prehistoric & early historic food crop diversity · early historic food crop diversity...
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PREHISTORIC&EARLYHISTORICFOODCROPDIVERSITY
NOURISHINGTUCSON,AUNESCO
CITYOFGASTRONOMY
Edited by Gary Paul Nabhan and Julia Glennon
With contributions from Karen Adams, Maribel Alvarez, Martha Ames Burgess, Gay Chanler, Dena Cowan, Michael Diehl, Suzanne Fish, Jesus Garcia, Wendy
Hodgson, Jonathan Mabry, Charles Miksicek, Carolyn Niethammer, Roger Pfeuffer, Amadeo Rea, and Rafael
Routson de Granade
April 2016 Green Paper #2 of the Center for Regional Food
Studies University of Arizona
College of Social & Behavioral Sciences Tucson, Arizona
www.foodstudies.arizona.edu www.azfoodstudies.com
Funded by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation Endowment to the Southwest Center
INTRODUCTION InDecember2015,Tucson,ArizonajoinedtheUNESCOCreaGveCiGesNetworkasthefirstCityofGastronomydesignatedintheU.S.Inthemonthsthatfollowed,local,naGonalandinternaGonalaQenGonwasdirectedtothe4100yearanGquityoffoodculGvaGondocumentedintheTucsonBasin—anagriculturaltradiGonaslongorlongerthanthatinanymetroareanorthofMexico.InaddiGon,theUNESCOdesignaGongeneratedrenewedinterestintheremarkablesurvivalofdiversefoodcropsandthetradiGonalculinaryandhorGculturalknowledgeassociatedwiththem.BoththecropsthemselvesandGme-triedknowledgeformanagingthemmayhaveenhancedrelevancetoourfoodsecurityinthefaceofclimatechange.OnthesamedayastheUNESCOdesignaGon,theUniversityofArizonaestablishedtheCenterofRegionalFoodStudiestoserveasthecollege’sofficialpartnertotheCityofTucsonindocumenGng,researchingandeducaGngthepublicregardingTucson’shistoricfoodwaysandrecentinnovaGonsinitsfoodsystems.WhatbeQerstarGngplacethattoremindTucson’sciGzenryandvisitorsofthedisGncGvefoodcropspeciesandvarieGesofits“foodshed”thatunderlietheculinaryhistoryoftheregion?Themanysocial,culturalandeconomicissuesrelaGngtoconceptsofheritagefoods,heirloomvegetablesandlocalfoodsovereigntyremainhighlydebatedandforsome,deeplycontested.Forthatreason,wehavenotaQemptedtoiconizeorreifyanyconceptof“heritage”or“heirloomcrop”inthispublicaGonthatmightinadvertentlyunder-value,ignoreordismissthemanyotherexpressionsofbiologicalandculturaldiversityinourfoodsystem.TheaQacheddescripGonsandsummarytablepresentedherearebutthefirststepsinTucson’sownassessmentofhowtobeQeridenGfy,safeguard,takeprideandpleasureinthemanyhorGculturalandculinaryassessmentsthatithashistoricallysharedwithsurroundingcommuniGesandcultures.ManyoftheseassetsarenotrestrictedtotheTucsonBasin,anddeserveaQenGonandcarewhereverandwithwhomevertheyoccur.Wewelcomeyourcomments,suggesGonsandcorrecGonstothispreliminaryinventory.
GRAINSANDLEGUMESAMARANTH,ALEGRIA,GUEGI,HUATLE(AmaranthuscruentusandA.hypochondriacus).DomesGcatedoverfourthousandyearsagointropicalMexico,amaranthsweretradednorthwardandgrownintheTucsonBasinbylateprehistoricGmes.ThesemulG-purposecropsproduceasmallcereal-likegrainthatisrichinlysine,tender,spinach-likeleavesrichincalciumandiron,andinsomecases,reddyesusedincoloringcornbreadssuchaspikiwafers.OldvarieGesremainvulnerable.BARLEY,CEBADA(HordeumpusillumandH.vulgare).Prehistorically,asemi-domesGcatedliQle-leafbarley(Hordeumpusillum)wasgrowninbothArizonaandNewMexico.TheculGvatedformsoncegrownintheTucsonBasinarenowexGnctnorthoftheborder,althoughNabhanfoundweedyformssGllgrowinginthefloodwaterfieldsofthewesternO’odhaminthe1980s.ThedomesGcatedbarleyfromAsia(Hordeumvulgare)wasintroducedtoSanGabrielontheRioGrandenearpresent-daySanJuanPuebloin1600,andtothefieldsontheSantaCruzfloodplainsurroundingthemissionofTumacacori,Arizonain1701.Inbothwatersheds,barleywasgrownasagrainforbreadsandporridges,andforanimalfeed,wellintothe1950s.TheoriginalvarieGesintroducedbytheSpanishmaynowbeexGnct.
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GRAINCHENOPOD,HUAZONTLE(Chenopodiumberlandieri).GrownprehistoricallyintheU.S.SouthwestandMexico,thisplantproducesleafygreens,anedibleflowerstalkwithaflavorreminiscentofBrusselsprouts,andaseedgroundintoaquinoa-likeflour.ItsseedsrecoveredfromarchaeologicalsitesintheTucsonareaaredifficulttotellfromitswildrelaGve,lambsquarters,butbothhavelikelybeenusedsincethemid-tolate-prehistoriceras.AccordingtoAmadeoRea,itwasgrownbytheRiverPimaofcentralArizonaintothelatenineteenthcentury,whentheirrigaGonsupplieswereusurpedbyMormonsupstream.ItremainsinculGvaGonintheSierraMadrefoothillsofwesternChihuahua,butcanbeconsideredendangeredthereandexGnctnorthoftheborder.CORN/MAIZ(Zeamays)ProbablydomesGcatedalongtheRioBalsasofsouthernMexico8000-9000yearsago,cornreachedtheTucsonBasin4100yearsago,beforebeinggrownatnearlyanyotherknownsiteinthepresent-dayU.S.CornhasnotonlyprovidedstaplesandfermentedbeveragesintheTucsonBasin,butalsohasmanyritualuses.Variouskernelcolorsareselectedforritualsymbolismandforfeastfoods,whiletheirpolleniscollectedforceremonialandmedicinalpurposes.Some,likeChapalote,wentexGnctnorthoftheMexicanborderbuthavebeenreintroduced;theothersareincreasinglyrareandvulnerable.SONORANPANICGRASS,SONORANMILLET,SAGUI(Panicumhir<caulevar.sonorum).Agolden-seededmillet-likegrainproducedonmulG-headedgrassstemsreachingthreetofourfeetinheight,Sonoranpanic-grassisasemi-domesGcatedcerealuniquetotheU.S./Mexicoborderlandstates.PrehistoriccachesoftheseedshavebeenfoundbyarchaeologistsfromtheColoradoRiverallthewaytotheSantaCruznearTucson,inbothHohokamandPatayanruins.AfewsampleshavebeenrecoveredarchaeologicallyintheTucsonBasin.Itsflourislight,pleasant-tasGngandexcellentfortamalesandtorGllas.SaguiwashistoricallyculGvatedbyColoradoRivertribesofArizona,Sonora,andBajaCalifornia,andbyothersintheSierraMadreinChihuahuaandSonora.ThedammingoftheColoradoRiverdroveitintoexGncGonintheUnitedStates,butithasprecariouslypersistedasaculGvatedgrainamongtheGuarijioofChihuahua.Endangered.
