parasitology prelims
DESCRIPTION
Slides for ParasitologyTRANSCRIPT
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Balantidium coli Balantadiasis Cyst INGESTION
Metronidazole
Chilomastix mesnili Non pathogenic Cyst -
Entamoeba coli Non pathogenic Mature cyst -
Entamoeba histolytica Amoebiasis Cyst
Endolimax nana Non pathogenic Cyst -
Giardia lamblia Giardiasis Cyst Metronidazole
Iodamoeba butschlii Non pathogenic Cyst -
Leishmania donovani Visceral Leshmaniasis Promastigote Stibogluconate Na
ATRIAL FLAGELLATES
- Lower forms of parasite - Completely unicellular - Asexual reproduction – Binary fission - Non pathogenic
o Chilomastix mesnili - Pathogenic
o Giardia lamblia
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PARASITE: Balantidium coli, trophozoite
Only member of the ciliate group that is pathogenic to humans Considered as the largest protozoan ORGAN OF LOCOMOTION: CILIA DEFINING CHARACTERISTIC is NUCLEAR DIMORPHISM
o Micronucleus o Macronucleus
INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: TROPHOZOITE
DISEASE: Balantidiasis MOT: INGESTION HABITAT: COLON
LABORATORY: microscopic examination of stool and tissue sample POPULATION AFFECTED: TREATMENT: METRONIDAZOLE
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PARASITE: Leishmania donovani Kala-Azar Dum dum fever Old world leishmaniasis AMASTIGOTE infective to the vector PROMASTIGOTE infective to humans
INFECTIVE STAGE: PROMASTIGOTE DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: AMASTIGOTE
DISEASE: VISCERAL LESHMANIASIS VECTOR: Phlebotomous sandfly DEFINITIVE HOST: Man and Mammals RESERVOIR: DOG EPIDEMIOLOGY:
Common in Africa, India and Asia (Particularly in the middle east)
LABORATORY:
Cultivated in NNN or liquid cultures as promastigote of splenic and hepatic material
Blood smear or culture Sternal, splenic, hepatic, or LN puncture
TREATMENT: Stibogluconate sodium
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PARASITE: Chilomastix mesnili TROPHOZITE
Asymmetrically pear With constricted middle part Granular cytoplasm With food vacuoles
CYST
Pear or lemon shaped With knob like protuberance
INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: TROPHOZOITE LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS: STOOL EXAMINATION MOVEMENT:CORK SCREW LIKE MOVEMENT NO TREATMENT REQUIRED.
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PARASITE: Giardia lamblia DISEASE: GIARDIASIS INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: TROPHOZOITES MOT: INGESTION
DIAGNOSIS: DIRECT FECAL SMEAR – identifying ova/adult STOOL EXAM – complete examination of stool
DRUG OF CHOICE: METRONIDAZOLE
TROPHOZOITE - DIAGNOSTIC STAGE - Seen in WATERY STOOL - Has 8 FLAGELLA - With a pair of nuclei - FALLING LEAF OTILITY - PEAR SHAPED - BINARY FISSION
CYST - INFECTIVE STAGE - With CONDENSED FLAGELLA
(cannot be seen, folded, thick, exhibit no movement at all)
- OVOID in shape - Young: 2 nuclei - Mature: 4 nuclei
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PARASITE: Endolimax nana NON-PATHOGENIC Flagellate CYST
o 7-10µm o Spherical, ovoid or ellipsoid o Mature cyst – 4 nuclei o Large blotlike karyosome and presence of peripheral
chromatic (similar with trophozoite) o No chromatoid bar o GROUND GLASS APPEARANCE
INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: CYST OR TROPHOZOITE IN THE STOOL LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS: STOOL EXAMINATION NO TREATMENT REQUIRED.
