6PhysicsNelson

HSC

Stuart RyanJanet Holmes

Contributing authorsRay MartineAlan Storen

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Physics Stage 6 HSC Course Student Book1st EditionStuart RyanJanet Holmes

Publishing editor: Eleanor GregoryProject editor: Katharine DayEditor: Catherine GreenwoodCover design: Santiago VillamizarCover image: Corbis AustraliaText design: Santiago VillamizarPhoto research: Lisa PiemonteProduction controller: Jo VracaTypeset by Macmillan Publishing Solutions

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© 2009 Cengage Learning Australia Pty Limited

Copyright NoticeThis Work is copyright. No part of this Work may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without priorwritten permission of the Publisher. Except as permitted under theCopyright Act 1968, for example any fair dealing for the purposes of privatestudy, research, criticism or review, subject to certain limitations. Theselimitations include: Restricting the copying to a maximum of one chapter or10% of this book, whichever is greater; providing an appropriate notice andwarning with the copies of the Work disseminated; taking all reasonable steps to limit access to these copies to people authorised to receive thesecopies; ensuring you hold the appropriate Licences issued by the CopyrightAgency Limited (“CAL”), supply a remuneration notice to CAL and pay anyrequired fees. For details of CAL licences and remuneration notices pleasecontact CAL at Level 15, 233 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000,Tel: (02) 9394 7600, Fax: (02) 9394 7601, Email: info@copyright.com.au,Website: www.copyright.com.au

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National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication DataStuart Ryan, Janet Holmes.Physics stage 6 HSC

1st ed.9780170177931Includes index.For secondary school age.

Physics - Textbooks.

530

Cengage Learning AustraliaLevel 7, 80 Dorcas StreetSouth Melbourne, Victoria Australia 3205

Cengage Learning New ZealandUnit 4B Rosedale Office Park331 Rosedale Road, Albany, North Shore 0632, NZ

For learning solutions, visit cengage.com.au

Printed in China by China Translation & Printing Services.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09

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Introduction viAbout the authors viiAcknowledgements viii

Module 1 Space 1Chapter 1 Gravity 2

1.1 Mass and weight 31.2 Gravitational fi elds 41.3 Gravitational potential energy 7Summary of gravity 9Review questions 9

Chapter 2 Projectiles 112.1 Projectile motion 122.2 Equations of motion 132.3 Motion in two dimensions 162.4 Projectile motion at an angle 20Summary of projectiles 27Review questions 27

Chapter 3 Spacefl ight 293.1 Escape velocity 303.2 g-forces 313.3 Rotation of the Earth and rocket launch 333.4 Changing rocket acceleration 343.5 Uniform circular motion 343.6 Low-Earth and geostationary orbits 353.7 Kepler’s Law of Periods 373.8 Re-entry 39Summary of spacefl ight 41Review questions 42

Chapter 4 Newton’s laws of gravitation 444.1 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation 454.2 Gravitational fi eld 46Summary of Newton’s laws of gravitation 49Review questions 49

Chapter 5 Einstein’s Theory of Relativity 515.1 Building on Newton 525.2 The aether 525.3 The Michelson–Morley experiment 535.4 Frames of reference and Galilean relativity 545.5 Einstein and the postulates of the Theory

of Special Relativity 565.6 Time dilation 565.7 Length contraction 61

5.8 A further discussion on time 635.9 Mass and the ultimate speed 645.10 Mass and energy 66Summary of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity 68Review questions 68

Module 2 Motors and generators 73Chapter 6 The motor effect 74

6.1 Magnetic fi elds associated with electric currents 75

6.2 The force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic fi eld 78

6.3 The force between two parallel current-carrying conductors (Ampere’s Law) 80

6.4 Torque 836.5 Torque on a coil 846.6 The DC electric motor 846.7 Application of the motor effect: Galvanometers

and loudspeakers 87Summary of the motor effect 90Review questions 90

Chapter 7 Electromagnetic induction 937.1 Michael Faraday 947.2 Magnetic fl ux and magnetic fl ux density 957.3 Electromagnetic induction 977.4 Generating a potential difference in a

loop of wire 987.5 Lenz’s Law 1017.6 Lenz’s Law and the conservation of energy 1047.7 Back emf 1047.8 Eddy currents 1057.9 AC electric motors 106Summary of electromagnetic induction 107Review questions 107

