presentation downloadable from tececo tec-cement concretes – abatement, strength, durability and...
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Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
TecEco Tec-Cement Concretes – Abatement, Strength, Durability and Waste
Utilization in the Built Environment
TecEco Tec-Cement Concretes – Abatement, Strength, Durability and Waste
Utilization in the Built Environment
Our slides are deliberately verbose as most people download and view them from the net. Because of time constraints I will have to race over some slides John Harrison B.Sc. B.Ec. FCPA.
If we can make materials that take less than half as much energy, last more than twice as long (are more durable) and have a use when they are retired then we are almost there in terms of sustainability.
Abatement Strength
Durability
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TecEco Binder SystemsTecEco Binder Systems
Hydration of the various components of Portland cement for strength.
SUSTAINABILITY
DURABILITY STRENGTHTECECO CEMENTS
Reaction of alkali with pozzolans (e.g. lime with fly ash.) for sustainability, durability and strength.
Hydration of magnesia => brucite for strength, workability, dimensional stability and durability. In Eco-cements carbonation of brucite => nesquehonite, lansfordite and an amorphous phase for sustainability.
PORTLAND POZZOLAN
REACTIVE MAGNESIA
TecEco concretes are a system of blending reactive magnesia, Portland cement and usually a pozzolan with other materials and are a key factor for sustainability.
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The Magnesium Thermodynamic CycleThe Magnesium Thermodynamic Cycle
An alkaline environment in which silicates form
Thermal decomposition MgCO3 MgO + CO2 ΔH = 118.28 kJ.mol-1 ΔG = 65.92 kJ.mol-1
Carbonation Mg(OH)2 + CO2 + 2H2O MgCO3.3 H2O ΔH = -175.59 kJ.mol-1 ΔG = -38.73 kJ.mol-1
Hydration MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2 ΔH = -81.24 kJ.mol-1 ΔG = -35.74 kJ.mol-1
Reactive phase
TOTAL CALCINING ENERGY (Relative to MgCO3) Theoretical = 1480 kJ.Kg-1 With inefficiencies = 1948 kJ.Kg-1 Nesquehonite
? Representative of other hydrated mineral carbonates including an amorphous phase and lansfordite Magnesite*
Magnesia
Dehydration
CO2
Brucite*
Eco-Cements
Tec and Enviro-Cements
CO2
CO2 CaptureNon fossil fuel energy
Calcination
We think this cycle is relatively independent of other constituents
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Strength with Blend & PorosityStrength with Blend & Porosity
0
50
100
150
100-150
50-100
0-50
High OPC High Magnesia
High Porosity
STRENGTH ON ARBITARY SCALE 1-100
Tec-cement concretes
Eco-cement concretes
Enviro-cement concretes
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Many Engineering Issues are Actually Mineralogical Issues
Many Engineering Issues are Actually Mineralogical Issues
Problems with Portland cement concretes are usually resolved by the “band aid” engineering fixes. e.g.– Use of calcium nitrite, silanes, cathodic protection or
stainless steel to prevent corrosion.– Use of coatings to prevent carbonation.– Crack control joins to mitigate the affects of shrinkage
cracking.– Plasticisers to improve workability.
Portlandite and water are the weakness of concrete– TecEco remove Portlandite it and replacing it with
magnesia which hydrates to Brucite.– The hydration of magnesia consumes significant
water
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TecEco Binder TheoryTecEco Binder Theory
Portlandite (Ca(OH)2) is too soluble, mobile and reactive.– It carbonates, reacts with Cl- and SO4
- and being soluble can act as an electrolyte.
TecEco generally (but not always) remove Portlandite using the pozzolanic reaction and
TecEco add reactive magnesia– which hydrates, consuming significant water and
concentrating alkalis forming Brucite which is another alkali, but much less soluble, mobile or reactive than Portlandite.
In Eco-cements brucite carbonates
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Why Add Reactive Magnesia?Why Add Reactive Magnesia? To maintain the long term stability of CSH.
– Maintains alkalinity preventing the reduction in Ca/Si ratio. To remove water.
– Reactive magnesia consumes water as it hydrates to possibly hydrated forms of Brucite.
To raise the early Ph.– Increasing non hydraulic strength giving reactions
To reduce shrinkage.– The consequences of putting brucite through the matrix of a
concrete in the first place need to be considered. To make concretes more durable Because significant quantities of carbonates are
produced in porous substrates which are affective binders.
Reactive MgO is a new tool to be understood with profound affects on most properties
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TecEco FormulationsTecEco Formulations Tec-cements (5-15% MgO, 85-95% OPC)
– contain more Portland cement than reactive magnesia. Reactive magnesia hydrates in the same rate order as Portland cement forming Brucite which uses up water reducing the voids:paste ratio, increasing density and possibly raising the short term pH.