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PARASITE: Entamoeba histolytica
DISEASE: AMEOBIASIS INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: 4 NUCLEI CYSTS OR TROPHOZOITES ON OVA AND PARASITE EXAM MOT: INGESTION LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS: STOOL EXAMINATION
CYST - INFECTIVE STAGE
- In FORMED STOOL
- 4 nuclei (quadrinucleated cyst)
- Resistant to gastric secretion
- Cigar-shaped chromatoidal body
- With glycogen mass
TROPHOZOITE - INVASIVE FORM (PATHOGENIC STAGE) - In LIQUID STOOL - 1 NUCLEUS - Pseudopod:active. progressive and directional movement - Centrally located karyosome: “Bulls-eye appearance” - With ingested RBC - With Charcot-Leyden crystals
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PARASITE: Entamoeba coli DISEASE: NON PATHOGENIC INFECTIVE STAGE: MATURE CYST
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: CYST OR TROPHOZOITES ON OVA AND PARASITE EXAM MOT: INGESTION LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS:
TRADITIONAL WET PREPARATION ANTIGEN TEST
TROPHOZOITE - Motility: Sluggish, nonprogressive
through blunt pseudopod - Single nucleus with large irregularly
shaped karyosome that is ECCENTRICALLY LOCATED
- Vacuoles often contain bacteria - In contrast to E. histolytica, RED
BLOOD CELL INCLUSIONS ARE NOT PRESENT IN THE TROPHOZOITES OF E. COLI.
CYST - Spherical with thick cell wall - 1-8 NUCLEUS (E.histolytica – 1 to 4
nuclei only) - Cytoplasm contains glycogen mass - Thin chromatoid bars, often with
pointed to splintered ends
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PARASITE: Iodamoeba buetschlii Sluggishly and progressive Pseudopodia blunt and hyaline Inclusions: Bacteria but NO RBC 1 large nucleus WITH GLYCOGEN MASS Thick membrane
INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: CYST OR TROPHOZOITES ON OVA AND PARASITE EXAM
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PARASITE Necator americanus
MORPHOLOGY: LARVA DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS IN FECES RHABDITIFORM
- Feeding Larva (L1) - Molting 2x (L2)
FILARIFORM
Infective stage (L3)
Adult form of Larva Requires the pulmonary circulation to survive Stays in the alveolar capillaries SMALL INTESTINE
o maturation, differentiation and reproduction PATHOLOGY:
Skin penetration
Vascular/lymphatic penetration
Pulmonary circulation (alveolar capillaries and rupture)
GIT then eggs in stool DIAGNOSTIC TEST: SUCKING BLOOD:
Necator (0.15 to 0.25 ml/day/parasite)
Duodenale (0.30 - 0.50 ml/day/parasite) TREATMENT: Mebendazole and Pyrantel Palmoate
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PARASITE
Ancylostoma braziliense o CAT HOOKWORM o Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) o ”Creeping eruption” o Never leave the skin
BUCCAL CAVITY – 2 UNEVEN PAIRS of teeth DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: FILARIFORM INFECTIVE STAGE: FILARIFORM (L3) DISEASE : Cutaneous Larva Migrans
Erythematous and Itchy Pinpoint lesion Map-like lesion
LIFE CYCLE: Filariform Larva Only DEFINITIVE HOST: CAT DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Skin Biopsy TREATMENT:
Mebendazole
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PARASITE Ancylostoma caninum
o DOG HOOKWORM o Creeping eruption o Never leave the skin
BUCCAL CAVITY – 3 PAIRS of teeth DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: FILARIFORM INFECTIVE STAGE: FILARIFORM (L3) DEFINITIVE HOST: DOG PATHOLOGY: Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM)
Erythematous and Itchy Pinpoint lesion Map-like lesion
INFECTIVE STAGE: Filariform Larva (L3) LIFE CYCLE: Filariform Larva Only DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Skin biopsy TREATMENT: Thiabendazole
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PARASITE Trichuris trichiura (Egg) Whipwhorm Barrel/Lemon/Football-shape With bacillary band
INFECTIVE STAGE: FULLY EMBRYONATED EGG DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: FERTILIZED EGG DISEASE: Intestinal obstruction / Allergy DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Direct fecal smear TREATMENT: Mebendazole
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PARASITE
Trichinella spiralis(Encysted larva) o Hook worm o In the muscle o Encyst or developed only in Striated muscle o No egg stage o Trichina worm - Dead end alley infection
(Cannot be transmitted from human to human) –