Chapter 8 Generators 1098.1 Generators 1108.2 Generating electricity 1118.3 Advantages of AC over DC 1138.4 The impact of AC generators on society

and environment 1148.5 The battle of the currents: Westinghouse

and Edison 1148.6 Transmission of electricity 117Summary of generators 119Review questions 119

Contents\\\\\

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ivNelson PhysicsStage 6 HSC

13.8 Applications of superconductors 176Summary of superconductors 179Review questions 179

Option 1 Medical physics 181Chapter 14 Ultrasound in medicine 182

14.1 Ultrasound 18314.2 Piezoelectric effect 18414.3 Acoustic impedance 18514.4 Intensity ratio 18614.5 Different types of scans 18814.6 Doppler effect 190Summary of ultrasound in medicine 192Review questions 192

Chapter 15 Electromagnetic radiation as a diagnostic tool 195

15.1 X-rays 19615.2 Computed axial tomography scans 19815.3 Endoscopes 200Summary of electromagnetic radiation as a diagnostic tool 202Review questions 202

Chapter 16 Radioactivity as a diagnostic tool 204

16.1 Radioactive isotopes and half-lives 20516.2 Metabolism of radioactive isotopes 20616.3 Positrons, electrons and gamma rays 20716.4 Positron emission tomography 208Summary of radioactivity as a diagnostic tool 210Review questions 210

Chapter 17 Magnetic resonance imaging as a diagnostic tool 212

17.1 Nuclei as small magnets 21317.2 Spinning nuclei 21317.3 Strong magnetic fi elds 21417.4 Precessing and radio waves 21517.5 MRI scans 21617.6 Comparison of medical imaging techniques 217Summary of magnetic resonance imaging as a diagnostic tool 219Review questions 219

Option 2 Astrophysics 221Chapter 18 Observing the night sky 222

18.1 Astrophysics 22318.2 Galileo’s telescope 22418.3 Detecting wavebands 22618.4 Resolution and sensitivity 22718.5 Ground-based astronomy 229Summary of observing the night sky 232Review questions 232

Chapter 9 Transformers 1219.1 The transformer 1229.2 Energy loss in transformers 1249.3 Using transformers to supply electricity 124Summary of transformers 126Review questions 126

Module 3 From ideas to implementation 127Chapter 10 Cathode rays 128

10.1 History of cathode rays 12910.2 Crookes’ experiment 13010.3 The force on charged particles moving

in a magnetic fi eld 13110.4 Electric fi elds 13410.5 Thomson’s experiment 13610.6 Cathode ray tubes 137Summary of cathode rays 139Review questions 139

Chapter 11 The photoelectric effect 14211.1 Electromagnetic waves 14311.2 Hertz’s experiment 14311.3 Demonstration of the photoelectric effect 14511.4 Planck and black body radiation 14611.5 The photoelectric effect 14611.6 The photoelectric effect and the classical

wave theory 14711.7 Quantum theory 14811.8 Quantum explanation of the photoelectric effect 15011.9 Einstein’s photoelectric equation 15111.10 Planck and Einstein 153Summary of the photoelectric effect 154Review questions 154

Chapter 12 Semiconductors 15712.1 Conductivity 15812.2 Band structure 15812.3 Doping 15912.4 Thermionic devices 16012.5 Solid state devices replace thermionic

devices 16112.6 Transistors 16212.7 Applications of semiconductors in solar cells 165Summary of semiconductors 166Review questions 166

Chapter 13 Superconductors 16813.1 Interference 16913.2 Diffraction 17013.3 The Braggs’ X-ray crystallography experiment 17113.4 Crystal lattice structure of metals 17313.5 Superconductors 17413.6 BCS theory 17513.7 Meissner effect 175

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vContents

Chapter 23 Quantum physics 30323.1 De Broglie’s matter waves 30423.2 Diffraction and interference 30623.3 Experimental evidence for de Broglie’s

matter waves 306Summary of quantum physics 309Review questions 309

Chapter 24 Nuclear physics 31024.1 Discovery of radioactivity 31124.2 The atom 31224.3 Discovery of the neutron 31324.4 Naturally occurring radiation 31524.5 Detecting radiation 31624.6 Radioactive decay 31724.7 Why are nuclei unstable? 31924.8 Discovery of nuclear fi ssion 32124.9 Nuclear fi ssion and chain reactions 32224.10 Energy from nuclear reactions 32324.11 The Manhattan Project 324Summary of nuclear physics 326Review questions 326