– Reactions with pozzolans are more affective. After all the Portlandite has been consumed Brucite controls the long term pH which is lower and due to it’s low solubility, mobility and reactivity results in greater durability.
– Other benefits include improvements in density, strength and rheology, reduced permeability and shrinkage and the use of a wider range of aggregates many of which are potentially wastes without reaction problems.
Eco-cements (15-95% MgO, 85-5% OPC)– contain more reactive magnesia than in tec-cements. Brucite in porous
materials carbonates forming stronger fibrous mineral carbonates and therefore presenting huge opportunities for waste utilisation and sequestration.
Enviro-cements (5-15% MgO, 85-95% OPC)– contain similar ratios of MgO and OPC to eco-cements but in non porous
concretes brucite does not carbonate readily.– Higher proportions of magnesia are most suited to toxic and hazardous waste
immobilisation and when durability is required. Strength is not developed quickly nor to the same extent.
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Tec-Cement ReactionsTec-Cement Reactions
MgO + H2O => Mg(OH)2.nH2O - water consumption resulting in greater density and higher alkalinity.
Higher alkalinity => more reactions involving silica & alumina.
Mg(OH)2.nH2O => Mg(OH)2 + H2O – slow release water for more complete hydration of PC
MgO + Al + H2O => 3MgO.Al.6H2O ??? – equivalent to flash set??
MgO + SO4-- => various Mg oxy sulfates ?? –
yes but more likely ettringite reaction consumes SO4
-- first.
MgO + SiO2 => MSH ?? Yes but high alkalinity required. Strength??
We think the reactions are relatively independent of PC reactions
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The Form of MgO Matters - Lattice Energy Destroys a Myth
The Form of MgO Matters - Lattice Energy Destroys a Myth
Magnesia, provided it is reactive rather than “dead burned” (or high density, crystalline periclase type), can be beneficially added to cements in excess of the amount of 5 mass% generally considered as the maximum allowable by standards prevalent in concrete dogma.– Reactive magnesia is essentially amorphous magnesia with low
lattice energy.– It is produced at low temperatures and finely ground, and– will completely hydrate in the same time order as the minerals
contained in most hydraulic cements. Dead burned magnesia and lime have high lattice
energies– Crystalline magnesium oxide or periclase has a calculated lattice
energy of 3795 Kj mol-1 which must be overcome for it to go into solution or for reaction to occur.
– Dead burned magnesia is much less expansive than dead burned lime in a hydraulic binder (Ramachandran V. S., Concrete Science, Heydon & Son Ltd. 1981, p 358-360 )
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More Rapid and Greater Strength DevelopmentHigher Strength Binder Ratio
More Rapid and Greater Strength DevelopmentHigher Strength Binder Ratio
Early strength gain with less cement and added pozzolans is of great economic and environmental importance as it will allow the use of more pozzolans.
Tec – Cement Concrete with 10% reactive magnesia
OPC Concrete
HYPOTHETICAL TEC-CEMENT STRENGTH GAIN CURVE MPa
Log Days Plastic Stage
? ?
?
?
7 14 28 3
Concretes are more often than not made to strength. The use of tec-cement results in
– 15-30% more strength or less binder for the same strength.– more rapid early strength development even with added
pozzolans.– Straight line strength development for a long time
We have observed this sort of curve in over 300 cubic meters of concrete now
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Tec-Cement Strength DevelopmentTec-Cement Strength Development3 14.365 18.095 19.669 5.5163 16.968 19.44 20.196 6.6569 19.466 20.877 13.39 3.4179 24.248 24.408 15.39 4.4349 29.03 27.939 17.39 5.451
21 24.54 35.037 25.493 11.99221 28.403 36.323 28.723 13.93321 32.266 37.609 31.953 15.874
TEC-CEMENT COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
CURING TIME (days)
ST
RE
NG
TH
( M
Pa)
OPC(100%)
OPC(90%)+MgO(10%)
WHITTLESEA SLAB
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Days water cured
Str
eng
th,
MP
a
CompressiveStrength
Graphs above by Oxford Uni Student are for standard 1PC:3 aggregate mixes, w/c = .5
WHITTLESEA SLAB (A modified 20 mpa mix)
PC = 180 Kg / m3MgO = 15 Kg / m3Flyash = 65 Kg / m3
0
20
40
60
17 30 56 89
Days
MP
a
Sample 1Sample 2
BRE (United Kingdom)•2.85PC/0.15MgO/3pfa(1 part) : 3 parts sand - Compressive strength of 69MPa at 90 days.•Note that there was as much pfa as Portland cement plus magnesia. Strength development was consistently greater than the OPC control.
