PRESENTATION PRESENTATION

ON ON

FOREST ECOSYSTEM FOREST ECOSYSTEM PRESENTED BY :-PRESENTED BY :-

1)1) Kapil Kulshrestha ( Roll No.19)Kapil Kulshrestha ( Roll No.19)2)2) Amit Kumar (Roll No.7)Amit Kumar (Roll No.7)

3)3) Nikhil Ranjan Kr. Ratanman (Roll No.23)Nikhil Ranjan Kr. Ratanman (Roll No.23)

NILGIRI BIOSPHERE NILGIRI BIOSPHERE RESERVE(NBR)RESERVE(NBR)

Area = 5520 kmArea = 5520 km22 Included in UNESCO’s Man and the Included in UNESCO’s Man and the

Biosphere Programme in 2000.Biosphere Programme in 2000. NBR contains NBR contains - Dry scrub, dry and moist deciduousDry scrub, dry and moist deciduous- Semi-evergreen and wet evergreen forestsSemi-evergreen and wet evergreen forests- Two endangered species- the niligiri tahrTwo endangered species- the niligiri tahr and the lion-tailed Macaqueand the lion-tailed Macaque

Why do different regions have Why do different regions have different biomes?different biomes?

Major reasons:-Major reasons:-1.1. TemperatureTemperature2.2. PrecipitationPrecipitation

The mean value of The mean value of temperature and temperature and precipitation precipitation determines the kind of determines the kind of biomes in an area. biomes in an area.

Climate, plants and Climate, plants and animal species of region animal species of region varies with latitude and varies with latitude and longitude.longitude.

The unique thing is that The unique thing is that every species has every species has adapted to the climate adapted to the climate and has found its niche and has found its niche in the community.in the community.

WORLD LAND USE PATTERN(FAO IN WORLD LAND USE PATTERN(FAO IN MILLER,2004)MILLER,2004)

BIOME TYPEBIOME TYPE % OF LAND% OF LAND

FORESTFOREST 3232

RANGELAND& RANGELAND& PASTUREPASTURE

2626

DESERTDESERT 2020

CROPLANDCROPLAND 1111

TUNDRA & WETLANDSTUNDRA & WETLANDS 0909

URBAN AREASURBAN AREAS 0202

TOTALTOTAL 100100

Types of forestsTypes of forests

Tropical rainforests Tropical rainforests – hot & – hot & humid regionhumid region

-Annual rainfall- 2000 to 4500 -Annual rainfall- 2000 to 4500 mm.mm.

- Found in south and central - Found in south and central America, Western & Central America, Western & Central Africa, South East Asia, and Africa, South East Asia, and some islands of Indian & some islands of Indian & Pacific Oceans.Pacific Oceans.

- Tropical forests are - Tropical forests are considered important considered important because it helps in because it helps in recycling recycling waterwater..

personal.monm.edu/.../tropical-rainforest.jpg

Temperate forestsTemperate forests

Cold in winter and Cold in winter and warm & humid in warm & humid in summer.summer.

Annual rainfall is 750-Annual rainfall is 750-2000 mm2000 mm

Soil is richSoil is rich Found in western and Found in western and

Central Europe, eastern Central Europe, eastern Asia and eastern North Asia and eastern North America.America.

ewww.davidsuzuki.org/files/Forests/rivermeand

Coniferous forestsConiferous forests

Many coniferous trees Many coniferous trees are found in this region are found in this region like spruce, fir, pine etc.like spruce, fir, pine etc.

Found in northern parts Found in northern parts of Northern America, of Northern America, Europe and Asia.Europe and Asia.

The soil in these forests The soil in these forests is acidic and humus-rich.is acidic and humus-rich.

www.idiotica.com/.../images/coniferous.jpg

New projectNew project The The Forest Ecosystem Dynamics (FED)Forest Ecosystem Dynamics (FED) Project is Project is

concerned with modeling and monitoring ecosystem concerned with modeling and monitoring ecosystem processes and patterns in response to natural and processes and patterns in response to natural and anthropogenic effects. The project uses coupled anthropogenic effects. The project uses coupled ecosystem models and remote sensing models and ecosystem models and remote sensing models and measurements to predict and observe ecosystem measurements to predict and observe ecosystem change. The overall objective of the FED project is to change. The overall objective of the FED project is to link and use models of forest dynamics, soil link and use models of forest dynamics, soil processes, and canopy energetics to understand how processes, and canopy energetics to understand how ecosystem response to change affects patterns and ecosystem response to change affects patterns and processes in northern and boreal forests and to assess processes in northern and boreal forests and to assess the implications for global change.the implications for global change.

