PregnancyPregnancy

Conception

Conception is when sperm and egg meet

and fertilization occurs Sperm - one of the tiniest cells in the

human body Conception occurs in the outer third of

the fallopian tube Zygote - fertilized egg

Step 1: FertilizationStep 1: Fertilization Resulting cell is known as a Resulting cell is known as a zygote.zygote.

Step 2:Step 2: Zygote travels down fallopian tube & divides Zygote travels down fallopian tube & divides

many times.many times. This process can take 2 – 7 days.This process can take 2 – 7 days.

Step 3:Step 3: Zygote attaches to uterine wall a.k.a. Zygote attaches to uterine wall a.k.a.

implantation.implantation.

Embryonic GrowthEmbryonic Growth As the embryo grows, the cells divide and form As the embryo grows, the cells divide and form

three layers that will become various body three layers that will become various body systems.systems.One becoming the respiratory and digestive.One becoming the respiratory and digestive.Second becoming muscles, bones and blood Second becoming muscles, bones and blood

vessels.vessels.Third forming the nervous system, sense organs Third forming the nervous system, sense organs

and mouth.and mouth.

IMPLANTATION PROCESSIMPLANTATION PROCESS

Improving the Chances ofConception

Time intercourse so it occurs around time of ovulation

Sperm live inside a woman’s body for up to 5 days

Egg is capable of being fertilized for about the first 12 to 24 hours after ovulation

Symptoms of Pregnancy

Missed menstrual period Breast tenderness Morning sickness More frequent urination

Diagnostic Signs of Pregnancy

Presumptive Signs: breast changes, amenorrhea, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, frequent urination Probable Signs: Positive pregnancy test, physical changes in the uterus Positive Signs: Ultrasound or X-ray of

fetus, Lab test ,fetal heartbeat, fetal movement

Pregnancy Tests

• Physician tests:– Blood Test for Human chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

Home pregnancy tests

Development of the Baby

Nine months of pregnancy are divided into three equal periods of three months called trimesters

– First trimester - months 1 to 3

– Second trimester - months 4 to 6

– Third trimester - months 7 to 9

Development StagesDevelopment Stages Zygote-Blastocyst-Embryo-Fetus-Zygote-Blastocyst-Embryo-Fetus-BabyBaby

Zygote- union of the egg and spermZygote- union of the egg and sperm Once zygote is formed, a protective membrane is Once zygote is formed, a protective membrane is

formed and prevents more sperm from entering formed and prevents more sperm from entering ovumovum

Zygote begins its journey to uterus and begins cell Zygote begins its journey to uterus and begins cell divisiondivision

Blastocyst- hollow cluster of cellsBlastocyst- hollow cluster of cells Embryo- time of implantation to about the 8Embryo- time of implantation to about the 8thth week week Fetus- from 8Fetus- from 8thth week till birth (developing Embryo) week till birth (developing Embryo) BabyBaby

The Embryo and Its SupportSystems

Placenta - an organ formed on the wall of the

uterus through which the fetus receives oxygen

and nutrients and gets rid of waste products

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) - a hormone secreted by the placenta; it is the substance detected in pregnancy tests

The Embryo and Its SupportSystems

Umbilical cord - the tube that connects the fetus to the placenta

Amniotic fluid - the watery fluid surrounding a developing fetus in the uterus

Fetal Development During the First Trimester

By the end of the first trimester (12 weeks) Can detect heartbeat Brain waves can be detected Arms, legs, heart, lungs, and eyes have

formed Bones and muscles begin developing (approx. 10cm long and weighs about 19

grams) Week 1-4

Fetal development during Fetal development during the 2the 2ndnd Trimester Trimester

By the end of the 2By the end of the 2ndnd Trimester (6 months) Trimester (6 months) Organs developOrgans develop ““kick” is feltkick” is felt Sex can be determinedSex can be determined Fetus can hear and recognize voicesFetus can hear and recognize voices Hair formsHair forms Head and facial features become apparentHead and facial features become apparent Finger and toenails growFinger and toenails grow

Fetal development Fetal development During the 3During the 3rdrd Trimester Trimester