TECECO
Rate of strength development is of great interest to engineers and constructors
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Calorimetric Evidence of Faster Strength GainCalorimetric Evidence of Faster Strength Gain
HEAT OF HYDRATION
15
16
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18
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22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200 1320 1440
TIME (min)
TE
MP
.( C
)
OPC
OPC+PFA(10%)
OPC+MgO(10%)
OPC(80%)+PFA(10%)+MgO(10%)
Evolution of Less Heat
Faster Strength Development
Energy associated with complexing?
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Reasons for Compressive Strength Development in Tec-Cements.Reasons for Compressive Strength Development in Tec-Cements. Reactive magnesia requires considerable water to hydrate
resulting in:– Denser, less permeable concrete. Self compaction?
– A significantly lower voids/paste ratio.
Higher early pH initiating more effective silicification reactions?– The Ca(OH)2 normally lost in bleed water is used internally for reaction with
pozzolans.
– Super saturation of alkalis caused by the removal of water?
Micro-structural strength due to particle packing (Magnesia particles at 4-5 micron are a little over ½ the size of cement grains.)
Formation of MgAl hydrates? Similar to flash set in concrete but slower??
Formation of MSH?? Slow release of water from hydrated Mg(OH)2.nH2O supplying
H2O for more complete hydration of C2S and C3S?Brucite gains weight in excess of the theoretical increase due to MgO conversion to Mg(OH)2 in samples cured at 98% RH.
Dr Luc Vandepierre, Cambridge University, 20 September, 2005.
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Greater Tensile StrengthGreater Tensile Strength
MgO Changes Surface Charge as the Ph Rises. This could be one of the reasons for the greater tensile strength displayed during the early plastic phase of tec-cement concretes. The affect of additives is not yet known
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
CURING TIME (days)
STRE
NGTH
(MPa
)
OPC(100%)
OPC(90%)+ MgO(10%)
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+++
++
+
+
+
+
+Mutual Repulsion
=>
+
+
+
+++
+
+
+
+
+
++
+-
-
-
-
--
-
Ph 12 ?
Cement
Cement
MgO Sand
Sand
MgO
Mutual Repulsion
Mutual Attraction
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DurabilityDurability Concretes are said to be less durable when they are
physically or chemically compromised. Physical factors can result in chemical reactions reducing
durability– E.g. Cracking due to shrinkage can allow reactive gases and liquids
to enter the concrete Chemical factors can result in physical outcomes
reducing durability– E.g. Alkali silica reaction opening up cracks allowing other agents
such as sulfate and chloride in seawater to enter. This presentation will describe benchmark improvements
in durability as a result of using the new TecEco magnesia cement technologies
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Crack CollageCrack Collage
TecEco technology can reduce if not solve problems of cracking:
– Related to (shrinkage) through open system loss of water.
– As a result of volume change caused by delayed reactions– As a result of corrosion.– Related to autogenous shrinkage
Thermal
PlasticShrinkage
DryingShrinkage
Corrosion Related
Freeze Thaw D Cracks
StructuralSettlement Shrinkage
Photos from PCA and US Dept. Ag Websites
Autogenous or self-desiccation shrinkage(usually related to stoichiometric or chemical shrinkage)
Alkali aggregateReaction
EvaporativeCrazingShrinkage
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Causes of Cracking in ConcreteCauses of Cracking in Concrete Cracking commonly occurs when the induced stress
exceeds the maximum tensile stress capacity of concrete and can be caused by many factors including restraint, extrinsic loads, lack of support, poor design, volume changes over time, temperature dependent volume change, corrosion or delayed reactions.
Causes of induced stresses include:– Restrained thermal, plastic, drying and stoichiometric shrinkage,
corrosion and delayed reaction strains.
– Slab curling.
– Loading on concrete structures.
Cracking is undesirable for many reasons– Visible cracking is unsightly
– Cracking compromises durability because it allows entry of gases and ions that react with Portlandite.
– Cracking can compromise structural integrity, particularly if it accelerates corrosion.
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Graphic Illustration of CrackingGraphic Illustration of CrackingCombined Effect of Concrete Volume Change (Example Only)
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108
120
Time since Cast (Hrs)
Sh
rin
kag
e/(E
xpan
sio
n)
Mic
rost
rain
Max Tensile Strain
Temperature effect
Drying Shrinkage
Autogenous Shrinkage
Total Srain Induced
Total Strain Less Creep
After Tony Thomas (Boral Ltd.) (Thomas 2005)
Autogenous shrinkage has been used to refer to hydration shrinkage and is thus stoichiometric
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Cracking due to Loss of WaterCracking due to Loss of Water
DryingShrinkage
PlasticShrinkage
Picture from: http://www.pavement.com/techserv/ACI-GlobalWarming.PDF
EvaporativeCrazingShrinkage
Settlement Shrinkage
We may not be able to prevent too much water being added to concrete by fools.TecEco approach the problem in a different way by providing for the internal removal/storage of water that can provide for more complete hydration of PC.
