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Wavecontrol

Human exposure to EMF

Electromagnetic fields andWorkers’ safety

Index

1 Introduction to EMF

2 EMF health effects

3 Standards and normative

4 Applications and sectors

5 Wavecontrol solutions: EMF assessment

6 Measurement in the field - examples

7 Measurement demo

EMF: what is it?

They are invisible and perfectly silent: if you live in an area with electrical power and mobile phone service, some level of artificial (man-made) EMF is surrounding you.

There are two types of EMFNatural EMFs - We are surrounded by these :

The earth produces an electromagnetic field (EMF), The human body does as well. These are extremely low frequency ELF’s. In fact, scientific research has demonstrated that every cell in your body may have it’s own EMF, helping to regulate important functions and keep you healthy.

Natural EMFs or ELF’s are low in intensity; for example, a healthy human body resonates with the earth's magnetic field at around 10 hertz.

Artificial EMFs - we are surrounded by theses too.These are “man-made” and emanate from all things electrical and electronic. Everything from hairdryers and mobile phones to high voltage wires, to the mains cable running around building - they all create EMFs. Some are stronger than others and some studies have been shown them disturb the human body’s natural energetic field with variable effects.

Fact: We’re exposed to 100 million times greater artificial EMF radiation than our grandparents were, and that exposure grows each year.

what makes EMF?

An electromagnetic field (EMF) is made of: an electric field and a magnetic field.

The electric field:Created by electric charges, or voltage (the force of the electricity)Always there when an appliance is plugged in (even if the appliance is turned off)Can be shielded or blocked by metal housing and other barriers.Measured in units of hertz

The magnetic fieldCreated by moving electric charges (electric current)Only there when the appliance is operating (when current is flowing)Hard to shield: can penetrate steel, concrete and human bodies (human bodies have the same permeability as air when it comes to magnetic fields, which is why x-rays work so well).The more powerful the current is, the more powerful the magnetic field it createsMeasured in units of gauss (G), Tesla or A/m.

Characteristics of a wave

Wave length (λ). It is the distance between two consecutive peaks. It is measured in units of length (meters, for example)

Period (T).It is the time required for the oscillation movement of the wave to describe a complete cycle

Frequency (f).It is the number of complete cycles elapsed per unit of time (in a second, for example)

Electromagnetic waves

Electromagnetic radiation is a combination of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, which propagate through space, transporting energy from one place to another.

These waves do not need a material means to propagate (they can do it in a vacuum)

Laws and equations

Sources of EMF

The number of sources of EMFs has grown significantly over the past 30 years

Index







7 Measurement demo

Who is taking care of EMF?

ICNIRP: International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection

WHO: World Health Organization

IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Low frequencies (1 Hz – 100 kHz) – biological effects

Neurobehavior

• Perception of surface electric charge

• Stimulation of myelinated nerve fibres of the human peripheral nervous system (PNS)

• Stimulation of myelinated nerve fibers of the central nervous system (CNS)

• Stimulation of muscle tissue

• Induction of phosphenes in the electrically excitable cells in the retina

• Indirect scientific evidence that brain functions such as visual processing and motor co-ordination can be transiently affected by induced electric fields

Low frequencies – biological effects

Neurodegenerative disorders

• Some reports suggest that people employed in electrical occupations might have an increased risk for ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)

• So far only one residential study is available, indicating an increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease after long-term exposure, but based on very small numbers of cases

• Overall, the evidence for the association between low frequency exposure and Alzheimer´s disease and ALS is inconclusive.


Cardiovascular disorders

• hazardous cardiovascular effects associated with low frequency fields are unlikely to occur at exposure levels commonly encountered environmentally or occupationally.


Cancer

• Research has suggested that there may be a weak association between the higher levels of exposure to residential 50-60 Hz magnetic fields and childhood leukemia risk, although it is unclear whether it is causal.

• Overall, in contrast to the epidemiological evidence of an association between childhood leukemia and prolonged exposure to power frequency magnetic fields, the animal cancer data, particularly those from large-scale lifetime studies, are almost universally negative.

Low frequencies – Summary

Accute effects

• There are a number of well established acute effects of exposure to low-frequency EMFs on the nervous system: the direct stimulation of nerve and muscle tissue and the induction of retinal phosphenes. There is also indirect scientific evidence that brain functions such as visual processing and motor co-ordination can be transiently affected by induced electric fields.