SORGHUM,SORGO,MILOMAIZ,HEGARI(Sorghumbicolor).OriginallyfromAfrica,thismulG-purposecropwasintroducedtotheTucsonBasinintheearly1800sasaforage,broomfiber,grain,sugar,andsyrup.Thisheat-and-droughthardyplantisprolific.Thestalksarechewedorpressedfortheirsweetjuices,andNavajosconGnuetomakebeauGfuljuniper-handledbroomsfromtheirseedstalks.HegarihasbecomeincreasinglyrareasotherimprovedvarieGesreplaceit.WHEAT,TRIGO(Tri<cumaes<vum).BreadwheatswereintroducedfromtheMediterraneantoSonoraby1630andtosouthernArizonaaround1690.TheywereeagerlyadoptedasthemajorwintercropinBajaCalifornia,thenSonora,California,andArizona,notreplacingbutcomplemenGngcorn.WhiteSonora,asokwhitebreadwheat,wasplantedinNovemberorDecember,andharvestedinMayorJune.TheO’odham,YoememandneighboringSonoransdevelopedenormouswheatflourtorGllaswhichtheywrappedaroundbeansormeatsbeforedeep-frying,creaGngthenowworld-famouschimichanga.DuringtheCivilWar,theGilaandSantaCruzvalleyfieldsofthePimaandMaricopaO’odhamproducedmillionsofpoundsofbreadmeatthatsuppliednearlyallYankeeandRebeltroopswestoftheMississippiwatershedwiththeirgrain.Dammingofrivers,usurpmentoffarmlands,anddemiseofgrindingmillshasendedthetradiGonalwheateraintheregion.WhiteSonora,oncerare,isontherebound,asisPimaClubtoalesserextent.FAVABEAN,BROADBEAN,HABA(Viciafaba).Theselarge-seededlegumeswereintroducedbytheSpanishtotheSouthwestbefore1630,andwereestablishedaroundthemissionsofSantaCruzwatershedby1706.TheyweresoonadoptedbybothindigenousandHispanicfarmersforcoolseasonagriculture.Thelargeseedsareeatenbothgreenanddry.Favasareefficientnitrogenfixersofalltheannuallegumes,makingthemagoodcovercrop.Southwesternlandracesarenowrare.
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GARBANZO,CHICKPEA(Cicerarie<num).Theselegumes,originallyfromtheFerGleCrescent,wereintroducedbytheSpanishintotheSouthwestalongtheRioGrandeby1630andspreadtotheSantaCruzandotherwatershedsby1700.NaGveAmericansandHispanicshistoricallyatethebeansgreenanddried.UncommonintheSouthwest.COWPEA,BLACK-EYEDPEA,YORIMUNI(Vignaunguiculata).Heat-tolerantlegumesintroducedtotheTucsonBasinbyPadreKinoin1690,cowpeasaregoodproducersinthelow,drought-pronedeserts.Theyareeatengreen(immature)ingoatcheesesoups,ordried,shelled,andboiled.TheO’odhamdrypeahasrecentlybeenrevivedbyO’odhamfarmersassociatedwiththeSanXavierCo-opsouthofTucson.TheChineseintroducedyardlongbeansofthissamespecies,sellingthemintheTucsonareabetween1870and1930.Vulnerable.JACKBEAN,FRIJOLON,WHITEAZTEC(Canavaliaensiformis).Arisingfrompurpleflowers,theselarge,whiteflaQenedbeansareproducedinenormouspaperypodsthatreacheighteeninchesinlength.ThejackbeanwasgrownprehistoricallybyPrehistoricPuebloan,Hohokam,andSalado.Thejackbeanpersistedinpresent-dayArizonainjustafewindigenouscommuniGesintothetwenGethcentury,buthassincediedout,perhapsduetoitshighwaterdemand,itsneedforlongdays,anditssmallpercentagesofanaminoacid,canavanine,thatbecomestoxicwheneateninlargedoses.AlthoughtheoriginallandracesareexGnctintheTucsonBasin,newintroducGonsareoccasionallygrowntodayinBajaCalifornia,NewMexicoandColorado.Endangered. LENTIL,LENTEJA(Lensculinaris).LenGlswereintroducedintonorthernNewMexicobefore1630,andintoArizonaandSonoraby1690.Theybecameanimportantwinterandspringcrop,tobeharvestedinMay.Thetanandgray-brownlenGlsoftheTucsonBasinarerelaGvelylargecomparedtoothersfromnorthernMexico.FormerlygrownbyO’odhamonbothsidesoftheborder,theyhavebecomerareasdroughtandlandusechangeshavediminishedO’odhamdryfarmingduringthecoolseason.Rare.