Brucite gains weight in excess of the theoretical increase due to MgO conversion to Mg(OH)2 in samples cured at 98% RH.
Dr Luc Vandepierre, Cambridge University, 20 September, 2005.
Bucket of Water
Fool
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Solving Cracking due to Shrinkage from Loss of Water
Solving Cracking due to Shrinkage from Loss of Water
In the system water plus Portland cement powder plus aggregates shrinkage is in the order of .05 – 1.5 %.
Shrinkage causes cracking There are two main causes of Portland cements shrinking
over time.– Stoichiometric (chemical) shrinkage and
– Shrinkage through loss of water.
The solution is to:– Add minerals that compensate by stoichiometrically expanding and/or to
– Use less water, internally hold water or prevent water loss.
TecEco tec-cements internally hold water and prevent water loss.
MgO (s) + H2O (l) ↔ Mg(OH)2.nH2O (s)
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When magnesia hydrates it consumes 18 litres of water per mole of magnesia probably more depending on the value of n in the reaction below:
MgO (s) + H2O (l) ↔ Mg(OH)2.nH2O (s) The dimensional change in the system MgO + PC depends on:
– The ratio of MgO to PC– Whether water required for hydration of PC and MgO is coming from stoichiometric
mix water (i.e. the amount calculated as required), excess water (bleed or evaporative) or from outside the system.
– In practice tec-cement systems are more closed and thus dimensional change is more a function of the ratio of MgO to PC
As a result of preventing the loss of water by closing the system together with expansive stoichiometry of MgO reactions (see below).
MgO (s) + H2O (l) ↔ Mg(OH)2.nH2O (s)40.31 + 18.0 ↔ 58.3 molar mass (at least!)
11.2 + liquid ↔ 24.3 molar volumes (at least!) It is possible to significantly reduce if not prevent (drying, plastic,
evaporative and some settlement) shrinkage as a result of water losses from the system. The molar volume (L.mol-1)is equal to the
molar mass (g.mol-1) divided by the density (g.L-1).
Preventing Shrinkage through Loss of WaterPreventing Shrinkage through Loss of Water
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Portland cements stoichiometrically require around 23 -27% water for hydration yet we add approximately 45 to 60% at cement batching plants to fluidise the mix sufficiently for placement.
If it were not for the enormous consumption of water by tri calcium aluminate as it hydrates forming ettringite in the presence of gypsum, concrete would remain as a weak mush and probably never set.
– 26 moles of water are consumed per mole of tri calcium aluminate to from a mole of solid ettringite. When the ettringite later reacts with remaining tri calcium aluminate to form monosulfoaluminate hydrate a further 4 moles of water are consumed.
The addition of reactive MgO achieves water removal internally in a closed system in a similar way.
Preventing Shrinkage through Loss of WaterPreventing Shrinkage through Loss of Water
MgO (s) + H2O (l) ↔ Mg(OH)2.nH2O (s)
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Stop Press – Confirmation of Brucite Hydrates
Stop Press – Confirmation of Brucite Hydrates
UK Student email 17/10/05 to John Harrison
Brucite indeed gains more weight when cured at 98% RH forming probably a Mg(OH)2.nH2O phase. Further research is under way to establish the stability and nature of this phase (what is n number and whether it desiccates). So far, thermo gravimetric analysis showed that the weight loss of Mg(OH)2.nH2O --> MgO is between 39% and 42%, significantly more than the expected 30.8% (Mg(OH)2 --> MgO).
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Other Benefits of Preventing Shrinkage through Loss of Water
Other Benefits of Preventing Shrinkage through Loss of Water
Internal water consumption also results in:– Greater strength
• More complete hydration of PC .
• Reduced in situ voids:paste ratio
– Greater density• Increased durability• Higher short term alkalinity• More effective pozzolanic reactions.
More complete hydration of PC .– Small substitutions of PC by MgO result in water being
trapped inside concrete as Brucite and Brucite hydrates which can later self desiccate delivering water to hydration reactions of calcium silicates (Preventing so called “Autogenous” shrinkage).