Chapter 25 Applications of nuclear physics and the standard model of matter 329

25.1 Nuclear reactors 33025.2 Basic principles of a nuclear reactor 33125.3 Nuclear power 33425.4 Applications of radioisotopes 33625.5 Neutron scattering 33925.6 Particle accelerators 33925.7 The standard model of matter 341Summary of applications of nuclear physics and the standard model of matter 343Review questions 343

Appendices 345Answers 359Glossary 372Index 377

Chapter 19 Measurements of the night sky 23419.1 Measurements of distance 23519.2 Spectroscopy 23919.3 Stellar spectra 23919.4 Spectral classifi cation 24219.5 Other inferred information 24319.6 Photometry 24519.7 Spectroscopic parallax 24719.8 Measuring colour and colour index 24919.9 New technology 251Summary of measurements of the night sky 253Review questions 253

Chapter 20 Binary and variable stars 25720.1 Binary stars 25820.2 Variable stars 26520.3 Pulsating variable stars 267Summary of binary and variable stars 269Review questions 269

Chapter 21 Life cycle of stars 27121.1 Stellar formation 27221.2 Main sequence stars 27521.3 Red giants 27821.4 Star death 28121.5 Open and globular clusters 286Summary of life cycle of stars 288Review questions 289

Option 3 From quanta to quarks 291Chapter 22 Models of the atom 292

22.1 Thomson’s ‘plum pudding’ model 29322.2 Rutherford’s model 29322.3 Diffi culties with Rutherford’s model 29422.4 Bohr’s model 29722.5 Balmer and Rydberg’s equations 29822.6 Energy levels of hydrogen 29922.7 Limitations of Bohr’s model 300Summary of models of the atom 301Review questions 301

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Introduction\\\\\\

Nelson Physics Stage 6 HSC has been authored to specifi cally meet all the requirements of the Board of Studies Stage 6 Physics syllabus.

The text includes features designed to engage, challenge and extend students in meaningful learning experiences. These features offer students the opportunity to learn in different ways as they explore the exciting and dynamic study of physics.

• Knowledge and understanding are listed at the beginning of each chapter.

• Problem sets appear throughout the body of each chapter. The graded questions enable students to develop their understanding of the concepts of physics and to build up the required skills. Problems are written using the Board of Studies verbs, providing students with valuable experience in answering exam-style questions.

• New terms are highlighted in the text and are accompanied by a margin glossary as well as an end-of-book glossary.

• Clear worked examples show students how to set out and solve exam-style problems.

• Icons link the student to fi rst hand investigations, secondary information and problem solving activities in Practical Physics for senior students HSC. These activities satisfy all the practical and problem solving requirements of the Stage 6 Physics HSC syllabus.

• End-of-chapter summaries present the key points of the chapter and provide a basis for revision.

• End-of-chapter review questions enable students to consolidate and revise the knowledge and understanding, and skills taught in each chapter.

Student CD-ROMA student CD-ROM is provided in the back of each textbook. This contains a PDF version of the textbook. By clicking on an icon in the PDF version students will be taken to:

Test Yourself at the end of each module and option provides students with 20 auto-correcting multiple-choice questions complete with an explanation of the answer and page reference to textbook.

Word Check activities at the end of each module and option enable students to further their understanding and reinforce their knowledge of key physics terms in each chapter.

MP4 Podcast Revision at the end of each module and option are downloadable to an MP3 or MP4 player and enable students to revise physics any time, any where.

Videolinks take students to relevant YouTube videos that engage students and bring physics alive. Clicking on the videolink icon will take students to a page on the Cengage website where they will further link to the YouTube video. If your school blocks YouTube videos or to keep the links current, it is highly recommended that the teacher download the videos to a TeacherTube (www.teachertube.com) or VodPod (www.vodpod.com) site. Cengage will make every effort to keep these links current.

Also provided on the Student CD-ROM is a copy of LoggerPro 3.6 to assist students with data collection and analysis.

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About the Authors\\\\\

Stuart Ryan is an experienced classroom physics teacher having taught for almost 20 years in both government and independent schools in New South Wales. He has a Masters Degree in Educational Studies and is currently the co-ordinator of Physics at Shore School. He recently co-authored Practical Physics for Senior Students for the Peliminary and HSC courses. Stuart would like to thank his wife, Ariana, and children Bethany and Jack for their understanding and support.

Janet Holmes has a BSc DipEd from Sydney University. She is an experienced classroom physics teacher with a passion for the practical application of mathematics in the physical world. She has taught at a variety of schools both in private and public education. She is currently the Senior Physics teacher at Mulwaree High School in Goulburn NSW. Janet has an enthusiasm for the facilitation of learning in young people and providing the educational experiences and resources needed to reach their full potential.