STATE OF FORESTS IN INDIASTATE OF FORESTS IN INDIA As per report 2003 of Forest survey of India ,Dehradun As per report 2003 of Forest survey of India ,Dehradun

the forest cover in the country is 678,333 sq.km & the forest cover in the country is 678,333 sq.km & constitutes 20.63% of its geographical area.constitutes 20.63% of its geographical area.

Dense forest contributes 390,564sq.km(11.88%) & open Dense forest contributes 390,564sq.km(11.88%) & open forest 287,769(8.75%).forest 287,769(8.75%).

In India M.P with 76429 sq.km of forest cover has the In India M.P with 76429 sq.km of forest cover has the maximum forest among all States/UT’s followed by AP maximum forest among all States/UT’s followed by AP & Chandigarh.& Chandigarh.

TREND ANALYSIS OF FOREST TREND ANALYSIS OF FOREST GROWTH IN INDIAGROWTH IN INDIA (ALL FIGURES IN Sq. km) (ALL FIGURES IN Sq. km)

633,397637,293

675,538 678,333

610,000

620,000

630,000

640,000

650,000

660,000

670,000

680,000

1997 1999 2001 2003

FORESTCOVER

AS per ministry of Environment and AS per ministry of Environment and forest ,the total area covered under forest is forest ,the total area covered under forest is 757010 Sq.km which is 23.03% of total 757010 Sq.km which is 23.03% of total geographical area of the country.geographical area of the country.

As per 10As per 10thth plan Government has targeted to plan Government has targeted to enlarge the forest cover to 25% of enlarge the forest cover to 25% of geographical area by 2007 and 33% by 2012. geographical area by 2007 and 33% by 2012.

TYPES OF FORESTS IN INDIATYPES OF FORESTS IN INDIA

80% of Indian forest is 80% of Indian forest is of four types.of four types.

Forest Forest type type

Area in Area in India India

PlacePlace

Tropical Tropical moist deci.moist deci.

37%37% MP,GUJRMP,GUJRAT,MAHAT,MAHA.A.

TROPICATROPICAL DRY L DRY DECI.DECI.

28%28% HIMALAHIMALAYA TO YA TO KANYAKKANYAKUMARIUMARI

SUBTROPSUBTROPICAL ICAL PINEPINE

7%7% HIMALAHIMALAYASYAS

INDIAN FOREST SURVEY

Impact of human activities and Impact of human activities and natural forces on the forest of Indianatural forces on the forest of India

Clearing and burning of the forests for Clearing and burning of the forests for agriculture,cattle rearing and timber extraction.agriculture,cattle rearing and timber extraction.

Clear cutting and conversion of forest land in hilly Clear cutting and conversion of forest land in hilly areas for agriculture,plantation and housing.areas for agriculture,plantation and housing.

Forests affected by acid deposition originating from Forests affected by acid deposition originating from industries.industries.

Pesticides spraying to control insects in forest Pesticides spraying to control insects in forest plantation leads to poisoning all the way up the food plantation leads to poisoning all the way up the food chain and unintended loss of species.chain and unintended loss of species.

Contd…Contd…

Dams build in forest areas for hydropower and Dams build in forest areas for hydropower and water drown huge areas ,destroying species and water drown huge areas ,destroying species and depriving people of their land.depriving people of their land.

In wilderness areas like the Arctic ,oil In wilderness areas like the Arctic ,oil exploration and military activities disrupt the exploration and military activities disrupt the ecosystem ,contaminating areas and lead to ecosystem ,contaminating areas and lead to decline of species.decline of species.

The harvesting of old growth forests destroys The harvesting of old growth forests destroys crucial habitat for endangered species.crucial habitat for endangered species.

GRASSLANDSGRASSLANDS

Grasslands are regions where average Grasslands are regions where average precipitation is high(250-1500mm) for grass precipitation is high(250-1500mm) for grass and for trees to grow.and for trees to grow.

Rainfall are erratic and uncertain in these Rainfall are erratic and uncertain in these regions.regions.

Regions found is central &south America,sub Regions found is central &south America,sub equitorial Africa &south Australia ,South equitorial Africa &south Australia ,South India.India.

Soils rich and deep ideal for grasses.Soils rich and deep ideal for grasses.

Contd…Contd…

Used as grasslands for grazing livestock.Used as grasslands for grazing livestock.

Savanas are tropical grasslands with widely Savanas are tropical grasslands with widely scattered clumps of low trees.scattered clumps of low trees.

Large scale conversion of grasslands into Large scale conversion of grasslands into croplands as they are well suited to agriculture.croplands as they are well suited to agriculture.