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Bleeding is a Bad ThingBleeding is a Bad Thing Bleeding is caused by:
– Lack of fines– Too much water
Bleeding can be fixed by:– Reducing water or adding fines– Air entrainment or grading adjustments
Bleeding causes:– Reduced pumpability– Loss of cement near the surface of concretes– Delays in finishing– Poor bond between layers of concrete– Interconnected pore structures that allow aggressive agents to enter
later– Slump and plastic cracking due to loss of volume from the system– Loss of alkali that should remain in the system for better pozzolanic
reactions– Loss of pollutants such as heavy metals if wastes are being
incorporated. Concrete is better as a closed system
Better to keep concretes as closed systems
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Dimensional Control in Tec-Cement Concretes over Time
Dimensional Control in Tec-Cement Concretes over Time
By adding MgO volume changes are minimised to close to neutral.– So far we have observed significantly less shrinkage in TecEco
tec - cement concretes with about (8-10% substitution OPC) with or without fly ash.
– At some ratio, thought to be around 8 - 12% reactive magnesia and 90 – 95% OPC volume changes cancel each other out.
– The water lost by concrete as it shrinks is used by the reactive magnesia as it hydrates eliminating shrinkage.
Note that brucite is > 44.65 mass% water and it makes sense to make binders out of water!
More research is required to accurately establish volume relationships.
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Balancing Time Dependent Dimensional Change
Balancing Time Dependent Dimensional Change
90 days 28
? ?
? ?
?
? ?
?
-.05%
+.05%
Portland Cement
Reactive Magnesia
Composite Curve
+- Fly Ash?
HYDRATION THEN CARBONATION OF REACTIVE MAGNESIA AND OPC
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Long Term pH controlLong Term pH control TecEco add reactive magnesia which hydrates
forming brucite which is another alkali, but much less soluble, mobile or reactive than Portlandite.
Brucite provides long term pH control.
13.7
pH
Log Time
10.5
Tec – Cement Concrete with 10% reactive magnesia (red). Ph maintained by brucite
OPC Concrete
HYPOTHETICAL pH CURVES OVER TIME (with fly ash)
Plastic Stage
? ?
?
Tec-Cement (red) - more affective pozzolanic reactions
11.2
OPC Concrete – Lower long term pH due to consumption of lime and carbonation
Surface hydrolysis and more polymeric species? A pH in the range 10.5 – 11.2 is ideal in a concrete
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Reducing Cracking as a Result of Volume Change caused by Delayed Reactions
Reducing Cracking as a Result of Volume Change caused by Delayed Reactions
Photo Courtesy Ahmad Shayan ARRBAn Alkali Aggregate Reaction Cracked Bridge Element
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Types of Delayed ReactionsTypes of Delayed ReactionsThere are several types of delayed reactions
that cause volume changes (generally expansion) and cracking.– Alkali silica reactions– Alkali carbonate reactions– Delayed ettringite formation– Delayed thaumasite formation– Delayed hydration or dead burned lime or periclase.
Delayed reactions cause dimensional distress, cracking and possibly even failure.
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Reducing Delayed ReactionsReducing Delayed Reactions
Delayed reactions do not appear to occur to the same extent in TecEco cements.– A lower long term pH results in reduced reactivity
after the plastic stage.– Potentially reactive ions are trapped in the structure
of brucite.– Ordinary Portland cement concretes can take years
to dry out however the reactive magnesia in Tec-cement concretes consumes unbound water from the pores inside concrete.
– Magnesia dries concrete out from the inside. Reactions do not occur without water.
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Reduced Steel Corrosion Related CrackingReduced Steel Corrosion Related Cracking
Steel remains protected with a passive oxide coating of Fe3O4 above pH 8.9.
A pH of over 8.9 is maintained by the equilibrium Mg(OH)2 ↔ Mg++ + 2OH- for much longer than the pH maintained by Ca(OH)2 because:– Brucite does not react as readily as Portlandite resulting in
reduced carbonation rates and reactions with salts. Concrete with brucite in it is denser and
carbonation is expansive, sealing the surface preventing further access by moisture, CO2 and salts.
Rusting Causes Dimensional Distress
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Reduced Steel CorrosionReduced Steel Corrosion
Brucite is less soluble and traps salts as it forms resulting in less ionic transport to complete a circuit for electrolysis and less corrosion.
Free chlorides and sulfates originally in cement and aggregates are bound by magnesium– Magnesium oxychlorides or oxysulfates are formed.
( Compatible phases in hydraulic binders that are stable provided the concrete is dense and water kept out.)
As a result of the above the rusting of reinforcement does not proceed to the same extent.
Cracking or spalling due to rust does not occur
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Steel Corrosion is Influenced by Long Term pHSteel Corrosion is Influenced by Long Term pH
Eh-pH or Pourbaix Diagram The stability fields of hematite, magnetite and sideritein aqueous solution; total dissolved carbonate = 10-2M.