ACCIDENTAL HOST: HUMAN HABITAT: Striated muscles (Skeletal muscles) ENCYSTATION: Upper Small Intestine REPRODUCTION: after mating, males die afterwards and females dies after passing the larva INFECTIVE STAGE: ENCYSTED LARVA DIAGNOSTIC: Muscle biopsy MOT: Ingestion of infected muscle with encysted larva TREATMENT:
Mebendazole: Kills the larva Thiabendazole: Expels the adult worm
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PARASITE
Trichinella spiralis(Adult female) Trichina worm No egg “dead-end alley” infection Male (mates once, dies); female(pass larva, dies)
PERMANENT HABITAT: Skeletal muscle (Striated muscle) DISEASE: Trichiniasis INFECTIVE STAGE: ENCYSTED LARVA DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Muscle biopsy MOT: Ingestion of infected muscle with encysted larva DEFINITIVE HOSTS: Carnivorous or Omnivorous animals (Cats, Dogs, Hogs, Rats, etc.) ACCIDENTAL HOST: Humans (cannot be transmitted from human to human) PATHOGNOMONIC: With STICHOSOME (Stichocytes – nerve cells)
TREATMENT: Thiabendazole - Expels the adult worm
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PARASITE Capillaria philippinensis (Pudoc worm) EGGS: - Typical - yellow, moderately thick shell with
striations, with flattened bipolar plug, peanut shaped - Atypical – thin shelled, without bipolar plugs, with segmentation, embryonated
INTERMEDIATE HOST: Freshwater fish INFECTIVE STAGE: Larva MOT: eating of infected fish with larva stage HABITAT: Jejunum DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: typical and atypical eggs in the feces DIAGNOSTIC TEST: DIRECT FECAL SMEAR SYMPTOMS:
• Intestinal malabsorption (outstanding sign), worst symptom among aphasmids
• Fat malabsorption • Fluid and electrolyte losses • Free passage of plasma protein • Abdominal pain and distention • Cachexia and emancipation
TREATMENT: Mebendazole
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PARASITE
Strongyloides stercoralis(Filariform larva) o THREADWORM o POINTED o BUCCAL CAVITY: No teeth nor plates o DOESN’T REQUIRED HUMID SOIL
INFECTIVE STAGE: FILARIFORM (L3) – Molts 4 times
DISEASE: Conchin china diarrhea LIFE CYCLE:
4x molting Pulmonary circulation Auto reinfection Manifest HYPERINFECTION
MOT: Skin Penetration HABITAT: Small intestine, invade the mucosa up to muscularis layer but not the serosal layer
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS + RHABDITIFORM LABORATORY: Stool exam, Duodenal & Sputum examination POPULATION AFFECTED: Adults Institutionalized people TREATMENT: Thiabendazole
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PARASITE
Strongyloides stercoralis (Rhabditiform larva) o THREADWORM o STOUTER o BUCCAL CAVITY: No teeth nor plates o DOESN’T REQUIRED HUMID SOIL
INFECTIVE STAGE: FILARIFORM LARVA (L3) DISEASE: Conchin china diarrhea LIFE CYCLE:
4x molting Pulmonary circulation Auto reinfection Manifest HYPERINFECTION
MOT: Skin Penetration HABITAT: Small intestine, invade the mucosa up to muscularis layer but not the serosal layer DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS + RHABDITIFORM LABORATORY: Stool exam, Duodenal & Sputum examination POPULATION: Adult, institutionalized patient TREATMENT: Thiabendazole
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PARASITE Enterobius vermicularis (Adult female) PINWORM & SEAT WORM Presence of with CEPHALIC ALAE & ESOPHAGEAL BULB Gravid female worms migrate down the intestinal tract and exist
through the anus to deposit eggs on the perianal skin After deposition, FEMALE DIES
DISEASE: Oxyuriasis/Enterobiasis COMPLICATION:
Appendicitis Vaginitis Endometritis Salpingitis Peritonitis
INFECTIVE STAGE: EMBRYONATED EGGS DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: ADULT WORM OR EGG PATHOLOGIC STAGE: ADULT PATHOLOGY: Bleeding diarrhea and prolapsed rectum DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Scotch adhesive tape swab – demonstrate embyonated ova MOT: Self-infection, Person to person, Airborne TREATMENT: Pyrantel Pamoate and Mebendazole (alternative)
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PARASITE
Enterobius vermicularis (Eggs) Most common helminthic infection One side flattened, other is convex Oxyuris Vermiculris, Pinworm, Seatworm
INFECTIVE STAGE: EMBRYONATED EGGS DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: ADULT WORM OR EGG
One side flattened and the other side convex (D-shaped) Shell has 2 layers Shape is planoconvex Contains embryo
RHABDITIFORM LARVA : 140-150 µm by 10 µm
Esophageal bulb but has no cuticular expansion on the anterior end.