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The authors and publishers would like gratefully to credit or acknowledge the following sources for permission to use copyright material.

Alan Storen: p. 316; Arnold Reinhold: p. 124; The Cathode Ray Tube sit http://members.chello.nl/h.dijkstra19: p. 131; Cengage Learning Australia, Practical Physics for Senior Students by Roberson et al © 2008. Reprinted with permission of Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd: pp. 88, 129/ Cengage Learning Australia/Lisa Piemonte: p. 125 (bottom right); CMS Collaboration: p. 341 (centre right); Corbis Australia: p. 199 (bottom), 223 (top right), 223 (bottom left), 228, 325 (bottom left); CSIRO's Australia Telescope Compact Array Photo: D. Smyth: p. 231; Education Development Center, Inc.: pp. 169, 171, 172; Educational Outreach/Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge/Department of Physics, University of Cambridge: p. 136; Internet Encyclopedia of Science/David Darling: p. 248; iStockphoto: pp. 93, 121, 128, 157, 182, 204, 291, 292, 310, 342 (right)/ Diego Barucco: p. 221/Omas Bercic: p. 168/ Karl Dolenc: p. 1/ Bojan Fatur: p. 75 (bottom right)/ Rui Frias: p. 73/ Aaliya Landholt: p. 212/ Philip Lange: p. 329/ Dave Long: p. 2/ Albert Lozano: p. 161 (left)/ Andrei Malov: p. 181/ Steve Mann: p. 74/Christian MateiCevdet: p. 44/ muratseyit: p. 198/ Gökhan Palas: p. 11/ Damian Palus: p. 127/ Christopher Pattberg: p. 197 (top right)/ David Peeters: p. 183 (right)/ Nick Schlax: p. 303/Gregory Spencer: p. 109/ Sandeep Subba: p. 6/ technotr: p. 12 (bottom)/ Luis Carlos Torres: p. 142/ Maria Toutoudaki: p. 195/ Sze Fei Wong: p. 51; Jupiterimages Corporation: pp. 12 (top), 30 (bottom), 75 (top right), 94 (top left), 94 (centre), 118, 164, 183 (left), 186, 189, 223 (top right inset), 322, 330; Mai-Linh Doan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meissner_effect_p1390048.jpg: p. 176; Mtodorov 69 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Induction-motor-3a.gif: p. 106; NASA: pp. 4, 29, 40, 222, 225, 266,

271, 272, 273, 278, 282/ AURA/ STScI/ NASA: p. 287 (top right)/ NASA/CXC/PSU/G. Pavlov et al.: p. 285/ NASA/CXC/ASU/J. Hester et al.: p. 283/ NASA, ESA and AURA/Caltech: p. 286/ NASA, H.E. Bond and E. Nelan (Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Md.); M. Barstow and M. Burleigh (University of Leicester, U.K.) and J.B. Holberg: p. 258/ NASA, Jeff Hester and Paul Scowen Arizona State University: p. 230/ NASA/MSFC: p. 34/ NASA/Tod Strohmayer (GSFC)/Dana Berry (Chandra X-ray Observatory): p. 257; Newspix/Simon Benson: p. 336; Ojibberish/Wikimedia http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diode_tube_schematic.svg: p. 161 (right); Photolibrary: pp. 52, 75 (bottom left), 89, 146, 162, 177, 178, 191, 196, 201, 209, 216, 217, 224, 234, 235, 236, 259, 294, 296, 297, 304, 308, 311, 325 (top right), 338; Shutterstock/ Zhiltsov Alexandr: p. 163/ bravajulia: p. 197 (bottom)/ Susan Law Cain: p. 200/ Mikael Damkier: p. 190/ Marcel Jancovic: p. 3 (left)/ Li Wa: p. 199 (top)/ Phillip Minnis: p. 125 (left)/ reporter: p. 125 (top right)/ Dennis Tokarzewski: p. 165/ WizData, Inc.: p. 3 (right); US Library of Congress: pp. 115, 116; Wiki http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NewtonCannon.svg: p. 31; Wikipedia/Arpad Horvath http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quark_structure_proton.svg: p. 342 (left); Wikipedia/MissMJ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg : p. 341 (bottom right).

Every attempt has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright holders. Where the attempt has been unsuccessful, the publisher welcomes information that would redress the situation.

The publishers would like to acknowledge Peter Roberson for his assistance and contributions to Stuart Ryan during the authoring and development process.

Acknowledgements\\\\\\

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