In TecEco cements the long term pH is governed by the low solubility and carbonation rate of brucite and is much lower at around 10.5 -11, allowing a wider range of aggregates to be used, reducing problems such as AAR and etching. The pH is still high enough to keep Fe3O4 stable in reducing conditions.
Steel corrodes below 8.9
Equilibrium pH of Brucite and of lime
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Reducing Cracking Related to Autogenous ShrinkageReducing Cracking Related to Autogenous Shrinkage
Autogenous shrinkage tends to occur in high performance concretes in which dense microstructures develop quickly preventing the entry of additional water required to complete hydration.– First defined by Lynam in 1934 (Lynam CG. Growth and
movement in Portland cement concrete. London: Oxford University Press; 1934. p. 26-7.)
The autogenous deformation of concrete is defined as the unrestrained, bulk deformation that occurs when concrete is kept sealed and at a constant temperature.
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Reducing Cracking Related to Autogenous ShrinkageReducing Cracking Related to Autogenous Shrinkage
Main cause is stoichiometric or chemical shrinkage as observed by Le Chatelier.– whereby the reaction products formed during the
hydration of cement occupy less space than the corresponding reactants.
A dense cement paste hydrating under sealed conditions will therefore self-desiccate creating empty pores within developing structure. If external water is not available to fill these “empty” pores, considerable shrinkage can result.
Le Chatelier H. Sur les changements de volume qui accompagnent Ie durcissement des ciments. Bulletin de la Societe d'Encouragement pour I'Industrie Nationale 1900:54-7.
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Reducing Cracking Related to Autogenous ShrinkageReducing Cracking Related to Autogenous Shrinkage Autogenous shrinkage does not occur in high strength
tec-cement concretes because:– The brucite hydrates that form desiccate back to brucite delivering
water in situ for more complete hydration of Portland cement.
Mg(OH)2.nH2O (s) ↔ MgO (s) + H2O (l)• As brucite is a relatively weak mineral is compressed and densifies the
microstructure.
– The stoichiometric shrinkage of Portland cement (first observed by Le Chatelier) is compensated for by the stoichiometric expansion of magnesium oxide on hydration.
MgO (s) + H2O (l) ↔ Mg(OH)2.nH2O (s)
40.31 + 18.0 ↔ 58.3 molar mass (at least!)
11.2 + liquid ↔ 24.3 molar volumes (at least 116% expansion, probably more initially before desiccation as above!)
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Improved DurabilityImproved Durability
Materials that last longer need replacing less often saving on energy and resources.Reasons for Improved Durability:
– Greater Density = Lower Permeability• Physical Weaknesses => Chemical Attack
– Removal of Portlandite with the Pozzolanic Reaction.• Removal or reactive components
– Substitution by Brucite => Long Term pH control• Reducing corrosion
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Reduced PermeabilityReduced Permeability As bleed water exits ordinary Portland
cement concretes it creates an interconnected pore structure that remains in concrete allowing the entry of aggressive agents such as SO4
--, Cl- and CO2
TecEco tec - cement concretes are a closed system. They do not bleed as excess water is consumed by the hydration of magnesia.– As a result TecEco tec - cement concretes dry
from within, are denser and less permeable and therefore stronger more durable and less permeable. Cement powder is not lost near the surfaces. Tec-cements have a higher salt resistance and less corrosion of steel etc.
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Concretes have a high percentage (around 18% – 22%) of voids.
On hydration magnesia expands >=116.9 % filling voids and surrounding hydrating cement grains => denser concrete.
On carbonation to nesquehonite brucite expands 307% sealing the surface.
Lower voids:paste ratios than water:binder ratios result in little or no bleed water, lower permeability and greater density.
Greater Density – Lower PermeabilityGreater Density – Lower Permeability
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Densification During the Plastic PhaseDensification During the Plastic Phase
Water is required to plasticise concrete for placement, however once placed, the less water over the amount required for hydration the better. Magnesia consumes water as it hydrates producing solid material.
Less water results in increased density and concentration of
alkalis - less shrinkage and cracking and improved strength and durability.
Water
Log time
Observable Characteristic
Relevant Fundamental
Voids
Binder + supplementary cementitious materials
Hydrated Binder Materials
High water for ease of placement
Less water for strength and durability
Variables such as % hydration of mineral, density, compaction, % mineral H20 etc.
Consumption of water during plastic stage
Unhydrated Binder
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Brucite has always played a protective role during salt attack. Putting it in the matrix of concretes in the first place makes sense.