Chronic effects

• WHO’s cancer research institute, IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), evaluated low frequency magnetic fields in 2002 and classified them in category 2 B, which translates to “possibly carcinogenic to humans”. The basis for this classification was the epidemiologic results on childhood leukemia.

High frequencies (100 kHz – GHz)

Biological effects

• Exposure to electromagnetic fields at frequencies above about 100 kHz can lead to significant absorption of energy and temperature increases.

High frequencies (100 kHz – GHz)

Regarding absorption of energy, EMF can be divided into four ranges:

• From about 100 kHz to less than about 20 MHz: absorption in the trunk decreases rapidly with decreasing frequency, significant absorption may occur in the neck and legs.

• From about 20 MHz to 300 MHz: relatively high absorption can occur in the whole body, and even higher values if partial body (e.g., head) resonances are considered.

• From about 300 MHz to several GHz, at which significant local, nonuniform absorption occurs.

• Above about 10 GHz: energy absorption occurs primarily at the body surface.

Static fields (0 – 1 Hz)

Direct effects:

• Induction of electrical ‘flow’ potentials across blood vessels due to the movement of electrolytes in the blood

• Forces on paramagnetic and diamagnetic components of tissues

• Changes in chemical reactions due to altered spin chemistry

• Deflection of ionic currents due to magnetic (Lorentz) force.

Static fields (0 – 1 Hz)

Movement-induced effects:

When the static magnetic field exceeds 2 T, the movement-induced electric field in the head may be high enough to:

• Evoke vertigo

• Nausea

• Visual sensations (magnetophosphenes)

• Metallic taste in the mouth

• Possibility of acute neurocognitive effects, with subtle changes in attention, concentration and visuospatial orientation

Indirect coupling mechanisms

Two indirect coupling mechanisms have been reported:

• Contact currents that result when the human body comes into contact with an object at a different electric potential.

• Coupling of EMF to medical devices worn by, or implanted in, an individual.

Index







7 Measurement demo

ICNIRP

• ICNIRP: International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection.

• It aims to protect people and the environment against adverse effects of non-ionizing radiation (NIR).

• ICNIRP develops and disseminates science-based advice and guidelines on limiting exposure to non-

ionizing radiation.

ICNIRP guidelines

ICNIRP 98 and 2010 guidelines for Electric field ICNIRP 98 and 2010 guidelines for Magnetic field

European Union EMF framework

Council

Recommendation

1999/519/ECof 12 July 1999

General public Occupational safety

Council Directive 89/391/EEC

(Framework Directive)

EMF Directive 2013/35/EU

...

20th directive

EMF Directive 2013/35/EU

Not only Europe

✓ United States: IEEE, FCC, OSHA

✓ China

✓ Russia

✓ Japan

✓ Australia

✓ Rest of the world: usually ICNIRP

EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – Action Levels

Low and High Action Levels for Electric field

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

0,1

1

10

100

Frequency (Hz)

E (k

V/m

)

E field - 1 Hz to 10 MHz (ICNIRP = Low ALs)

Low ALs

High ALs

ICNIRP Reference levels

Table B1. ALs for exposure to electric fields from 1 Hz to 10MHz

Frequency range Electric field strength

Low ALs

(E)[Vm -1 ] (RMS)

Electric field strength

High ALs

(E) [Vm -1 ] (RMS)

ICNIRP

(V/m)

1 ≤ f < 25 Hz 2,0 × 104 2,0 × 10 4 2,0 × 10 4

25 ≤ f < 50 Hz 5,0 × 10 5 /f 2,0 × 10 4 5,0 × 10 5 /f

50 Hz ≤ f < 1,64 kHz 5,0 × 10 5 /f 1,0 × 10 6 /f 5,0 × 10 5 /f

1,64 ≤ f < 3 kHz 5,0 × 10 5 /f 6,1 × 10 2 5,0 × 10 5 /f

3 kHz ≤ f ≤10 MHz 1,7 × 10 2 6,1 × 10 2 1,7 × 10 2


1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

Frequency (Hz)

B (

uT)

H field 1 Hz to 10 MHz (ICNIRP = Low ALs)