LIMABEAN,FRIJOLALUBIA,SIEVA(Phaseoluslunatus).UndoubtedlythemostdeliciouslimabeansinNorthAmerica,thesedesertlandraceshavebeenculGvatedintheSantaCruzandColoradowatershedssinceprehistoricGmes.TheselimavarieGesarebroad,flatbeansthatarecolorfullymoQled.Theyareeatenceremoniallyassproutsinundergroundkivas,orthedriedseedsareboiledandbaked.TheselimavarieGesaretolerantofsaltandalkalinesoils,andtheirresistancetoroot-knotnematodeshistoricallysavedtheSouthernCalifornialimabeanindustryfromdyingduetothispest.AllSonoranDesertlandracesarerare,andseveralmeritendangeredstatus,althoughthePimaandSanXavierO’odhamhavebeguneffortstorevivetheirtradiGons.PEA,CHICHARRO(Pisumsa<vum).ThesewinterandspringlegumesofAsiaandtheMediterraneanwereintroducedtoSanGabriel(northofEspañola)around1600byearlySpanishcolonistsofNewMexico,andaround1730tocentralSonora.Smooth-skinnedyellow-greendrypeaswereintroducedandadaptedtotheSonoranDesertintheseventeenthcentury.Thesewinterlegumesarebothnitrogen-fixingandresistanttoTexasRootRot,andwerethereforeusedinrotaGonstoreducetherot’seffectsoncoQonandothercrops.AlthoughseldomgrownanymorebytheO’odhamandRiverPima,someAngloandHispanicfarmersmaintainthemasacovercropintheirrotaGonstoreducerootrotintheirfields.Theyareexcellentforsoupsandstews.Uncommon.TEPARYBEAN,TEPARI,YORIMUNI(Phaseolusacu<folius).Thecenterofdiversityofteparybeansisindriest,hoQeststretchesoftheSonoranDesert,althoughtheywerefirstdomesGcatedinthesubtropicsofMexico.TheyhavebeenrecoveredfromprehistoricsitesintheTucsonBasin,andpromotedbytheUniversityofArizona’sCollegeofAgriculturesince1912.AllvarieGesshareadisGncGve,nuQytextureandsweetflavorreminiscentofmolassesormaplesugar.Teparybeansmaturequicklyandrootdeeplytoavoiddrought,andmostlandracesaretolerantofhighheatandalkalinesoils.Oftheroughlyfiky-sixhistoriclandracesfoundintheregionacenturyago,onlyeightofthemhavesurvived,inaddiGontotheDoradoandBlancoselecGonsmadebyW.D.HoodofCoolidgeArizonainthe1970s.AlthoughsavedfromexGncGonasaculGvatedspecies,severallandracesofteparybeansremainthreatened.
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VEGETABLESBITTERGOURD,BALSAMPEAR,BALSAMO(Mormodicacharan<a).ThisediblebutbiQer,cucumber-shapedgourdormelonwasintroducedtotheTucsonBasinsomeGmesbetweenthe1870sandtheGmeofstatehoodforArizonain1912.Itisanannualvinethatclimbswhileproducingdarkgreentoyellow-orangefruit.Thefruitarepickedwhenimmaturetobecookedincurriesorpickled.ThematurefruitsarebothbiQerandpoisonous.Theyoungstemsandleavescanalsobeeaten.Rare.CHILEPEPPER,CHILE(Capsicumannuum).OneofNaGveAmericanandHispaniccontribuGonstothesavorycuisinesoftheworld,thechilesofthisregionarenotmerelygrownfortheirheat,butfortheirvaryingshapes,sizes,colors,pungency,fragrancesandflavors.ChilesweredomesGcatedinthePuebla-OaxacaregionofMesoamerica6000yearsago,butdidnotreachintoregionsnorthofthepresent-dayU.S./MexicoborderunGlaker1500.TheculGvatedvarieGesareusedfresh,sub-driedaswholepods,orsmoked,thengroundintochilepowder.Unfortunately,recentintroducGonsofimprovedchileculGvarshavebeengrownalongsidethelandraces,facilitaGngcross-pollinaGon,whichhas“swampedout”someoftheoriginaltraitsofheirloomchiles.PaulBoslandandEricVotavaprojectthatasmuchasafikhofSouthwesternlandraceshavealreadybeengeneGcallycontaminatedbygeneflowfromimprovedculGvars.VulnerabletofurthergeneGccontaminaGon.
CHILTEPIN,CHILEPEQUIN(Capsicumannuumvar.glabriusculum.ThiswildrelaGveofdomesGcatedchileshasbeenharvested,consumed,culturallydispersed,protected,andculGvatedforcenturiesonasmall-scaleinsouthernArizona.ThenorthernmostlimitsofitsnaturaldistribuGonisthirtymilessouthofTucsonnearTubacandTumacacori,wherewildharvestspersistedintothe1970s.Historically,driedchiltepίnfruitweretradednorthwardasfarastheGrandCanyon.Yoemem(Yaqui),O’odhamandsomeSonoranimmigrantstoTucsonacGvelyculGvateandselectthischileforcoldhardiness,piquancyandflavor.Itisgrownbothasanannualandasaperennial,andwell-protectedplantscanliveformorethanaquartercentury.Common,butvulnerabletoincreasinglyfrequentdroughtsandfreezes.CHINESEBROCCOLI,GAILAN,KAILAM(Brassicaoleraceavar.alboglabra).Thisvegetablehaskale-likeoblonggrey-greenleavesaswellasfloralclusterswhichresemblebroccoli.ItsulGmateoriginsareunknown,butitappearsthatPortuguesesailorswidelydispersedthiscabbagerelaGvethroughoutAsia,andthatChinesefarmersanddaylaborersbroughtittothewestcoastofNorthAmerica.ItarrivedintheTucsonBasinsoonakerthe1870s.ItscrisptextureandslightlybiQerflavorfavoritsuseasacookedvegetableinsGrfries,okencookedwithoystersauce.Rarehere.CHINESEFLOWERINGCABBAGE,PAKCHOYSUM(Brassicarapavar.parachinensis).YetanotherChineseintroducGontothewesternregionofNorthAmerica,thisannualresemblesanon-headingcabbageorpakchoi.ItlikelyoriginatedinSoutheastAsia,buthasspreadtoallpartsoftheworld.ItissGllgrownamongfarmersofChinesedescentinArizonaandSonoranearlyacenturyandahalfakertheirancestorsintroducedittoirrigatedgardensandfieldsinthedesertsurroundingTucson.ThefirstvarietyintroducedtotheTucsonBasinislikelynowrare.FUZZYMELON,WAXGOURD,CALABAZABLANCA,MAOGUA,DONGUA(Benincasahispidavar.chiequa).Thiscreepingvineproducessmall,cucumber-likefruitsthatarehairyandslightlywaxy.TheyareancientculGgensfromSoutheasternAsia,withnoclosewildrelaGvesremainingthere.Theflowers,leaves,andmaturefruitarealleateninsoups,stewsandcurries,whiletheyoungfruitarepickledoreatenrawlikecucumbers.TheywereintroducedtotheSantaCruzRivervalleysomeGmeakerthe1870sbyChinesemarketgardeners,whosoldtheminOrientalcornergroceriesindowntownTucson.ThefirstvarietyofthisgourdintroducedtotheTucsonBasinisalsolikelytoberaretoday. 5
GARLIC,AJO(Alliumsa<vum).NowanessenGalingredientofsalsasandothertradiGonalfoodsoftheTucsonBasin,thebiGnglysharppinkandpurplesokneckgarlicvarieGessGllfoundinSonoraandsouthernArizonawerebroughtinasculGvatedperennialsbySpanishandArabimmigrantsthreecenturiesago,andhavebecomewildinsomepartsoftheregion.SGllcommon.MELON(Cucumismelo).MelonswereamongtheearliestSpanishintroducGonstotheSantaCruz,GilaandColoradowatersheds,someGmebefore1700AD.Cassava-like,cantaloupe,andPersianvarieGesappeartohavebeenintroducedtotheTucsonBasinpriortoArizonastatehood.Today,thefruitsaremorevariedthantheywerehistorically,withorange,green,orwhitefleshandskinsthataresmooth,ribbed,orneQed.ThismaybeduetointenGonalselecGonorgeneGccontaminaGonthroughaccidentalhybridizaGonwithmodernimprovedculGvars.Vulnerable.