DESERTDESERT

A desert is a landscape form or region that A desert is a landscape form or region that receives very little precipitation.receives very little precipitation.

<250 mm per annum.<250 mm per annum.

It covers 1/5It covers 1/5thth of earth’s land surface. of earth’s land surface. Most of the deserts are composed of sand Most of the deserts are composed of sand

(ergs) and rocky surface (reg).(ergs) and rocky surface (reg). Other deserts known as cold desert is fully Other deserts known as cold desert is fully

covered by ice and almost no vegetation.covered by ice and almost no vegetation. Temperature ranges from 50 degree C to Temperature ranges from 50 degree C to

nearly zero level within a single day. nearly zero level within a single day. These have high biodiversity. Plants and These have high biodiversity. Plants and

animals have different morphological and animals have different morphological and anatomical modifications to reduce water loss anatomical modifications to reduce water loss from the body.from the body.

Water budgetWater budget =P-PE(+/-)S =P-PE(+/-)S

where where P = precipitationP = precipitation

PE = potential evaporationPE = potential evaporation

S = amount of surface storage of S = amount of surface storage of waterwater

If PE exceeds enormously from P then a dry If PE exceeds enormously from P then a dry condition prevails and if it continues then condition prevails and if it continues then deserts get formed. deserts get formed.

Types of desertsTypes of desertsHot desertHot desert Formed of ergs or regsFormed of ergs or regs Water is very scarce.Water is very scarce. Temperature is very high during day and very low at Temperature is very high during day and very low at

night.night. Vegetations known as ‘xerophytes’ have Vegetations known as ‘xerophytes’ have

modifications like pulpy stem to store water and wax modifications like pulpy stem to store water and wax covered thorny leaves to reduce transpiration. The covered thorny leaves to reduce transpiration. The roots are very long to reach the water table.roots are very long to reach the water table.

Animals such as reptiles, rodents, wolves etc hide Animals such as reptiles, rodents, wolves etc hide themselves in daylight and come out at night. themselves in daylight and come out at night.

Contd…Contd…Cold desertsCold deserts Commonly known as ‘tundra’Commonly known as ‘tundra’ Land is covered by a thick layer of ice.Land is covered by a thick layer of ice. Whatever falls remain frozen.Whatever falls remain frozen. Vegetation is very on the surface.Vegetation is very on the surface. The leaves are covered by wax.The leaves are covered by wax. Animals have thick layer of fat under the skin Animals have thick layer of fat under the skin

and a fur coating above it.and a fur coating above it.

The The Thar desertThar desert Third largest desert in the world.Third largest desert in the world. Most populous desert.Most populous desert. Spread over four states in India and two in Spread over four states in India and two in

Pakistan.Pakistan. Annual rainfall is 100-500mmAnnual rainfall is 100-500mm The only river in the region is Ghaggar.The only river in the region is Ghaggar. shrubs and grasses likeshrubs and grasses like babul babul, , khejrakhejra and trees and trees

like like berber are found. are found. Many reptiles and snakes are endemic to the Many reptiles and snakes are endemic to the

region also.region also.

Importance for manImportance for man

We think desert as a non arable waste land but it We think desert as a non arable waste land but it contains lot of minerals which can be contains lot of minerals which can be harvested by making judicial use of it.harvested by making judicial use of it.

The top soil is fertile but very susceptible to The top soil is fertile but very susceptible to erosion. It can be saved by afforestation.erosion. It can be saved by afforestation.

Minerals like silica, gypsum, borates are very Minerals like silica, gypsum, borates are very commonly found.commonly found.

It’s a very big area which should be converted It’s a very big area which should be converted into arable.into arable.

MOUNTAINSMOUNTAINS

Mountain is a landform that extends above the Mountain is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain in a limited area.surrounding terrain in a limited area.

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Mountains cover 20% of the land area.Mountains cover 20% of the land area.

Going up the mountain is similar to moving Going up the mountain is similar to moving from equator to north pole.from equator to north pole.

Mountain are the reservoirs of water.Mountain are the reservoirs of water.

A big bank of biodiversity.A big bank of biodiversity.

HIMALAYAHIMALAYA

It is the highest mountain range.It is the highest mountain range. Flora fauna of himalayas varies with the Flora fauna of himalayas varies with the

altitudes. Like lowland forests to alpine trees.altitudes. Like lowland forests to alpine trees. It is the energy bank in terms of wind energy It is the energy bank in terms of wind energy

and hydro energy almost all rivers of north and hydro energy almost all rivers of north india originates from himalayas.india originates from himalayas.

sourcesource

www.google.comwww.google.com www.wikipedia.orgwww.wikipedia.org Forest survey of India Forest survey of India