Brucite does not react with salts because it is a least 5 orders of magnitude less soluble, mobile or reactive. – Ksp brucite = 1.8 X 10-11 – Ksp Portlandite = 5.5 X 10-6
TecEco cements are more acid resistant than Portland cement– This is because of the relatively high acid resistance (?) of
Lansfordite and nesquehonite compared to calcite or aragonite
Durability - Reduced Salt & Acid AttackDurability - Reduced Salt & Acid Attack
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Less Freeze - Thaw ProblemsLess Freeze - Thaw Problems Denser concretes do not let water in. Brucite will to a certain extent take up internal stresses When magnesia hydrates it expands into the pores left around
hydrating cement grains: MgO (s) + H2O (l) ↔ Mg(OH)2 (s)
40.31 + 18.0 ↔ 58.3 molar mass 11.2 + 18.0 ↔ 24.3 molar volumes
39.20 ↔ 24.3 molar volumesAt least 38% air voids are created in space that was occupied by
magnesia and water! Air entrainment can also be used as in conventional concretes TecEco concretes are not attacked by the salts used on roads
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Rosendale Concretes – Proof of DurabilityRosendale Concretes – Proof of Durability
Rosendale cements contained 14 – 30% MgO A major structure built with Rosendale cements commenced in 1846 was Fort
Jefferson near key west in Florida. Rosendale cements were recognized for their exceptional durability, even under
severe exposure. At Fort Jefferson much of the 150 year-old Rosendale cement mortar remains in excellent condition, in spite of the severe ocean exposure and over 100 years of neglect. Fort Jefferson is nearly a half mile in circumference and has a total lack of expansion joints, yet shows no signs of cracking or stress. The first phase of a major restoration is currently in progress.
More information from http://www.rosendalecement.net/rosendale_natural_cement_.html
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Using Wastes and Non-Traditional Aggregates to Make TecEco Cement Concretes
Using Wastes and Non-Traditional Aggregates to Make TecEco Cement Concretes
As the price of fuel rises, theuse of on site low embodiedenergy materials ratherthan carted aggregates willhave to be considered.
Recent natural disasters such as the recent tsunami and Pakistani earthquake mean we urgently need to commercialize TecEco technologies because they provide benign environments allowing the use of many local materials and wastes without delayed reactions
No longer an option?
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Using Wastes and Non-Traditional Aggregates to Make TecEco Cement Concretes
Using Wastes and Non-Traditional Aggregates to Make TecEco Cement Concretes
Many wastes and local materials can contribute physical property values.– Plastics for example are collectively light in weight, have tensile
strength and low conductance. Tec, eco and enviro-cements will allow a wide range of
wastes and non-traditional aggregates such as local materials to be used.
Tec, enviro and eco-cements are benign binders that are:– low alkali reducing reaction problems with organic materials.– stick well to most included wastes
Tec, enviro and eco-cements can utilize wastes including carbon to increase sequestration preventing their conversion to methane
There are huge volumes of concrete produced annually (>2 tonnes per person per year)
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Solving Waste & Logistics ProblemsSolving Waste & Logistics Problems TecEco cementitious composites represent a cost
affective option for– using non traditional aggregates from on site reducing transports
costs and emissions– use and immobilisation of waste.
Because they have– lower reactivity
• less water• lower pH
– Reduced solubility of heavy metals• less mobile salts
– greater durability.• denser.• impermeable (tec-cements).• dimensionally more stable with less shrinkage and cracking.
– homogenous.– no bleed water.
TecEco Technology - Converting Waste to Resource
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Role of Brucite in ImmobilizationRole of Brucite in Immobilization
In a Portland cement Brucite matrix– PC derive CSH takes up lead, some zinc and germanium– Pozzolanic CSH can take up mobile cations– Brucite and hydrotalcite are both excellent hosts for toxic and
hazardous wastes. – Heavy metals not taken up in the structure of Portland
cement minerals or trapped within the brucite layers end up as hydroxides with minimal solubility.
The Brucite in TecEco cements has a structure comprising electronically neutral layers and is able to accommodate a wide variety of extraneous substances between the layers and cations of similar size substituting for magnesium within the layers and is known to be very suitable for toxic and hazardous waste immobilisation.
Layers of electronically neutral brucite suitable for trapping balanced cations and anions as well as other substances.
Salts and other substances trapped between the layers.
Van de waals bonding holding the layers together.
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Lower Solubility of Metal HydroxidesLower Solubility of Metal Hydroxides
Pb(OH) Cr(OH) 3
Zn(OH) 2
Ag(OH) Cu(OH) 2 Ni(OH) 2 Cd(OH) 2
10 -6
10 -4
10 -2
10 0
10 2
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n o
f D
isso
lved
Met
al, (
mg
/L)
14 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Equilibrium pH of brucite is 10.52 (more ideal)*
Equilibrium pH of Portlandite is 12.35
*Equilibrium pH’s in pure water, no other ions present. The solubility of toxic metal hydroxides is generally less in the range pH 10.52 -11.2 than at higher pH’s.