SUNFLOWER,GIRASOL(Helianthusannuus).DomesGcatedinnortheasternMexicoortheadjacentU.S.borderarea,sunflowerswereiniGallyintroducedinprehistoricGmestotheMississippiwatershed,butcametotheTucsonBasininlateprehistoricGmes.Theseedsareeatenraworroasted,pressedforoil,plantedasanornamentalorusedforbirdfeed.AlthougholdvarieGesfromtheTucsonBasinarenowexGnct,purple-blackvarieGesfromtheColoradoPlateauaresomeGmesgrownbybasketweaverslivinginsouthernArizona.Bythe1970s,therehadbeengeneGccontaminaGonthroughaccidentalhybridizaGonwithmodernimprovedculGvarssuchasMammothRussian.Vulnerableandincreasinglyrareasafoodanddyecrop. TOMATILLO,MILTOMATE(Physalisphiladelphicavar.philadelphica).WildversusdomesGcatedtomaGllos,thesmallgreen“husktomatoes,”aredifficulttotellapartinthearchaeologicalrecord.However,earlyhistoricculGvaGonisknownintheregionanditislikelythatsomeoftheprehistoricseedsfoundintheTucsonBasinwereeitherintenGonallytendedorharvestedfromweeds.OnenaGveSouthwesternlandracepersists,butothersarerecentintroducGonsfromMexico.TheyareusedtomaketradiGonalandsavorygreensalsasandstews.Truetomatoeswereintroducedinmid-tolatehistoricperiods,someofthemfromEurope.TomaGllos,incontrast,aremorecloselyrelatedto“Chineselantern”groundcherriesandCapegooseberries.Uncommon.
ONION,CEBOLLA(Alliumcepa).IntroducedbytheSpanishtoSanGabrielontheRioGrandearound1600,andtotheKinoMissionsinSonoraandArizonaby1700,sweetyellowonionsandshallotsquicklybecameessenGalplanGngsinwinterandspringgardensthroughoutChilePepperNaGon.Theso-calledI’itoionioninculGvaGonisnotderivedfromanaGvewildonionofthesameO’odhamnamethatgrowsbelowBaboquivariPeak;itisashallotintroducedfromtheOldWorld,andisnowoneofthemostheat-tolerantonionsgrownyear-aroundintheTucsonBasin.FordecadesinthetwenGethcentury,asweetyellowonionwasgrowninCochiseCounty,ArizonafortheTucsonmarket.SGllcommonfromTucsontoAjo,Arizona.SQUASH,PUMPKIN,CALABAZA(Cucurbitaspp.)SquashfruitshaveblessedtheTucsonBasinforroughlyfourmillennia,andtheirdifferentspeciesandvarieGesvaryinshape,color,flavor,andculinaryuse.Flowers,seeds,andGpsofvinesarealledible.Allfruitscanbeeatenwhensmallandimmatureassummersquash,orwhenmature,aswintersquash.Oddly,naGveheirloomsofthefirstpumpkintoarriveintheregion,whichwereakintoacornsquashes(C.pepo),aremostlikelyexGnctnorthoftheborder,andrestrictedtothehigh
sierrassouthoftheborder.Green-stripedcushaws(C.argyrosperma)andthebigcheesepumpkinorsegualca(C.moshata)areoldvarieGessGllcommoninTucsonmarketplaces,whilethewinterpumpkinorHubbardsquash(C.maxima)waslikelyintroducedtoTucsonbyChineserailroadworkersorthemilitaryinthe1870s.MostlandracesofourregionaresGllcommon.
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WATERMELON,SANDIA(Citrulluslanatus).AnAfricannaGveintroducedbytheSpanishtoMexico,watermelonseedwasrapidlytradednorthward,reachingtheSantaCruz,Gila,andColoradowatershedspriortoexplorerOñate’sarrivalin1598,andpriortoKinointheTucsonBasinin1690.Fruitsvaryinsizeandcoloroffleshandrind,withyellowandpinkoneshistoricallyimportantinthisregion.Seedsareeatenandusedfortheiroil.OldvarieGesareuncommonbutvulnerabletooutcrossing.WATERSPINACH,BATATAACUATICA,ONGCHOY,KANGKONG,WENGCAI(Ipomaeaaqua<ca).Thissemi-aquaGcplantwithtrailingstemscanbegrownasanannualorperennial.Resemblingasweetpotatovine,ithasarrow-shapedleavesandpinkish-whiteflowers.ItmayhaveoriginatedinIndiaorAfrica,buthasspreadtocoastalwetlandagriculturearoundtheworld.Itsleavesandstemsarecookedlikespinach,whileitsfreshleavesarealsoeateninsalads.Lateinthenineteenthcentury,ChineseimmigrantstotheTucsonBasinbegantogrowthisplantintail-waterpondsontheedgeofirrigatedfields,orintheweQestplaceswithintheirdooryardgardens.TheyweresoldincornergrocerystoresrunbyChinesemerchants.RareorexGnctinourregion.
CulKvatedPerennial(MostlyOrchard)CropsAGAVES,MAGUEY,MESCAL,INCLUDINGTHEHOHOKAMAGAVE,(Agavemurpheyi)ANDHUACHUCAAGAVE(Agaveparryivar.huachucensis).Closekinofthebluetequilaagave,theseagaveshavebeenculGvatedorharvestedfromthewildformanycenturies,andpit-roastedforfoodanddrink.TheirculGvaGonstretchesfromSonoranorthwardtotheMogollonRimincentralArizona.Anotherspecies,thebacanoraagave(AgaveangusJfolia.),wasapparentlyharvested,roasted,andfermentedsouthoftheborder,butdisGlled,boQledanddistributedinTucsonbyJuliusGoldbauminthelatenineteenthandearlytwenGethcenturies.ProhibiGonmadethisillegal,althoughbootlegbacanoraclandesGnelyremainedintradebetweenArizonaandSonora.Thesmoky,complexflavorsofmescalsaremakingacomebackintheglobalmarketplace,butcommercialproductsareseldomasgoodasthehome-brewedarGsanalonesmadebybootleggers.Uncommoninthewild,andrarelyusedforfoodordrinkanymore..