By the end of the 3By the end of the 3rdrd Trimester (7-9 months) Trimester (7-9 months) Rapid growth and most weight gainRapid growth and most weight gain By 8 months most fetus’ are around 20 inchesBy 8 months most fetus’ are around 20 inches Brain develps furtherBrain develps further Organs completeOrgans complete Fetus can move hands and feetFetus can move hands and feet Fetus turns in uterus to assume head down position Fetus turns in uterus to assume head down position

(dropped)(dropped)

11stst Trimester (Mother) Trimester (Mother)

Many changes begin to take place Many changes begin to take place including:including: Breast begin to swell and become tenderBreast begin to swell and become tender Fatigue and naseau set inFatigue and naseau set in EmotionalEmotional End of month 3 abdomen begins to enlargeEnd of month 3 abdomen begins to enlarge Frequent urinationFrequent urination Vaginal discharge may increaseVaginal discharge may increase

22ndnd Trimester - Trimester - Typically the most Typically the most

comfortable trimester The woman feels less fatigued in her comfortable trimester The woman feels less fatigued in her second trimester. While the woman is in her first trimester, second trimester. While the woman is in her first trimester, there is a constant danger of miscarriage. When she enters there is a constant danger of miscarriage. When she enters her second trimester, this danger has already passed. The her second trimester, this danger has already passed. The initial symptoms of pregnancy, such as nausea and dizziness initial symptoms of pregnancy, such as nausea and dizziness also get overalso get over

Apetite increasesApetite increases Volume of blood increasesVolume of blood increases Energy increasesEnergy increases Forgetful and clumsyForgetful and clumsy Abdomen increasesAbdomen increases Fetal movement detectedFetal movement detected Constipation and nosebleeds can occurConstipation and nosebleeds can occur Edema- water retention and swelling (needs Edema- water retention and swelling (needs

medical attention)medical attention)

33rdrd Trimester Trimester

Obviously pregnantObviously pregnant Should have gained between 25-40lbShould have gained between 25-40lb Blood volume increasesBlood volume increases Heart rate increasesHeart rate increases Most organs are compressesMost organs are compresses Breathing is difficultBreathing is difficult Very uncomfortableVery uncomfortable EmotionalEmotional

Complications During Complications During PregnancyPregnancy

Ectopic pregnancy - fertilized egg implants

somewhere other than the uterus Pregnancy-induced hypertension - includes

3 conditions:

– Hypertension

– Preeclampsia

– Eclampsia

Classwork/HomeworkClasswork/Homework

1.1. Choose a specific day in the first month Choose a specific day in the first month for your date of conception.for your date of conception.

2.2. 3 – 5 days later will be your day of 3 – 5 days later will be your day of implantation.implantation.

3.3. Choose a date for a missed menstrual Choose a date for a missed menstrual cycle.cycle.

4.4. 10 days after your missed menstrual cycle 10 days after your missed menstrual cycle will be the date of your first doctor’s visit will be the date of your first doctor’s visit where the pregnancy will be confirmed.where the pregnancy will be confirmed.

Complications During Complications During PregnancyPregnancy

Miscarriage- spontanious expulsion of Miscarriage- spontanious expulsion of the fetus that occurs before the 20the fetus that occurs before the 20thth week week

A dead fetus expelled after the 20A dead fetus expelled after the 20thth week week is considered a stillbirthis considered a stillbirth

Can be for no known reasonCan be for no known reason Can be full term (40 weeks)Can be full term (40 weeks)

Proper prenatal care can reduce the risks Proper prenatal care can reduce the risks of certain problemsof certain problems

1.1. Define Define fertilizationfertilization and and implantation.implantation.

2.2. Explain fetal development from Explain fetal development from conception through pregnancy and conception through pregnancy and birth.birth.

