presentation downloadable from 1 john harrison b.sc. b.ec. fcpa. tececo managing director gaia...

11Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com

John Harrison B.Sc. B.Ec. FCPA. TecEco Managing Director

Gaia Engineering – Gaia Engineering – An Economic An Economic Approach to Solving Approach to Solving Climate Climate Change, Water and Change, Water and Waste Waste ProblemsProblems


Living to Our Full Potential?Living to Our Full Potential?

“Every part of creation has a right to live to its full potential” – The Upanishads.

A common enough theme with humanity.• A theme on a collision course with

sustainability. To avoid future disaster three choices:

• Restraint, change the way we do things or both.

Can we “have our cake and eat it?”.• Only if we reinvent the way we do things.


The Techno - ProcessThe Techno - Process

Detrimental affects on earth systems

Move 500-600 billion tonnes

Use some 50 billion tonnesTake

Waste

Materials

Materials

10,000 years ago we lived in homeostatic balance with the planet.

Our unique “intelligence” has allowed us to learn how to extract energy, food and materials from our environment to “economically” improve our well being.

I call this physical interface of our economy the techno - process.


The Correlation Between WIP and EmissionsThe Correlation Between WIP and Emissions

World Industrial Product (deflated world `GDP' in real value - i.e. World physical production).

CO2 emissions (in CO2 mass units: Doubling time = 29 years. Data: CDIAC; statistics: GDI.

The correlation between the WIP and the CO2 emissions is very high.

Source: Di Fazio, Alberto, The fallacy of pure efficiency gain measures to control future climate change, Astronomical Observatory of Rome and the Global Dynamics Institute


55

Sequestration of Carbon and Wastes in the built environmentSequestration of Carbon and Wastes in the built environment

During earth's geological history large tonnages of carbon were put away as limestone and other carbonates and as coal and petroleum by the activity of plants and animals.

Sequestering carbon in calcium and magnesium carbonate materials and other wastes in the built environment as in Gaia Engineering mimics nature in that carbon is used in the homes or skeletal structures of most plants and animals.

In eco-cement concretes the binder is carbonate and the aggregates are preferably carbonates and wastes. This is “geomimicry”

CO2

C

CO2

Waste

CO2

CO2

Pervious pavement


The technical caseThe technical case

Atmospheric increase

= Emissions from fossil fuels

+ Net emissions from changes in land use

- Oceanic uptake

- Missing carbon sink

11.72 (±0.2) = 23.08 (±0.4) + 8.016 (±0.8) - 8.79 (±0.7) - 10.62 (±1.1)

Source: The Woods Hole Institute converted to billion metric tonnes or petograms CO2

TecEco plan through Gaia Engineering to modify the carbon cycle by creating a new man made carbon sink in the built environment. The need for a new and very large sink can be appreciated by considering the balance sheet of global carbon in the crust after Ziock, H. J. and D. P. Harrison[5] depicted in the next slide.

The Carbon Cycle


Technical implicationsTechnical implications A range of hydraulic concretes can be specified in

which a variable hydroxide component is more or less carbonated and in which the silicate components (e.g. CSH) play an important catalytic role.

Coarse and fine aggregate can be made in the same way.

The kinetics are just as important as the thermodynamics of the chemistry.

The pH Eh stability fields of concrete can be maintained so steel reinforcing can continue to be used (subject matter of a new patent).

Mixed calcium-magnesium carbonation does not result in shrinkage problems.

Such concretes are suitable for at least the Pareto proportion of uses.


Size of Carbon SinksSize of Carbon Sinks

Modified from Figure 2 Ziock, H. J. and D. P. Harrison. "Zero Emission Coal Power, a New Concept." from http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/01/carbon_seq/2b2.pdf by the inclusion of a bar to represent sedimentary sinks


How much CARBONATE TO BALANCE EMISSIONS?How much CARBONATE TO BALANCE EMISSIONS?