ALMOND,ALMENDRA(Prunusdulcis).AlmondsfirstcameintotheSouthwestinadeliverytoJuandeOñateatSanGabrielontheRioGrandeofNewMexicoin1698.TheMissionAlmond,firstdescribedin1891,jumpedfromTexasandNewMexicoovertoArizonaandCaliforniamuchlater,wheretheypersisttothisday.TheyhavebeenanessenGalelementofArabic-influencedcuisinesintheregionforcenturies.RaretouncommonAPPLE,MANZANO(Malusxdomes<ca).AppleswerefirstintroducedtoManzanoNewMexicoin1633andtotheKinomissionsofArizonaandSonorabefore1706.BorderexplorerJohnBartleQsawapples,alongwithpearsandpeachesinanorchardatahaciendawestofTucsonin1852.NumerousSpanish-introduced“manzanitaMexicana”appleseedlingvarieGesofsomeanGquityremaininHispanicorchardselsewhereintheregion,butmostareunnamedandarenowrare.
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APRICOT,CHABACANO,ALBARICOQUE(Prunusarmenica).ApricotswerebroughtfromtheMediterraneantotheRioGrandeinthe1630s,andtotheHopiMesasandSonoranmissionsnotlongakerthat.Theyarehard,long-livedtreesthatproducemanyseedlingapricotvarieGesthatgounnamed.MormonseedlingvarieGeshaveproliferatedaroundmanyArizonahomesteadsandranchhouses.Common.CHERRY,CAPULIN,CEREZO(PrunusaviumandP.salicifolia).ManywildcherriesoccurinNorthAmerica,butdomesGcatedcherriesfromtheOldWorldwereintroducedtotheNewMexicanPueblosoftheTewaIndiansby1630.Inthelatenineteenthcentury,ArchbishopLamyofSantaFedisseminatedanoxheartcherryvarietythroughouttheSouthwestthatproducedtwoharvestsoffruitsperseason;Lamy’sclosestfriend,Fr.JosephMachebeuflikelycarriedthisandotherfruitvarieGesfromSantaFetoTucsonwhenhewaschargedwithrebuildingtheCathedralofSaintAugusGne.TheMexicansandcherryorcapulínhasalsobeengrowninsouthernArizonasinceearlyhistoricperiods.Rareoruncommonnorthoftheborder. CHOLLACACTUS,STAGHORNxBUCKHORNCHOLLAHYBRID,CHOYA(Cylindropun<aversicolorxechinocarpa).NumerousspeciesofchollacacGhavebeentendedandsomeGmesculGvatedfortheirtenderflowerbudsinhouseyardsbyO’odhamandotherresidentsofsouthernArizona,northernSonora,andNewMexico.However,oneofthemostcuriouschollacacGisahybridwhichoccursonlybetweenTucsonandSellsthatisparGcularlyesteemedforthesizeandflavorofitstenderbuds.ChollabudsconGnuetobeharvestedinthespring,andakertheirspinesandglochidsarebrushedoffwithbroomsandscreens.Theyareeitherpit-roastedorboiled,thensun-driedforlateruse.ThehybridswiththebestcactusbudsforeaGnghavebeenculGvatedindooryardgardensforcenturies.Uncommon.CITRUS,INCLUDINGMEXICANLIME,LIMON(Citrusauran<folia),LEMON-ORANGE,NARANJA-LIMA(Citruslime<oidesSOURORANGE,NARANJAAGRIA(C.xauran<um),SWEETLIME,LIMONCHICHONA(C.limeIoides),PUMMELO,POMELO(C.maxima),CITRON,CIDRA(C.medica)ORANGE,NARANJA(C.sinensis).ThesecitrusspeciesandsomeofthehybridsoriginallycamefromtheAsiantropics,includingfromIndia.Severalcross-breedingcitrusvarieGesspreadacrossNorthAfricaintoSpainandPortugalandthentotheCanary
Islands.TheywerebroughttotheAmericasbySpanishandPortugueseexplorersintheearlypartofthesixteenthcenturywheretheyhaveconGnuedtohybridizeandgeneratenewculGvars.Theyarefrost-sensiGve,andtypicallyrequireirrigaGon,buttheyareheattolerant.TheMexicanLimónandothercitruswereintroducedtoSonoraandArizonamissionsaround1700.Uncommonforthemostpart.DATE,DATIL(Phoenixdactylifera).DatepalmsfromtheMiddleEastandNorthAfricawereintroducedtoHermosilloby1700,andrapidlyspreadtodesertoasesinnorthernSonoraandsouthernArizona.ThevarietaldiversityinsouthernArizonaandCaliforniawasaugmentedintheearly1900sbyseveralcollecGonexpediGonstoNorthAfrica.TheBlackSphinxvarietyoccursonlyinsouthernArizona,andthisraresportwasdiscoveredbyRoyFranklinin1922asachanceseedlingthatgrewuparoundHayanidatecuungsattheSphinxRanchplantaGoninPhoenix,wheresome23datevarieGeshadbeenbroughtfromArabiain1917.Theowners,theBrophyandMcChesneyfamilies,propagateditbycrownseparaGon,andby1931,theytended156BlackSphinxdatepalmsintheirplantaGon.Itsoonbecameoneoftwohighly-prizedandexpensivevarieGesinArizona,andhasbeenlaudedbythelikesofPresidentDwightD.EisenhowerandAliceWatersofChezPanisseinBerkeley.Endangered.FIG,HIGO,HIGUERA(Ficuscarica).WhilethreeediblespeciesofwildfigsoccurwithintheSonoranDesert,domesGcatedfigswerenotintroducedintotheregionunGl1668atElPaso,theearly1700satTumacacori,and1795attheAltaCalifiorniamissions.TheO’odhamnameforfigs,suuna,cametothemthroughSpanishfromArabsandBerbersofNorthAfrica,wherethetermstuun,Jin,ortunareferredtofigs,datesorolivesatdifferentpointsandplacesinhistory.Theyaretolerantofheat,droughtandalkalinesoils.TheBlackMissionfigisamongtheoldestandbestknownintheTucsonBasin.SGllcommon.GRAPES,UVA,PARRA(Vi<svinifera).ThewildArizonagrape(ViJsarizonica)isabundantinthewell-wateredcanyonsoftheTucsonBasin,whereitissGllusedasarootstockandtomakejellies.DomesGcatedMissiongrapesarrivedintheregionatSocorro,NewMexicoin1620andspreadthroughouttheregion.ManyothervarieGeswereintroducedaswell,andovertwodozenarecommerciallyculGvatedintheeasternTucsonBasinnearVail,southwardtowardtheSonoitaPlains.BothArizonawildgrapesandculGvatedMissiongrapesarecommonandnotindanger.