3.3. How is a developing fetus How is a developing fetus nourished?nourished?

4.4. What changes does the mother go What changes does the mother go through during each trimesterthrough during each trimester

Key TermsKey Terms

AmniocentisisAmniocentisis- test performed around16-20 weeks to - test performed around16-20 weeks to test fetal cells for genetic abnormalitiestest fetal cells for genetic abnormalities

Chorionic Villi Sampling- Chorionic Villi Sampling- small tissue removed from small tissue removed from chorion, tissue is then examined for genetic disorders chorion, tissue is then examined for genetic disorders done at 8done at 8thth week of pregnancy week of pregnancy

ColostrumColostrum- Colostrum contains antibodies to protect - Colostrum contains antibodies to protect the newborn against disease, as well as being lower in the newborn against disease, as well as being lower in fat and higher in protein than ordinary milk. Typically fat and higher in protein than ordinary milk. Typically produced just prior to birth by mammary glandsproduced just prior to birth by mammary glands

LaborLabor

Stage 1: Early labor and active laborStage 1: Early labor and active labor The first stage of labor occurs when the The first stage of labor occurs when the

cervix opens (dilates) and thins out (effaces) cervix opens (dilates) and thins out (effaces) to allow the baby to move into the birth to allow the baby to move into the birth canal. This is the longest of the three stages canal. This is the longest of the three stages of labor. It's actually divided into two phases of labor. It's actually divided into two phases of its own — early labor and active labor. of its own — early labor and active labor.

11stst Stage Stage

Early laborEarly labor During early labor, your cervix will begin to dilate. You may feel During early labor, your cervix will begin to dilate. You may feel

mild to moderately strong contractions during early labor. They mild to moderately strong contractions during early labor. They may last 30 to 60 seconds and come every five to 20 minutes. As may last 30 to 60 seconds and come every five to 20 minutes. As your cervix begins to open, you may notice a thick, stringy, your cervix begins to open, you may notice a thick, stringy, blood-tinged discharge from your vagina. This is known as blood-tinged discharge from your vagina. This is known as bloody show.bloody show.

Mucus plugMucus plug

11stst Stage Stage

How long it lastsHow long it lasts:: You may need to be patient. Early You may need to be patient. Early labor is unpredictable. It may last for hours or even labor is unpredictable. It may last for hours or even days, especially for first-time moms. It's often much days, especially for first-time moms. It's often much shorter for subsequent deliveries. shorter for subsequent deliveries.

What you can doWhat you can do:: Until your contractions increase in Until your contractions increase in frequency and intensity, it's up to you. For many frequency and intensity, it's up to you. For many women, early labor isn't particularly uncomfortable. You women, early labor isn't particularly uncomfortable. You may feel like doing household chores, taking a walk or may feel like doing household chores, taking a walk or watching a movie. Or you might simply continue your watching a movie. Or you might simply continue your daily activities. daily activities.

May Also Help to:May Also Help to:

Take a shower or bath. Take a shower or bath. Listen to relaxing music. Listen to relaxing music. Have a gentle massage. Have a gentle massage. Try slow, deep breathing. Try slow, deep breathing. Change positions. Change positions. Drink water, juice or other clear liquids. Drink water, juice or other clear liquids. Eat light, healthy snacks. Eat light, healthy snacks. Apply ice packs or heat to your lower back.Apply ice packs or heat to your lower back.

Active laborActive labor Now it's time for the real work to begin. During Now it's time for the real work to begin. During

active labor, your cervix will dilate to 10 active labor, your cervix will dilate to 10 centimeters. Your contractions will become centimeters. Your contractions will become stronger and progressively longer. Near the end of stronger and progressively longer. Near the end of active labor, it may feel as though the contractions active labor, it may feel as though the contractions never completely disappear. You may feel never completely disappear. You may feel increasing pressure in your back as well. If you increasing pressure in your back as well. If you haven't headed to your labor and delivery facility haven't headed to your labor and delivery facility yet, now's the time. yet, now's the time.

Your initial excitement may wane as your labor Your initial excitement may wane as your labor progresses and the pain intensifies. Don't feel that progresses and the pain intensifies. Don't feel that you're giving up if you ask for pain medication or you're giving up if you ask for pain medication or anesthesia. Your health care team will help you anesthesia. Your health care team will help you make the best choice for you and your baby. make the best choice for you and your baby. Remember, you're the only one who can judge your Remember, you're the only one who can judge your need for pain relief.need for pain relief.

Active Labor Active Labor

How long it lasts:How long it lasts: On average, active labor On average, active labor lasts up to eight hours. For some women, lasts up to eight hours. For some women, active labor lasts hours longer. For others — active labor lasts hours longer. For others — especially those who've had a previous vaginal especially those who've had a previous vaginal delivery — active labor is much shorter. delivery — active labor is much shorter.