MOT: Self infection, Person to person, Airborne DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Scotch adhesive tape swab – demonstrate embyonated ova TREATMENT: Mebendazole and Pyrantel pamoat
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PARASITE
Toxocara canis Toxocara canis cervical alae is longer than broader compared to
Toxocara cati Subglobose, moderately thick, coarsely pitted eggshell
DEFINITIVE HOST: DOG INFECTIVE STAGE: EGG PATHOLOGIC STAGE: LARVA
ACCIDENTAL HOST: HUMANS TWO MAIN CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS:
Visceral larva migrans – common in Preschool children Ocular larva migrans
DIAGNOSIS: TISSUE BIOPSY /ELISA MOT:
By ingesting infective stage eggs from soil By ingesting larvae in tissues of paratenic hosts that were
infected from soil or by cannibalism or predation TREATMENT: Albendazole and Mebendazole
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PARASITE Ascaris lumbricoides (Fertilized egg)
Giant Intestinal Roundworm parasitizing human Golden brown in color Brodly ovoid with thick and transparent shell WITH VITELLINE LAYER (Innermost layer) AND
MAMMILATIONS
DISEASE: ASCARIASIS, LOEFFLER SYNDROME DEFINITIVE HOST: HUMAN INFECTIVE STAGE: FULLY EMBRYONATED EGG PATHOGENIC STAGE: Adult, Larva ADULTS: 3 prominent lips , Each with dentigenous ridge and no interlabia or alae DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS:
Direct fecal smear Demonstration of eggs in feces
TREATMENT: Mebendazole – Drug of choice
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PARASITE Ascaris lumbricoides (UNFertilized egg) Most common human helminthic infection
MORPHOLOGY: Egg-thick shelled
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:
ADULT WORMS usually causes NO SYMPTOMS Loeffler’s syndrome (Cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis and
eosinophilic pneumonitis) DEFINITIVE HOST: HUMAN INFECTIVE STAGE: FULLY EMBRYONATED EGG DIAGNOSIS:
Direct Fecal Smear Demonstration of eggs in feces
TREATMENT: Mebendazole/Albendazole
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PARASITE: Brugia malayi NOTE: two terminal nuclei (posterior end diagnostic)
PERIODICITY: Nocturnal (10pm-2am) DISEASE: Lymphatic filariasis INTERMEDIATE HOST: Mansonia DIAGNOSIS:
Giemsa stained thick blood film (must be drawn at Night, 10 pm – 2am)
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: Microfilaria INFECTIVE STAGE: FILARIFORM LARVA (L3)
LIFE CYCLE: Circulate from 10pm - 2am (nocturnal), mosquito ingest the microfilaria (3rd stage juvenile larva), larva then matures to adult in the lymphatics TREATMENT: Diethylcarbamazine, Albendazole and Ivermectin (alternative)
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PARASITE: Wuchercheria bancrofti DISEASE: Lymphatic filariasis DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: MICROFILARIA INFECTIVE STAGE: L3 LARVA VECTOR: Anopheles, Culex, Aedes DIAGNOSIS:
Giemsa stained thick blood film (must be drawn at Night, 10 pm – 2am)
TREATMENT: Diethylcarbamazine
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DISEASE Lymphatic Filariasis Lymphatic Filariasis INTERMEDIATE HOST Anopheles, Culex, Aedes Mansonia
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE Microfilariae Microfilariae INFECTIVE STAGE L3 L3
PERIODICITY Nocturnal Nocturnal BODY CURVES Graceful curves, bluntly rounded
anterior and pointed posterior Stiff, kinky body
PRESENCE/ABSENCE OF TRANSPARENT SHEATH
(+) (+)
ARRANGEMENT OF BODY NUCLEI
Central column are more or less equidistant with each other
Devoid terminal nuclei
Large with irregular distribution appear clumped
Long cephalic space Devoid of nuclei
DIAGNOSTIC EXAM Giemsa stained thick blood smear Giemsa stained thick blood smear DRUG OF CHOICE Diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine
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PARASITE: Echinococcus granulosus
SMALLEST TAPEWORM of medical importance