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JUJUBE,CHINESEDATE,DATILCHINO(Zizyphusjujube)Thissmalltreeorshrubwithdate-likefruitarrivedintheMediterraneanregionfromChinaduringtheheightoftheRomanEmpire.By1837ithadtotheEasternseaboardandquicklydiffusedwestward;ChineserailroadworkersalsobroughtitwiththemtoCaliforniaandnorthernMexicointhe1870s,IncludingaculGvarthatwasofficiallynamedGiantin1887.In1908,plantexplorerFrankMeyerintroducedmanyaddiGonalsuperiorvarieGesdirectlyfromChina.JujubesremainpresentinmanyofthebarriosarounddowntownTucsonwhereMexicanandChineserailroadworkerslivedandfirstplantedthesetreesover130yearsago.SomeofthesejujubeshavebecomewildasvolunteersinTucsonneighborhoods.Common.LOQUAT,NISPERO(Eriobotryajaponica).OriginallyfromChina,thissmallevergreentreewithlong,leatheryleavesissomeGmescalledChineseplumormedlar.ItsSpanishname,nispero,wasoriginallyappliedtotheMediterraneanmedlar,whichwasintroducedtotheSouthwestinthe17thcentury,butdidnotpersist.Likethejujube,theloquatisthoughttohavebeenintroducedtoTucsonbyChineserailroadworkersinthe1880s.Ithadbecomewell-establishedasagardenplantinCaliforniabythe1860s.Common.OLIVE,OLIVA,ACEITUNA(Oliveaeuropea).OlivesfromtheMediterraneanwereintroducedbythe1690stoBajaCalifornia,andbythe1750stoArizonaandCalifornia.TheseoriginalMissionolivesarefrost-sensiGve,butheat-tolerantandlong-lived.HistorictreesofthisvarietyandotherspersistintheTucsonBasin,asdonorthernAfricanintroducGonsofseveraldisGncGvevarieGesplantedontheUniversityofArizonabyitsformerdeanofagriculture,RobertForbes,aroundWorldWarI.Missionolivesarenowuncommontorare.
PEACH,DURAZNO,MELACOTON(Prunuspersica).PeacheswerefirstintroducedtotheRioGrandebefore1630andtotheHopiMesasbythemid-1600s;theydidnotarriveinArizonaorAltaCaliforniaunGl1795.PeachesofanunknownvarietywereobservednearTucsonbyJohnBartleQin1852.OldvarieGesarerare. PLUM,DAMSON,PRUNE,CIRUELA,(Prunusspp).AlthoughseveralspeciesofwildplumsarenowgrownintheTucsonBasin,thelargerplumsdomesGcatedintheOldWorldwerenotintroducedtotheregionunGlapproximately1600,whentheyarrivedwithOñateatSanGabrielontheRioGrande.TheyweresimilartotheDamsonorDamascenetype,goodfordryingasprunes,tobesaltedandeatenassaladitos.ThePotawatomiplum(P.munsoniana)—aMidwesternnaGvebroughtwestwardontheMormonTrail—isgrowninhedgerowsedgingMormonseQlementsthroughoutArizonaandUtah.Uncommon.POMEGRANATE,GRANADA(Punicagranatum).AsmallfruittreeormulG-stemmedshrubtolerantofdrought,heatandalkalinesoils,thepomegranatecamefromtheMiddleEastviaSpaintoSonorainthe1690s,andthenspreadnorthward.SeveraladdiGonalvarieGeswereintroducedintheearlytwenGethcenturyandpersistedfordecadesaroundabandonedhomesteads.AnewpomegranateindustryisdevelopinginSoutheasternArizonabasedonthehealthbenefitsofpomegranateanG-oxidants.ThefirstvarieGesintroducedtotheTucsonBasinarenowlikelytoberare. PRICKLYPEAR,NOPAL,TUNA(Opun<aengelmanniiandO.ficus-indica).ItappearsthatpricklypearcacGwerehistoricallyharvestedmorefortheiredibleredandpurplefruitthanforthevegetable-likepadsintheTucsonBasin.AlthoughitisdifficulttoidenGfywhichspeciesofpricklypearoccurinthearchaeologicalrecordandwhethertheywerewildorculGvated,virtuallyeverycultureintheborderstates—includingthenon-agriculturalSeriofSonora—havedispersed,transplantedandtendedtheirfavoritepricklypearsforcenturies,ifnotmillennia.ExtensiveandincredibledensestandsofEngelmann’spricklypearpersistintheTucsonBasinontheflanksoftheSantaRitaMountains,notfarfromwheresomeofthemostabundantevidenceofseasonalencampmentshavebeendocumentedbyarchaeologists.Common.
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QUINCE,MEMBRILLO(Cydoniaoblonga).AlthoughthisspeciesisnaGvetotheCaucasusregionofAsia,itwasintroducedintotheEnglish-speakingworldby1275A.D.,andbecameamajorrawmaterialformarmaladesinEnglandbythesixteenthcentury.BecauseallquinceculGvaGondeclinedassokfruitbecamemorestorableinthenineteenthcentury,liQleisknownoftheoriginsofparGcularvarieGes.However,itwasintroducedintoTucsonBasinbySpanishmissionariesfromtheMissionDoloresinSonorain1689,andhasbecomeaculturallyimportantfruitinmanyHispaniccommuniGesintheSouthwest.Itpersistsasaferalplantaroundhomesteads,miningcampsandspringsthroughoutsouthernArizona.Uncommonbutnotthreatened. WOLFBERRY,GOJI,SALICIESO(Lyciumcf.berlandieri&otherspecies,includingL.barbarumandL.chinense).NewWorldrelaGvesofthegojiberrydomesGcatedinChina,wolverriesareconsistentlyfoundgrowingonoraroundprehistoricandhistoricruinsofNaGveAmericanseQlementscenturiesakertheirabandonment.Severalspeciesappeartohavetransplanted,tolerated,protected,orculGvatedintheSouthwest,butL.berlandieriisamongthemostprominentintheTucsonBasin.Itsfruitwereeatenfresh,driedinthesun,orboileddownintoaheavysyrupforyear-aroundstorageanduse.Throughthe1980s,PimaIndianfamilieswouldharvesthundredsofpoundsofwolverriesinthespringforfreezingorsyrupmaking.NaGvewolverriesarecommonintheTucsonBasin,buttheearliestChinesegojiberrieshavelikelybeenlost. TURKEY,PAVO,GUAJALOTE,COCONO(Melleagrisgallopavo).KnownfromprehistoricGmesintheborderlandsstates,domesGcatedturkeys,likemacaws,mayhaveregularlybeenimportedfromthesouththroughthegreattradecenterofCasasGrandes(Paquimé).SomearchaeologistssuggestthatthewildMerriam’sturkeyfoundontheedgesoftheTucsonBasinisactuallyaferaldomesGcatedbreedfromabandonedprehistoricpopulaGonsbroughtupfromMesoamerica,whichthenhybridizedwithGould’sturkey.Theirfeathershavealsobeenusedceremoniallyandinwovenrobes.Thisfree-rangefowlgleanedgrasshoppersfromNaGveAmericanfields.SeveralvarieGesaresGllkeptandeateninsouthernArizona.
