud is left behind after miningbauxite (the ore which aluminium is made);
Aluminium can be continuously recycled since
there is no loss of quality during the recycling orre-melting process;
The recycling rates for aluminium are high. Forexample, drink cans 41%, building and
construction 85%, and automotive industry 95%.
Metals
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Types of waste recycling
Textiles that cannot be reused can be recycled.Some fibres wool, cotton and acrylic can be
respun to make new textiles for coats andblankets;
Other textiles are recycled into products likeroofing felt, wiping cloths and stuffing for
upholstery; The use of recycled fibres can save energy in
the region of 50% compared with the use ofvirgin fibre.
Textiles
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Types of waste recycling
Scrap tyres are used by the crumbing sector.For example, after removal of the steel wire the
remaining material is granulated and then usedin brake linings, car bumpers, carpet backingand underlay, sports and playground surfaces;
The retreading of tyres is another way of
recycling. One of the largest users of remouldedtyres is the aircraft industry that remoundsaircraft tyres two or three times;
Approximately 24% of all scrap tyres are now
remoulded.
Tyres
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Recycled x virgin material
Life cycle
Figure 1 Life-cycle assesment for recycled and virgin materials (Williams, 2005)
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Recycled x virgin material
Energy consumption and emissions
Table 1 Recycled and virgin paper Energy consumption and emissions (Williams, 2005)
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Recycled x virgin materialEnergy and emissions savings
Table 2 Energy and emissions of recycling and virgin production (Williams, 2005)
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Case Study 1 - Denmark Aarhus in Denmark has a population of 282,000
people; The overall recycling rates achieves 64%;
Garden waste recycling rates: ~100%;
Industrial and commercial waste recycling rates:56%;
Construction and demolition waste recycling rates:93%;
Collection system: based on a network of streetcontainers (1container x 430 people);
Civic amenity sites where householders candispose of waste.
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Case Study 2 - Germany
Wiesbaden in Germany has a population
of 267,000 people;
Of the 91,000 tonnes of waste produced
each year, 43,500 tonnes are recycled;
Waste recycling rates: 48%;
Recycling scheme: based on collection, anetwork of containers at recycling points
and recycling centres.
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Case Study 3 - UK
Project Integra in the county of Hampshire;
Total population: 1.6 million;
Around 850,000 tonnes per year of wastegenerated;
Recycling rate: 24%;
Recycling scheme: Kerbside collection
(90% coverage of households), theremaining is recycled through wasterecycling centres.
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Conclusions Commercial recycling schemes save vast
amounts of waste from industrial enterprises; Reduce the amount of land required for
landfilling thereby reducing the risk of pollution;
Save energy in comparison with production fromvirgin raw materials. Saving energy helps toreduce all the problems associated with energygeneration: acid rain, smog, radioactive pollutionfrom nuclear accidents, flooding of valleys for
huge hydro-electric power schemes; Minimise pollution and reduce environmental
damage caused by extraction (e.g. mining) andsupply of raw materials;
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Conclusions
Conserve resources and raw materials. This hastwo benefits in that many raw material reservesare finite and the extraction of such resourcescan be destructive to the environment;
Potential energy savings from using scrapmaterials instead of virgin ones: Glass 22%,paper 70%, aluminium 96%, steel 74% andpolyethylene 97%;
Glass, plastic and metals can be melted andreshaped. Paper can be pulped and made intonew paper. Organic waste can be composted.Textiles can be unwoven and into new cloth.
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References Finch, S., 1992. Dont through it all away! Friends of the
Earths guide to waste reduction and recycling. London :Earth Trust.
Parker, S., 1997. Waste, recycling and re-use. Suffolk :Wayland.
Reidy, R., 1996. Solid waste recycling Municipal solidwaste recycling in western Europe to 1996. Oxford :Elsevier.
Smosarski, G., 1995. Material recycling Turning wasteinto valuable raw materials Financial Times
management reports. London : Pearson. Waite, R., 1995. Household waste recycling. London :
Earthscan.
Williams, P.T., 2005. Waste treatment and disposal. 2nded. Chichester : Wiley.