SCOLEX with prominent rostellum
DOUBLE CROWN of hooks
NO adult form in humans
Short with 3 proglottids with o 1 IMMATURE o 1 MATURE o 1 GRAVID
INFECTIVE STAGE: HYDATID CYST HABITAT: Small intestine of dogs and wolves DEFINITIVE HOST: Dogs and Wolves INTERMEDIATE HOST: Sheep and Cattle DISEASE: HYDATID DISEASE
MOT: INGESTION MOST COMMON ORGAN AFFECTED: LIVER
TREATMENT: Surgery Epinephrine and Anti histamine
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS:
Finding proctoscolices, brood capsules or daughter cyst
ELISA
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PARASITE: Hymenolepsis nana
DWARF TAPEWORM
SCOLEX: SHORT retractile rostellum with SINGLE ring of small hook
MATURE PROGLOTTID: Single genital pore on LEFT SIDE
EGG: Oval encloses HEXACANTH embryo, inner membrane has 2 POLAR THICKENINGS
NO INTERMEDIATE HOST!! INFECTIVE STAGE: CERCOCYTIS DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS WITH 6 HOOKLETS IN THE FECES HABITAT: ILEUM DEFINITIVE HOST: HUMAN, MICE AND RATS
MOT: INGESTION TREATMENT: PRAZIQUANTE
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PARASITE: Hymenolepsis diminuta
SCOLEX: UNARMED ROSTELLUM
GRAVID PROGLOTTID: Contains SACCULAR UTERUS with EGG MASSES
EGG: NO POLAR FILAMENTS OR THICKENINGS
INFECTIVE STAGE: CERCOCYSTIS DIGNOSTIC STAGE: UNEMBRYONATED EGG DISEASE: HABITAT: ILEUM DEFINITIVE HOST: RATS AND MICE INTERMEDIATE HOST: Larval Fleas and Adult beetles ACCIDENTAL HOST: Human
MOT: Ingestion TREATMENT: PRAZIQUANTEL
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PARASITE: Diphyllobothrium caninum
DOG TAPEWORM
AKA DOUBLE-PORED TAPEWORM
GRAVID PROGLOTTID: Packed with MEMBRANOUS EGG CAPSULES containing 15-25 eggs
EGGS: Oncosphere with 6 hooklets
GENITAL PORE located BILATERALLY
Proglottid is watermelon shape
DISEASE: DIPYLIDIASIS INFECTIVE STAGE: CYSTICERCOID LARVA DIGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS IN MOTHER POCKETS HABITAT: SMALL INTESTINE DEFINITIVE HOST: DOGS INTERMEDIATE HOST: LARVAL FLEAS of dogs ands cats
MOT: Ingestion TREATMENT: PRAZIQUANTEL
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PARASITE: Diphyllobothrium latum
FISH TAPEWORM
JEWISH HOUSEWIVES DISEASE
SCOLEX: 2 BOTHRIUM OR SUCKING ORGAN
MALE ORGAN: DORSAL PART OF PROGLOTTID
FEMALE ORGAN: VENTRAL PART
ASSOCIATED WITH PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
DISEASE: DIPHYLLOBOTRIASIS INFECTIVE STAGE: PLEROCERCOID LARVAE (SPARGANUM) DIGNOSTIC STAGE: UNEMBRYONATED EGG NOURISHMENT:DIFFUSION from undigested food of the host HABITAT: ILEUM DEFINITIVE HOST: INTERMEDIATE HOST: 1ST: COPEPODS 2ND: FISH ACCIDENTAL HOST: HUMAN
MOT: INGESTION TREATMENT: NICLOSAMIDE
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PARASITE: Taenia solium
PORK TAPEWORM
DISEASE: CYSTERCOSIS INFECTIVE STAGE: ADULT WORM DIGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS OR PROGLOTTIDS IN FECES HABITAT: UPPER PART OF JEJUNUM DEFINITIVE HOST: MAN LIFE SPAN: 25 YEARS INTERMEDIATE HOST: HOGS AND WILD BOARS 1ST: COPEPODS 2ND: FISH
MOT: INGESTION OF RAW PORK DIAGNOSTIC TEST:
Stool examination (Identification of ovum ang segments in feces
TREATMENT: NICLOSAMIDE
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PARASITE: Fasciola hepatica
SHEEP LIVER FLUKE
LARGE LEAF SHAPE
Live as long as 11 years
DISEASE: FASCIOLIASIS INFECTIVE STAGE: METACERCARIA SEX: MONOECIOUS DIGNOSTIC STAGE: EGG HABITAT: LIVER DEFINITIVE HOST: SHEEP ACCIDENTAL HOST: Human INTERMEDIATE HOST:
1ST – SNAIL 2ND – WATER CHESTNUTS & KANGKONG
MOT: INGESTION
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INFECTIVE STAGE: CYSTICERCUS (CELLULOSAE/BOVIS) DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS AND GRAVID PROGLOTTIDS
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PARASITE: Clonorchis sinensis
CHINESE LIVER FLUKE / ORIENTAL LIVER FLUKE
LANCET SHAPE
Excyst in the LIVER
Adult worms can LIVE UP TO 25 YEARS
With TWO LARGE AND DEEPLY LOBED TESTES situated one behind the other.