CATTLE,GANADOMAYOR(Bosbos.)DerivedfromtheSpanishcriollocaQlebroughttoVeraCruzin1540,whichthenrapidlydispersednorthwardtotheRioGrande,theCriollolandraceofcaQlewereintroducedtotheSonoranDesertnearLoreto,BajaCaliforniaaround1690.TheyrapidlyadaptedtothebrackishwatersanddesertcondiGonsonthepeninsulaaschinampos,andtothethornscrubandmesquitegrasslandsofSonora,ChihuahuaandArizonaascriollocorriente.InTexas,theywerebredandselectedtobethewidespreadAmericanlandrace,Texaslonghorn.TheNorthAmericanCorrienteAssociaGonhashelpedtoregisterandpromotethebreedforcalf-ropingandbull-doggingcompeGGonsandformeatproducGonthroughouttheSouthwest.Morerecently,JornadaExperimentalRangehasbeencollaboraGngwithsoutheasternArizonaranchersonecologicalandnutriGonalstudiestohighlighttheuniqueadaptaGonsonline-bredCriollos.Steaksand burgersfromthemostancientlineageofcaQletoreachNorthAmericahaverecentlybeenfeaturedinseveralTucsonrestaurants.WhileCorrientesareincreasinginnumber,thepurerstockofCriolloslekintheSierraMadreareuncommonorthreatened.SHEEP,BORREGO,CORDERO(Ovisaries).WhilebothMerinoandChurralandraceswereintroducedtoMexicojustasearlyascaQleandgoats,theganadomenor(sheepandgoats)outnumberedcaQleinChilePepperNaGonforthefirsttwocenturiesakertheyarrivedwiththeSpanish.Oncewidespread,theNavajo-ChurroSheeparederivedfromtheChurralandracesofnorthernSpain.ThesesheeparetheoldestextantbreednaGvetoNorthAmerica.AkerthePuebloRevoltin1682,theyadaptedtothesemi-aridcondiGonsoftheRioGrandeandColoradoPlateau.TheirdoublefleececomesinatleasteightdifferentcolorsandtheirwoolsoonbecamethesourceofweavingindustriesamongtheHispanicandIndianrugweaversofChilePepperNaGon.Theirmeatisalsohighlyprizedforitslean,grassyflavorsthatseldomgetoverpoweredbyamusk,evenwhentheanimalsaremature.Only500individualssurvivedintothe1970s,whentribes,universiGesandnon-profitsjoinedtogethertorecoverthebreed.Today,morethan5,000individualsareregisteredthroughtheNavajo-ChurroSheepAssociaGon,andSlowFoodisworkingwithfourotherorganizaGonsonaNavajo-ChurroSheepPresidiumtobenefitnaGvesheepherders.Theyareraisedwithin75milesofTucson,andarerecoveringaspartofaregionalfoodtradiGon,butsGllvulnerable.
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TUCSON’SEXTANT,PREHISTORIC,ORHISTORICFOODCROPVARIETIES
Scientific name Common Name Parts used Spanish name Native names
Achnatherum hymenoides
Indian ricegrass Seed (grain) A’ud
Agave murpheyi Hohokam agave Meristem, leaf bases Mezcal, Mescal, Maguey
A’ud
Agave parry var. huachucensis
Huachuca agave Meristem, leaf bases
Amaranthus cruentus
Coxcomb amaranth Seed (psuedo-cereal), greens
Bledos, Quelite Cuhukkia
Amaranthus hypochondriacus
Grain amaranth Seed (psuedo-cereal), greens
Huatle, Alegría, Quelite
Guegui, Cuhukkia
Canavalia ensiformis
Jackbean Seed (bean) Frijolón, Frijolillo, Haba blanca
Chenopodium berlandieri
Grain chenopod, Huazontle
Florets, seed ((psuedo-cereal),
Huazontle, Chual, Bledo
Chu’al
Cucurbita argyrosperma
Green-striped cushaw
Flowers, fruit flesh, seed
Calabaza Arota Ha:l mamad, O’am ha:l
Cucurbita moschata Big cheese pumpkin Flowers, fruit flesh, seed
Calabaza Segualca Shapijk?