Low ALs

High ALs


Table B2. ALs for exposure to magnetic fields from 1 Hz to 10 MHz

Frequency range Magnetic flux density

Low ALs(B)[µT] (RMS)

Magnetic flux density

High ALs(B) [µT] (RMS)

ICNIRP

[µT]

1 ≤ f < 8 Hz 2,0 × 10 5 /f 2 3,0 × 10 5 /f 2,0 × 10 5 /f 2

8 ≤ f < 25 Hz 2,5 × 10 4 /f 3,0 × 10 5 /f 2,5 × 10 4 /f

25 ≤ f < 300 Hz 1,0 × 10 3 3,0 × 10 5 /f 1,0 × 10 3

300 Hz ≤ f < 3 kHz 3,0 × 10 5 /f 3,0 × 10 5 /f 3,0 × 10 5 /f

3 kHz ≤ f ≤ 10 MHz 1,0 × 10 2 1,0 × 10 2 1,0 × 10 2

Low and High Action Levels for Magnetic field


High, Low and Limb Action Levels for Magnetic field


Table B1. ALs for exposure to electric and magnetic fields from 100 kHz to 300 GHz.

Frequency range Electric field strength

ALs(E) [Vm -1 ] (RMS)

Magnetic flux density

ALs(B) [µT] (RMS)

Power density

ALs(S) [Wm -2 ]

ICNIRP

(V/m)

100 kHz ≤ f < 1 MHz 6,1 × 102 2,0 × 106 /f - 6,1 × 102

1 ≤ f < 10 MHz 6,1 × 108/f 2,0 × 106 /f - 6,1 × 108/f

10 ≤ f < 400 MHz 61 0,2 - 61

400 MHz ≤ f < 2 GHz 3 × 10-3 f ½ 1,0 × 10-5 f ½ - 3 × 10-3 f ½

2 ≤ f < 6 GHz 1,4 × 102 4,5 × 10-1 - 137

6 ≤ f ≤ 300 GHz 1,4 × 102 4,5 × 10-1 50 137


0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

10

100

1000

Frequency (MHz)

E (V

/m)

E field 100 kHz to 300 GHz (ICNIRP = ALs)

ALs (E)


Introduction: International Standards

American IEEE C95.1 – 2005IEEE C95.1 – 2010IEEE C95.1-2345 – 2014IEEE C95.3 – 2002IEEE C95.3.1 – 2010IEEE C95.6 – 2002IEEE C95.7 – 2005FCC/OET Bulletin 65

Chinese GB – 8702 -2014

Japanese JIS C1910:2004

Canadian Safety Code 6

Europe

EN 50499Workers ExposureAssessment

EN 50413Human ExposureAssessment

International ICNIRP GuidelinesCENELECInternational Electro technical Commission

2013/35/EUEuropeanDirective

Introduction: Main Normative

Railway

EN50519

Energy

Welding InductionHeating (LF)

TELECOMUNICATIONS

Wireless TelecomNetworks

Broadcast

IEC/EN 62110

EN50500

EN 50505EN50444

IEC 62577EN 50475EN 50476EN 50496EN 55554

IEC 62232EN 50400EN 50401EN 50492

Medical IEC 60601

IEC/EN 62311Electronic/Electrical Equipment

IEC/EN 62233EN 50366

HouseholdAppliances

RFID/EAS EN50364EN 50357IEC/EN 62369-1

… and many other standards/laws all around the world …

Index







7 Measurement demo

Applications: Where?

Working Environment Categories

• Category I:

Action levels will/may not be exceeded

Employers need to assess non-standard situations

• Category II:

Action level may be exceeded

Employers must assess EMF strengths

• Category III:

Action level will be exceeded

Exposure Limit Value may be exceeded


Action Levels

ELV

Category I

Category II

Category III

Working Environment: Category I

Action levels will/may not be exceeded.