DISEASE: CHLONORCHIASIS
INFECTIVE STAGE: METACERCARIA DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: Unembryonated egg
SEX: MONOECIOUS HABITAT: LIVER DEFINITIVE HOST: MAN INTERMEDIATE HOST: 1ST: OPERCULATED SNAIL 2ND: FRESHWATER FISH
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PARASITE: Paragonimus westermani
ORIENTAL LUNG FLUKE
EGG: Flat operculum, thickening at base – chocolate or color brown in color
TESTES – DEEPLY LOBED SIDE BY SIDE
DISEASE: PARAGONIMIASIS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:
PLEURITIC PAIN INFECTIVE STAGE: METACERCARIA DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: UNEMBRYONATED EGG SEX: MONOECIOUS HABITAT: LUNG DEFINITIVE HOST: MAN INTERMEDIATE HOST: 1ST: SNAIL 2ND: CRAB/CRAYFISH
DIAGNOSTIC EXAM:
Chest xray
Identification of egg: STOOL AND SPUTUM EXAM TREATMENT: PRAZIQUANTEL
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PARASITE: Echinostoma ilocanum
GARRISON’S FLUKE
TESTES: Deeply lobed, in tandem
“GERM YOLK” big mass of yolk Small and slightly triangular operculum One end is
ovoid, attenuated and the other is more rounded and straw-colored
DISEASE: ECHINOSTOMIASIS INFECTIVE STAGE: METACERCARIA DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: LARGE OPERCULATED EGG HABITAT: INTESTINE INTERMEDIATE HOST: 1ST: SNAIL 2ND: FRESHWATER MOLLUSC
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PARASITE: FORK TAILED CERCARIA
DIOCEIOUS
NO REDIA STAGE
EGGS: MATURE, NON OPERCULATED
Final free-swimming larval stage of a TREMATODE/FLUKE
Consisting of a body and tail
Infective stage of BLOOD FLUKES/Schistosomes
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PARASITE: Schistosoma mansoni -EGG DISEASE: SCHISTOSOMIASIS DEFINITIVE HOST: MAN INFECTIVE STAGE: CERCARIA DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGG SEX: DIOECIOUS 1ST INTERMEDIATE HOST: SNAIL 2ND INTERMEDIATE HOST: NONE
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PARASITE: Schistosoma japonicum in copula DISEASE: SCHISTOSOMIASIS DEFINITIVE HOST: MAN INFECTIVE STAGE: CERCARIA DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGG SEX: DIOECIOUS 1ST INTERMEDIATE HOST: SNAIL 2ND INTERMEDIATE HOST: NONE
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PARASITE: Ctenocephalides canis – DOG FLEA DISEASE: IH of MINOR CESTODES:
Dipylidium caninum and Hymenolepis nana
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PARASITE: Taenia solium STAGE: Cysticercus cellulosae INFECTIVE STAGE: CYSTICERCUS CELLULOSAE DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS AND GRAVID PROGLOTTIDS
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INFECTIVE STAGE: METACERCARIAE
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: UNEMBRYONATED EGG
Moderately fleshy
Relatively flat, leaf-like
Highly dendritic intestinal ceca, vitellaria and testis
ANT. PART: CEPHALIC CONE
POST. PART: BROADLY POINTED
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INFECTIVE STAGE: CYSTICERCUS (CELLULOSAE/BOVIS) DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS AND GRAVID PROGLOTTIDS