Equilibrium pH of PC CSH is 11.2
There is a 104 difference
All waste streams will contain heavy metals and a strategy for long term pH control is therefore essential
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Easier to Finish ConcretesEasier to Finish Concretes
Easier to pump and finish Concretes are likely to have less water added to them resulting in less cracking
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Non Newtonian RheologyNon Newtonian Rheology
O
O
O
O Mg++
+
- +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
O +
+
+
+
+
+
O
O O
- -
- -
-
-
The strongly positively charged small Mg++ atoms attract water (which is polar) in deep layers introduce a shear thinning property affecting the rheological properties and making concretes less “sticky” with added pozzolan
It is not known how deep these layers get
Etc.
Etc.
Ca++ = 114, Mg++ = 86 picometres
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Bingham Plastic RheologyBingham Plastic Rheology
TecEco concretes and mortars are:– Very homogenous and do not segregate easily. They exhibit good adhesion and
have a shear thinning property.– Exhibit Bingham plastic qualities and react well to energy input.– Have good workability.
TecEco concretes with the same water/binder ratio have a lower slump but greater plasticity and workability.
TecEco tec-cements are potentially suitable for mortars, renders, patch cements, colour coatings, pumpable and self compacting concretes.
A range of pumpable composites with Bingham plastic properties will be required in the future as buildings will be “printed.”
Second layer low slump tec-cement concrete Tech Tendons
First layer low slump tec-cement concrete
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
StrengthFaster & greater strength development even with added pozzolans
Water removal by magnesia as it hydrates in tec-cements results in a higher short term pH and therefore more affective pozzolanic reactions.
Brucite hydrate fills pore spaces taking up mix and bleed water as it hydrates reducing voids and shrinkage (brucite hydrate is > 44.65 mass% water!). Greater density (lower voids:paste ratio) and lower permeability results in greater strength.
Possible formation of Mg Al hydrates.
Strength from self compaction
Problems with Portland Cement FixedProblems with Portland Cement Fixed
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Durability and Performance
Permeability and Density
Sulphate and chloride resistance
Carbonation
Corrosion of steel and other reinforcing
TecEco tec - cements are• Denser and much less permeable
• Due mainly to the removal of water by magnesia and associated volume increases
• Protected by brucite• Which is 5 times less reactive than
Portlandite
• Not attacked by salts,• Do not carbonate readily• Protective of steel reinforcing which
does not corrode• due to maintenance of long term
pH.
Problems with Portland Cement Fixed (1)Problems with Portland Cement Fixed (1)
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Durability and Performance
Ideal lower long term pH
Delayed reactions (eg alkali aggregateand delayed ettringite)
As Portlandite is removed• The pH becomes governed by the pH of
CSH and Brucite and• Is much lower at around 10.5 -11• Stabilising many heavy metals and• Allowing a wider range of aggregates to be
used without AAR problems.• Reactions such as carbonation are slower
and• The pH remains high enough to keep
Fe3O4 stable for much longer.
Internal delayed reactions are prevented
• Dry from the inside out and
• Have a lower long term pH
Problems with Portland Cement Fixed (2)Problems with Portland Cement Fixed (2)
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
ShrinkageCracking, crack control
Net shrinkage is reduced due to:• Stoichiometric expansion of
magnesium minerals, and• Reduced water loss.
RheologyWorkability, time for and method of placing and finishing
The Mg++ ion adds a shear thinning making TecEco cements very workable.
Hydration of magnesia rapidly adds early strength for finishing.
Problems with Portland Cement Fixed (3)Problems with Portland Cement Fixed (3)
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Improved Properties TecEco cements• Can have insulating properties• High thermal mass and• Low embodied energy.
Many formulations can be reprocessed and reused.
Brucite bonds well and reduces efflorescence.
Properties (contd.)Fire Retardation
Brucite, hydrated magnesium carbonates are fire retardants
TecEco cement products put out fires by releasing CO2 or water at relatively low temperatures.
Cost No new plant and equipment are required. With economies of scale TecEco cements should be cheaper
Problems with Portland Cement Fixed (4)Problems with Portland Cement Fixed (4)
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Sustainability issuesEmissions and embodied energies
Tec, eco and enviro-cements• Less binder is required for the same
strength• Use a high proportion of recycled
materials• Immobilise toxic and hazardous
wastes• Can use a wider range of aggregates
reducing transport emissions and• Have superior durability.
Tec-cements• Use less cement for the same
strength
Eco-cements reabsorb chemically released CO2.
Problems with Portland Cement Fixed (5)Problems with Portland Cement Fixed (5)