Employers need to assess non-standard situations

Equipment and use

Offices: computer equipment, cable networks, phones,…

Household and similar electrical appliances

Electric installation:- low voltage network < 1000 V- low voltage components with power < 200 kVA- power transformers connected to low voltage networks

Electric motors and electric pumps with power being lower than 200 kVA

Testing instruments

Mobile telephones

Audio and video equipment

Lighting equipment

Working Environment: Category I

Equipment and use

Installation and maintenance of electric hand-held tools

Detection of articles and people- EAS 0.8 – 2.5 GHz (non-linear microwaves)- RFID 1 Hz - 500 kHz- RFID 2 - 30 MHz (power transmission < 2 W and duty cycle < 0.05)- RFID 850 - 950 MHz (power transmission < 2 W and duty cycle < 0.05)- RFID 2.45 and 5.8 GHz (power transmission < 2 W and duty cycle < 0.05)- hand-held metal detectors- EAS-deactivators

Working Environment: Category II

Action level may be exceeded


Category II-a (yellow color): only brief instructions are needed, e.g. keeping a safe distance.

Category II-b (orange color): technical actions as shielding the radiation source, placing a fence or placing warning signs will be required.

Equipment and use

Detection of articles and people- EAS 0.01 - 20 kHz (magnetic)- EAS 20 - 135 kHz (resonant inductive)- EAS 1 - 20 MHz (radio frequency resonant inductive)- Metal detectors- RFID – systems (transmitting power> 2 W or duty cycle > 0.05)


Equipment and use

Dielectric heating- Plastic sealers - Wood gluing equipment

Electricity production and distribution- Power stations- Air cooled coils in capacitor banks

Electrochemical processes- Current supply systems (bus bars)- Electrolysis hall

Induction heating- With open coils- Larger furnaces

Welding- Arc welding - cable- Arc welding – electrode holder


Equipment and use

Medical applications- MRI - scanning- Short wave and microwave diathermy- Deep hyperthermia- Electro-surgery

Microwave drying

Transport and haulage systems- Rail transport powered by alternating current (50 Hz; HSLs)

Transmitters- Base stations for mobile telephony (GSM, UMTS)- TETRA transmitters in masts- TETRA transmitters on vehicles, power 10 W- WLL systems- Beam transmitters- Small broadcasting transmitters (on roofs)- Amateur radio transmitters- Radar systems (navigational)


Equipment and use

Other working environments- Tape erasers- Radio frequency and microwave lighting- Non-destructive magnetic testing

Working Environment: Category III

This category contains all the working environments where extensive measures will be needed

Action level will be exceeded, exposure Limit Value may be exceeded


Equipment and use

Electrochemical process:- Rectifiers

Induction heating- Smaller smelting furnaces (alloying)

Welding- Spot and induction welding, semi-automated

Medical applications:- MRI - intervention activities

Transmitters- Large broadcasting transmitters

Index







7 Measurement demo

21 years(since 1997)

Introduction: highlights

+60 countries

+2500delivered instruments

5continents ISO 17025

accredited calibration lab

ISO 9001certified company

Continuous

R+D

+3200ILAC accredited

calibrations

LabCal Wavecontrol

• ISO 17025 accredited field probe calibration laboratory.• All equipment delivered with accredited calibration under LabCal

scope.• Calibration services for 3rd party products.• ILAC accredited calibration accepted Worldwide.

Introduction: Distribution Network

Distribution Network

Official distributor in South AfricaPhone: 082 551 4001Email: [email protected]

27 St. Andrews WayMzingazi Golf Estate,

Meer En See Richards Bay 3901

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Alarms in real timeEasy to installAC supply and Ethernet communication

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Visual

Audible

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VisualAlarm

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MonitEM: Outdoor Area Monitor

Communication with remote Control Centre: data transferReal-time alarms messages

EMF sources

BTS antennas,broadcasting antennas,power lines, and more.

MonitEM

Sensitive areas to be monitored.

Control Center

Reception, recording, data analysis,visualization, and Reporting

MonitEM: How it works?

WWWhttp:// public access to data available

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Adjustable Threshold Levels

Isotropic and RMS MeasurementsElectric and Magnetic Fields

Autonomy1 month battery autonomy

>1 000 000 events data log

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6 LEDs for EMF level indication

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Index






6 Measurement in the field - Examples

7 Conclusions

✓ The natural world, including your body, produces electromagnetic fields. But thesefields are low in intensity. Technology produces much more intenseelectromagnetic fields, and these fields can cause health risks. You cannot see orhear them. But if you live where there is cell phone service or power lines, forexample, you are exposed to artificial EMFs.

✓ To comply with the standards and regulations, it’s necessary to perform an EMFassessment. This assessment has to follow three stages:

✓ Exposure assessment.✓ Risk assessment.✓ Action plan.

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