What you can do:What you can do: Look to your labor coach Look to your labor coach and health care team for encouragement and and health care team for encouragement and support. Try breathing and relaxation support. Try breathing and relaxation techniques to combat your growing discomfort. techniques to combat your growing discomfort. Use what you learned in childbirth class or ask Use what you learned in childbirth class or ask your health care team for suggestions. your health care team for suggestions.

Active LaborActive Labor It may also help to: It may also help to: Change positions. Change positions. Rock in a rocking chair. Rock in a rocking chair. Roll on a birthing ball. Roll on a birthing ball. Take a warm shower or bath. Take a warm shower or bath. Place a cool, damp cloth on your forehead. Place a cool, damp cloth on your forehead. Take a walk, stopping to breathe through contractions. Take a walk, stopping to breathe through contractions. Have a massage between contractions. Have a massage between contractions.

If you feel the urge to push, try to hold If you feel the urge to push, try to hold back until you've been told you're fully back until you've been told you're fully dilated and it's time to push. It may dilated and it's time to push. It may help to pant or blow. Pushing too soon help to pant or blow. Pushing too soon may cause your cervix to tear or swell, may cause your cervix to tear or swell, which can delay delivery or cause which can delay delivery or cause troublesome bleeding.troublesome bleeding.

Stage 2: The birth Stage 2: The birth

How long it lasts:How long it lasts: It can take from a few It can take from a few minutes up to several hours or more to push minutes up to several hours or more to push your baby into the world. It often takes longer your baby into the world. It often takes longer for first-time moms and women who've had an for first-time moms and women who've had an epidural. epidural.

What you can do:What you can do: Push! You may be Push! You may be encouraged to push with each contraction to encouraged to push with each contraction to speed the process. Or you might take it more speed the process. Or you might take it more slowly, letting nature do the work until you feel slowly, letting nature do the work until you feel the urge to push. the urge to push.

Stage 3: Delivery of the Stage 3: Delivery of the placenta (afterbirth)placenta (afterbirth)

After your baby is born, you'll likely feel a After your baby is born, you'll likely feel a great sense of relief. You may hold the great sense of relief. You may hold the baby in your arms or on your abdomen. baby in your arms or on your abdomen. Cherish the moment. But a lot is still Cherish the moment. But a lot is still happening. During the third stage of happening. During the third stage of labor, your health care provider must labor, your health care provider must deliver the placenta and make sure your deliver the placenta and make sure your bleeding is under control. bleeding is under control.

Stage 3Stage 3

How long it lasts:How long it lasts: The placenta is The placenta is typically delivered in about five to 10 typically delivered in about five to 10 minutes. In some cases, it may take up to minutes. In some cases, it may take up to 30 minutes. 30 minutes.

What you can do:What you can do: Relax! By now your Relax! By now your focus has likely shifted to your baby. You focus has likely shifted to your baby. You may be oblivious to what's going on may be oblivious to what's going on around you. You may even want to around you. You may even want to breast-feed your baby. breast-feed your baby.

Dilation + EffacementDilation + Effacement

The degree of dilation is measured in centimeters. For The degree of dilation is measured in centimeters. For most of your pregnancy, the cervix will be at zero most of your pregnancy, the cervix will be at zero centimeters, closed and not at all dilated, keeping the centimeters, closed and not at all dilated, keeping the baby safe and growing inside. During active labor, your baby safe and growing inside. During active labor, your health care provider will measure the level of dilation health care provider will measure the level of dilation by inserting a gloved finger into your vagina. by inserting a gloved finger into your vagina. Sometimes dilation is also referred to in “fingers,” Sometimes dilation is also referred to in “fingers,” based on the manual exam, e.g., “she’s two fingers based on the manual exam, e.g., “she’s two fingers dilated.” One finger is the rough equivalent of one dilated.” One finger is the rough equivalent of one centimeter, but this is a more subjective measure, centimeter, but this is a more subjective measure, since finger size varies, especially between male and since finger size varies, especially between male and female examiners. female examiners. 