MgO + H2O => Mg(OH)2 + CO2 + 2H2O => MgCO3.3H2O40.31 + 18(l) => 58.31 + 44.01(g) + 2 X 18(l) => 138.368 molar masses.44.01 parts by mass of CO2 ~= 138.368 parts by mass MgCO3.3H2O1 ~= 138.368/44.01= 3.14412 billion tonnes CO2 ~= 37.728 billion tonnes of nesquehoniteMgO + H2O => Mg(OH)2 + CO2 + 2H2O => MgCO340.31 + 18(l) => 58.31 + 44.01(g) + 2 X 18(l) => 84.32 molar masses.CO2 ~= MgCO344.01 parts by mass of CO2 ~= 84.32 parts by mass MgCO31 ~= 84.32/44.01= 1.915912 billion tonnes CO2 ~= 22.99 billion tonnes magnesiteThe density of magnesite is 3 gm/cm3 or 3 tonne/metre3Thus 22.9/3 billion cubic metres ~= 7.63 cubic kilometres of magnesiteCaO + H2O => Ca(OH)2 + CO2 + 2H2O => CaCO356.08 + 18(l) => 74.08 + 44.01(g) + 2 X 18(l) => 100.09 molar masses.CO2 ~= CaCO344.01 parts by mass of CO2 ~= 100.09 parts by mass MgCO31 ~= 100.09/44.01= 2.27412 billion tonnes CO2 ~= 27.29 billion tonnes calcite (limestone) The density of calcite is 2.71 gm/cm3 or 2.71 tonne/metre3Thus 27.29/2.71 billion cubic metres ~= 10.07 cubic kilometres of limestone

Full calculation: http://www.tececo.com/sustainability.carbon_cycles_sinks.php


Global Producion of cement and concreteGlobal Producion of cement and concrete


The economic caseThe economic case The profit margin for the production of cement and

concrete is low.• Generally less than 5% more often less than 3%.

It follows that:• A carbon cost if fully implemented (i.e. a zero tax or

cap) is likely to be much more than the current profit margin.

• A carbon credit (offset) of the same amount or more (as in the case of Gaia Engineering) would result in considerably more profit than is currently being made.

• If fully implemented with both binder and aggregates made of man made carbonate the potential trade in credits or offsets is enormous.

• There is likely to be a high level of government support if the technology is promoted by the industry.


Gaia Engineering Flow chartGaia Engineering Flow chart

Built Environment

MgCO3

and CaCO3

“Stone”

Extraction

Industrial CO2 MgO

TecEcoTec-Kiln

Eco-Cements

Buildingcomponents & aggregates

TecEcoCementManufacture

CaO

Clays

Portland CementManufacture

Brine or Seawater

Tec-Cements

Building waste

Other waste

Fresh Water

Extraction inputs and outputs depending on method chosen


Gaia Engineering Process DiagramGaia Engineering Process Diagram

Extraction Process

Fossil fuels

Solar or solar derived energy

Oil

MgO

CO2

Coal

CO2

CO2

CO2

Inputs:

Atmospheric or industrial CO2,brines, waste acid or bitterns, other wastes

Outputs:

Carbonate building materials, potable water, valuable commodity salts.

Carbon or carbon compoundsMagnesium compounds

1.29 gm/l Mg.412 gm/l Ca

Gaia Engineering delivers profitable outcomes whilst reversing underlying undesirable moleconomic flows from other less sustainable techno-processes outside the tececology.

TecEco MgCO2

Cycle

Carbonate building components

Eco-Cement

TecEcoKiln

MgCO3


Anthropogenic Sequestration Using Gaia Engineering will Anthropogenic Sequestration Using Gaia Engineering will Modify the Carbon CycleModify the Carbon Cycle

Photosynthesis by plants and

algae

Consumed by heterotrophs

(mainly animals)

Organic compounds made

by autotrophs

Organic compounds made by heterotrophs

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration burning and

decay

Limestone coal and oil

burning

Gaia Engineering, (Greensols, TecEco

Kiln and Eco-Cements)

Decay by fungi and bacteria

CO2 in the air and water

More about Gaia Engineering athttp://www.tececo.com.au/simple.gaiaengineering_summary.php


Gaia Engineering summaryGaia Engineering summary

Gaia Engineering is:• Potentially profitable• Technically feasible• Would put the industry back in control of

the carbon agenda• Solve the industries profitability

problems• Solve the global warming problem

presentation downloadable from 1 john harrison b.sc. b.ec. fcpa. tececo managing director gaia...

Documents

tonnes co2

mass of co2

co2 emissions

presentation downloadable

carbon cycle slide

co2 mass units

mass mgco3

tonnes magnesite