Cylindropuntia versicolor x echinocarpa
Cholla cactus Flower buds Choya Ciolim, Ha:nam
Helianthus annuus Sunflower Seeds (achenes) Girasol Hi:wai
Hordeum pusillum Little barley Seed (grain) Cebada silvestre Sha’i, Washai
Lycium cf. berlandieri
Wolfberry Fruit Salicieso, Bachata, Joso
Koawul, Kuawul
Opuntia engelmannii
Prickly pear Fruit Tuna I:bhai
Opuntia ficus- indica
Prickly pear Fruit , Pads Nopal de Castilla Naw
Panicum hirticaule Sonoran panicgrass Seed (grain) Sagüi, Mijo, Sagui
Phaseolus acutifolius
Tepary bean, black Seed (bean) Tépari negro, Yorimuni
S-cuk bawi
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Scientific name Common Name Parts used Spanish name Native names
Phaseolus acutifolius
Tepary bean, yellow-brown
Seed (bean) Tépari amarillo, Yorimuni
O’am bawi
Phaseolus acutifolius
Tepary bean, white Seed (bean) Tépari blanco, Yorimuni
S-tota bawi
Phaseolus lunatus Lima bean, mottled Seed (bean) Lima, Sieva Hawul
Phaseolus vulgaris Common bean, red or pink
Seed (bean) Frijol rosado S-wegi mu:ñ, Wepegi mu:ñ,
Phaseolus vulgaris Common bean, yellow or sulfur
Seed (bean) Frijol bayo, Frijol amarillo
S-oam mu:ñ
Zea mays Chapalote flinty popcorn
Seed (cereal) flour or popped, husk
Chapalote, Maíz reventador
Zea mays 6o-day 8-rowed flour or flint corn
Seed (cereal) flour, fermented, dried/cracked or or fresh, husk
Harinoso de Ocho, Maíz onaveño
S-moik hu:ni, S-kauk hu:ni
Zea mays Prehistoric popcorn Seed (cereal) flour, fermented, dried/cracked or fresh, husk
Maíz reventador, Maíz palomero
Hu:ni
Zea mays Mexican June dent corn
Seed (cereal) used for tamales & pozole
Maíz Tuxpeño Ju:kam hu:ni
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HISTORIC/MISSIONERATOPRE-STATEHOODHERBACEOUSCROPS
Scientific name Common mame Parts used Spanish name Native names
Allium cepa Shallot/I’itoi’s onion
Bulb, shoots Cebollín, Cebolla multiplicadora
I’itoi ciwol
Allium sativum Sonoran pink-m or rose-tinged garlic
Bulb, shoots Ajo Rosado A:shos
Benincasa hispida var. chiequa
Fuzzy melon, Wax gourd
Young fruit Calabaza blanca Mao gua, Dong gua
Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra
Chinese broccoli, Chinese kale
Fleshy flower buds, Stalks
Bróculi chino Gai lan, , Kai lam, Kai laam
Brassica rapa var. parachinensis
Chinese flowering cabbage
Leaves, stems, flower buds
Coliflor Pak choy sum. Bok choy
Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum
Chiltepin Fruit Chiltepín, chile piquín
Ali ko’okol, cocori
Capsicum annuum Patagonia chile Fruit Chile Ko’okol, cocori
Cicer arietinum Garbanzo, Chickpea Seed (bean) Garbanzo Galwash
Citrullus lanatus Watermelon Fruit, seeds Sandía Sacobari
Cucumis melo Melon Fruit Melón Ge;li ba:sho Cucurbita maxima Hubbard squash,
Winter squash Fruit Calabaza grande,
Sun gua Nam gua, Sun gua
Hordeum vulgare Barley Seed (grain) Cebada Siwa:yo Ipomaea aquatica Water spinach Leaves, stems Batata acuática Ong choy,
Kangkong Lens culinaris Lentil Seed (bean) Lenteja Lanjeki, La:nji Lycium barbarum or L. chinense
Chinese boxthorn, Goji
Leaves, fruit Frutilla Gou qi cai
Momordica charantia
Bitter melon, Balsam pear
Leaves, stems, young fruit
Bálsamo Fu qua, Ku gua
Pisum sativum Papago (dry) pea Seed (bean) Alverjón, Chícharo, Guisante
Wihol
Sorghum bicolor Hegari sorghum Seed (grain) Sorgo, Milomaíz, Hegari
Huuñ ka:nu, S-to:ta chucul huuñ
Triticum aestivum White Sonora wheat Seed (grain) Trigo flor o Sonora blanco
‘S-moik pilkañ, Tiikom, Tiligo
Triticum aestivum Pima club wheat Seed (grain) Trigo Pima Olas pilkañ Vicia faba Fava (broad) bean Seed (bean) Haba ‘Aba Vigna unguiculata Black-eyed pea,
Yard-long bean Seed (bean) Yorimuni U’us baw, U’us
mu:ñ, Dou jia, Jiang dou
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HISTORIC/MISSIONERATREECROPSScientific name Common name Parts used Spanish name Native names
Citrus x aurantifolia Mexican (Key) lime Fruit, juice, flowers (azahar)
Limón colima
Citrus limetioides Lemon-orange Fruit, juice, flowers (azahar)
Naranja-lima
Citrus X aurantium Sour orange, Seville orange
Fruit, juice, rind, flowers (azahar)
Naranja agria, Naranja amarga
Siw nalash
Citrus limon
Lemon Fruit, juice, flowers (azahar)
Limón real Limo:n
Citrus limettioides Sweet lime Fruit, juice, flowers (azahar)
Lima dulce, Lima chichona
Citrus maxima Pummelo, Grapefruit
Fruit, juice, flowers (azahar)
Pomelo, Toronja
Citrus medica Citron Fruit,juice, Rind, flowers (azahar)
Cidra, Limón de Judea
Citrus sinensis Orange, sweet Fruit, juice, flowers (azahar)
Naranja dulce Nalash
Cydonia Oblonga Quince Fruit, seeds, pectin Membrillo Mimbli:yo
Eriobotrya japonica Loquat Fruit Níspero, Míspero
Ficus carica Mission fig Fruit, leaves Higuera, Higo Su:na
Malus x domestica Apple Fruit, juice, cider Manzana Manisa:na, Ablis
Olea europea Mission olive Fruit, oil Olivo, Aceituna Tu: na
Phoenix dactylifera Date, Black Sphinx Fruit, fronds Dátil Chukut shoshol
Ziziphus jujuba Jujube, Chinese date
Fruit Dátil chino, Azufaifo chino
Da zao
Prunus avium & other species
Cherry Fruit Capul
Prunus armeniaca Apricot Fruit Chabacano, Albaricoque
Wiragogi
Prunus domestica Plum, Damson, Prune
Fruit Ciruela Damacena
Prunus dulcis Almond, Mission Nut Almendra
Prunus persica Peach Fruit Durazno, Melocotón
Julashan, Nulash
Punica granatum Red pomegranate Fruit, juice Granada colorada S-wegi galniyo
Punica granatum White pomegranate Fruit, juice Granada blanca S-tota galniyo
Pyrus communis Pear Fruit Pera Pilhas
Vitis vinifera Mission grape Fruit, leaves Uva misionera U:dwis
FORUPDATES,SEE:www.foodstudies.arizona.eduandwww.azfoodstudies.com
MAILINGADDRESS:CenterforRegionalFoodStudies,UniversityofArizona,POBox20185,TucsonAZ85721-0185.WEWELCOMEYOURCOMMENTS!
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LIVESTOCK
Scientific name Common name Part used Spanish name Native names
Bos bos Criollo cattle Hides, meat, bloodmeal, bonemeal
Ganado criollo, Ganado corriente
Haiwani
Melleagris gallopavo
Domestic turkey Feathers, meat Guajalote, Chigüi, Cócono, Güíjolo
Tohwa, Kokono
Ovis aries Churro sheep Fleece, mutton, horns
Borrego churro, Oveja
Kahwal, Kahwul
OUR LOCATION Center for Regional Food Studies
44 N. Stone Ave Tucson, AZ 85701
MAILING ADDRESS: Center for Regional Food Studies
Southwest Center PO Box 210185
Tucson, AZ 85721-0185