Dilation + EffacementDilation + Effacement

The progression of labor is measured by the advancing The progression of labor is measured by the advancing dilation of the expectant mother’s cervix. It’s generally dilation of the expectant mother’s cervix. It’s generally estimated that the cervix will dilate one centimeter estimated that the cervix will dilate one centimeter during each hour of labor, but this cannot be during each hour of labor, but this cannot be generalized for every woman or every pregnancy. 0-4 generalized for every woman or every pregnancy. 0-4 centimeters dilation is considered early labor, and it’s centimeters dilation is considered early labor, and it’s not uncommon for a woman to be up to 2 centimeters not uncommon for a woman to be up to 2 centimeters dilated several weeks before giving birth. Dilation of 4-7 dilated several weeks before giving birth. Dilation of 4-7 centimeters occurs during active labor. 7-10 centimeters occurs during active labor. 7-10 centimeters is the transition phase (shift from active centimeters is the transition phase (shift from active labor to the final phase, delivery), and when your cervix labor to the final phase, delivery), and when your cervix is at 10 centimeters (about the size of a newborn’s is at 10 centimeters (about the size of a newborn’s head), it’s considered fully dilated and you’re ready to head), it’s considered fully dilated and you’re ready to give birth. give birth. 

You're pregnant. You're pregnant. Congratulations! Are you Congratulations! Are you curious how big your curious how big your developing baby is, what developing baby is, what your baby looks like as it your baby looks like as it grows inside you, and grows inside you, and when you'll feel it move?  when you'll feel it move?  Take a peek inside the Take a peek inside the womb to see how a fetus womb to see how a fetus develops from month to develops from month to month.month.

If a sperm cell meets and penetrates an egg, it will fertilize it.  This is known as conception. At this moment, the genetic makeup is complete, including the sex of the infant. Within about three days after conception, the fertilized egg, which is dividing rapidly into many cells, passes through the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it attaches to the uterine wall. The placenta, which will nourish the baby, also begins to form.

Fetal Development 4 weeks- Fetal Development 4 weeks- At this point of At this point of development the structures that eventually form the development the structures that eventually form the face and neck are becoming evident.  The heart and face and neck are becoming evident.  The heart and blood vessels continue to develop. And the lungs, blood vessels continue to develop. And the lungs, stomach, and liver start to develop.  A home pregnancy stomach, and liver start to develop.  A home pregnancy test is now positivetest is now positive..

Fetal development 8 weeks-Fetal development 8 weeks- The baby is now a little The baby is now a little over half an inch in size. Eyelids and ears are forming, over half an inch in size. Eyelids and ears are forming, and the tip of the nose is visible. The arms and legs are and the tip of the nose is visible. The arms and legs are well formed. The fingers and toes grow longer and more well formed. The fingers and toes grow longer and more distinct.distinct.

Fetal development 12 weeks-Fetal development 12 weeks- The fetus measures about The fetus measures about 2 inches and starts to make its own movements. You 2 inches and starts to make its own movements. You may start to feel the top of your uterus above the pelvic may start to feel the top of your uterus above the pelvic bone.  Your doctor may hear the baby's heartbeat with bone.  Your doctor may hear the baby's heartbeat with special instruments. The sex organs of the baby should special instruments. The sex organs of the baby should start to become clear.start to become clear.

Fetal development week 16-Fetal development week 16- The fetus now measures The fetus now measures about 4.3 to 4.6 inches and weighs about 3.5 ounces. about 4.3 to 4.6 inches and weighs about 3.5 ounces. The top of your uterus should be felt about 3 inches The top of your uterus should be felt about 3 inches below your belly button.  The baby's eyes can blink and below your belly button.  The baby's eyes can blink and the heart and blood vessels are fully formed.  The the heart and blood vessels are fully formed.  The baby's fingers and toes should have fingerprints.baby's fingers and toes should have fingerprints.

Fetal Development 20 weeks-Fetal Development 20 weeks- The baby weighs about 10 The baby weighs about 10 ounces and is a little over 6 inches long. Your uterus ounces and is a little over 6 inches long. Your uterus should be at the level of your belly button. The baby can should be at the level of your belly button. The baby can suck a thumb, yawn, stretch, and make faces. Soon -- if suck a thumb, yawn, stretch, and make faces. Soon -- if you haven't already -- you'll feel your baby move, which you haven't already -- you'll feel your baby move, which is called "quickening."is called "quickening."

Fetal development 20 weeks- Fetal development 20 weeks- An ultrasound is generally An ultrasound is generally performed for all pregnant women at 20 weeks of gestation. performed for all pregnant women at 20 weeks of gestation. During this ultrasound, the doctor will confirm that the During this ultrasound, the doctor will confirm that the placenta is healthy and attached normally and that your baby placenta is healthy and attached normally and that your baby is growing properly in the uterus. The baby's heartbeat and is growing properly in the uterus. The baby's heartbeat and movement of its body, arms, and legs can also be seen on the movement of its body, arms, and legs can also be seen on the ultrasound. The gender of the baby can usually be determined ultrasound. The gender of the baby can usually be determined at 20 weeks.at 20 weeks.

Fetal Development 24 weeks-Fetal Development 24 weeks- The fetus weighs about The fetus weighs about 1.4 pounds now. It responds to sounds by moving or 1.4 pounds now. It responds to sounds by moving or increasing its pulse. You may notice jerking motions if it increasing its pulse. You may notice jerking motions if it hiccups. With the inner ear fully developed, it may be hiccups. With the inner ear fully developed, it may be able to sense being upside down in the womb.able to sense being upside down in the womb.

Fetal development 28 weeks-Fetal development 28 weeks- The fetus weighs about 2 pounds The fetus weighs about 2 pounds 6 ounces. It changes position frequently at this point in 6 ounces. It changes position frequently at this point in pregnancy. There's a good chance of survival if your baby is pregnancy. There's a good chance of survival if your baby is born prematurely now. Ask your doctor about preterm labor born prematurely now. Ask your doctor about preterm labor warning signs. Register for birthing classes. Birthing classes warning signs. Register for birthing classes. Birthing classes prepare you for many aspects of childbirth,including labor and prepare you for many aspects of childbirth,including labor and delivery and parentingdelivery and parenting

fetal development 32 fetal development 32 weeksweeks

Often moving, the fetus weighs almost 4 Often moving, the fetus weighs almost 4 pounds. The baby's skin has fewer wrinkles as pounds. The baby's skin has fewer wrinkles as a layer of fat starts to form under the skin. It will a layer of fat starts to form under the skin. It will gain up to half its birth weight between now gain up to half its birth weight between now and delivery. Ask your doctor how to do a fetal and delivery. Ask your doctor how to do a fetal movement chart. Think about breastfeeding. movement chart. Think about breastfeeding. Soon you may start leaking colostrum from Soon you may start leaking colostrum from your breasts, a yellowish fluid that precedes your breasts, a yellowish fluid that precedes milk production.milk production.

Fetal Development 36 weeks-Fetal Development 36 weeks- Babies differ in size, depending Babies differ in size, depending on many factors (such as gender, the number of babies being on many factors (such as gender, the number of babies being carried, and size of the parents), so your baby's overall rate of carried, and size of the parents), so your baby's overall rate of growth is as important as the actual size. On average, it's growth is as important as the actual size. On average, it's about 18.5 inches and weighs close to 6 pounds. The brain has about 18.5 inches and weighs close to 6 pounds. The brain has been developing rapidly. Lungs are nearly fully developed. The been developing rapidly. Lungs are nearly fully developed. The head is usually positioned down into the pelvis by now. A head is usually positioned down into the pelvis by now. A pregnancy is considered "at term" once 37 weeks has been pregnancy is considered "at term" once 37 weeks has been completed!completed!

A mother's due date marks the end of her 40th week. A A mother's due date marks the end of her 40th week. A pregnancy begins with implantation and the delivery date can pregnancy begins with implantation and the delivery date can be calculated using the first day of the last period. Based on be calculated using the first day of the last period. Based on this, pregnancy can last between 38 and 42 weeks with a full-this, pregnancy can last between 38 and 42 weeks with a full-term delivery occurring around 40 weeks. Some post-term term delivery occurring around 40 weeks. Some post-term pregnancies -- those lasting more than 42 weeks -- are not pregnancies -- those lasting more than 42 weeks -- are not truly post-term. A common "cause" is an incorrect due date. truly post-term. A common "cause" is an incorrect due date. For safety reasons, most babies are delivered by 42 weeks, For safety reasons, most babies are delivered by 42 weeks, inducing labor if necessary.inducing labor if necessary.

stages of developmentstages of development