Pregnancy and Pregnancy and developmentdevelopment

Mrs. SchmitMrs. Schmit

Begins with….Begins with….

Fertilization - union of the sperm and Fertilization - union of the sperm and the egg the egg

Happens in the oviductHappens in the oviducthttp://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200048.htmhttp://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200048.htmhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/program.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/program.html (sperms journey) (sperms journey)

Haploid Gametes:Haploid Gametes: Sperm (23 chromosomes)Sperm (23 chromosomes) Egg (23 chromosomes)Egg (23 chromosomes)

Combine to form a diploid (46 Combine to form a diploid (46 chromosomes) ZYGOTEchromosomes) ZYGOTE

All babies begin as a single All babies begin as a single fertilized cell that undergoes fertilized cell that undergoes cell division as it moves down cell division as it moves down the fallopian tube for 3-5 daysthe fallopian tube for 3-5 days

Zygote divides

Journey of EggJourney of Egg Zygote continues to Journey Zygote continues to Journey

along fallopian tube - about along fallopian tube - about 4-5 days while the cell 4-5 days while the cell divides many timesdivides many times

11 to 12 days after 11 to 12 days after fertilization the zygote fertilization the zygote becomes a tiny ball of cells becomes a tiny ball of cells called an embryocalled an embryo

Uterus prepares spongy Uterus prepares spongy lining for implantation of egg.lining for implantation of egg.

ImplantationImplantation

ImplantationImplantation is where the is where the blastocyst (ball of cells) blastocyst (ball of cells) attaches itself to the attaches itself to the uterine lininguterine lining

The embryo implants by The embryo implants by secreting an enzyme to secreting an enzyme to breakdown uterine cells as breakdown uterine cells as it burrows into the mother's it burrows into the mother's uterus. uterus.

Implantation of egg to womb (uterus) Implantation of egg to womb (uterus) takes place 6 -7 days after takes place 6 -7 days after fertilization. fertilization.

IF not, then menstrual cycle begins.IF not, then menstrual cycle begins.

Detecting PregnancyDetecting Pregnancy

Chemical Test – 98% effectiveChemical Test – 98% effectiveMorning Sickness – nausea due to change Morning Sickness – nausea due to change

in hormonesin hormonesUltra Sound – sound waves used to detect Ultra Sound – sound waves used to detect

baby in the wombbaby in the wombhttp://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-rouhttp://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-rou

ndup.htmndup.htm

Names during pregnancyNames during pregnancy Zygote = first cellZygote = first cell Embryo = weeks 0 - 8Embryo = weeks 0 - 8 Fetus = weeks 9 until birthFetus = weeks 9 until birth

What happens during pregnancy?What happens during pregnancy? Once implantation occurs, the formation Once implantation occurs, the formation

of most internal organs and external of most internal organs and external body structures begin.body structures begin.

All cells of the body are classified All cells of the body are classified as one of three typesas one of three types

EctodermEctoderm- the outer layer. - the outer layer. become the nervous system and skin   become the nervous system and skin   Endoderm Endoderm - the inner layer of cells - the inner layer of cells form the lining of the digestive and respiratory form the lining of the digestive and respiratory

tract, parts of the liver, pancreas and many other tract, parts of the liver, pancreas and many other organs organs

MesodermMesoderm - - forms from an out pouching of the forms from an out pouching of the inner layer tissue of the endoderm. inner layer tissue of the endoderm.

form muscle, bone, blood and connective tissue. form muscle, bone, blood and connective tissue.

Placenta – babe’s house in momPlacenta – babe’s house in mom

What is it?What is it?

The placenta is an organ attached to the The placenta is an organ attached to the lining of your womb during pregnancy lining of your womb during pregnancy

What does it do?What does it do?

It keeps unborn baby’s blood supply It keeps unborn baby’s blood supply separate from mothers blood supply, as separate from mothers blood supply, as well as providing a link between the two. well as providing a link between the two.

• prevents prevents the ovaries from the ovaries from releasing eggsreleasing eggs

• stimulates the ovaries to stimulates the ovaries to produce produce estrogen estrogen and and progesterone progesterone continuously. continuously.

• carries carries oxygenoxygen and and nutrientsnutrients from mother to from mother to fetus and fetus and wasteswastes from from fetus to mother through fetus to mother through the umbilical cordthe umbilical cord

Connects placenta to babyConnects placenta to babyAmnion:Amnion: membrane membrane

surrounding baby w/ surrounding baby w/ amniotic fluid inside to amniotic fluid inside to cushioncushion

http://www.howstuffworks.cohttp://www.howstuffworks.com/adam-200127.htmm/adam-200127.htm

Umbilical Cord:Umbilical Cord:

a. connects babies navel to a. connects babies navel to placentaplacenta

b. 2 arteries – take wastes b. 2 arteries – take wastes away from bodyaway from body

c. 1 vein – brings “goodies” c. 1 vein – brings “goodies” into babyinto baby

Embryo takes shape:Embryo takes shape:

Organ formation begins about Organ formation begins about 3 weeks after fertilization 3 weeks after fertilization

The area will then begin to The area will then begin to develop the brain and spinal develop the brain and spinal cord (neural tube). cord (neural tube).

Embryo takes shape – first two weeksEmbryo takes shape – first two weekshttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/program.html

Week 2-4Week 2-4heart and major blood heart and major blood

vessels begin to develop vessels begin to develop by about day 16 or 17. by about day 16 or 17.

Beats 120-160 beats per Beats 120-160 beats per minuteminute

heart begins to pump fluid heart begins to pump fluid through blood vessels by through blood vessels by day 20, and the first red day 20, and the first red blood cells appear the blood cells appear the next day. next day.

Blood vessels continue to Blood vessels continue to develop in the embryo develop in the embryo and placenta and placenta

Week 5-9Week 5-9By the sixth week from By the sixth week from fertilization tiny fingers appear, fertilization tiny fingers appear, followed within days by the followed within days by the toes. toes. By the seventh week the By the seventh week the baby has individual fingerprints.baby has individual fingerprints.Almost all organs are Almost all organs are completely formed by about 8 completely formed by about 8 weeks after fertilizationweeks after fertilization 9 weeks from the last 9 weeks from the last menstrual period (7 weeks from menstrual period (7 weeks from conception)conception) 9 weeks

42 days

Week 10-14Week 10-14

14 weeks – 14 weeks – sex can be sex can be identifiedidentified

20 weeks20 weeksHead hair, eyebrows. eyelashes and nails Head hair, eyebrows. eyelashes and nails

are growing. are growing.

To protect the baby's skin from prolonged To protect the baby's skin from prolonged contact with the amniotic fluid, a greasy contact with the amniotic fluid, a greasy substance called vernix covers the body. substance called vernix covers the body.

the baby will gain weight and will develop a layer the baby will gain weight and will develop a layer of fat beneath the skin. of fat beneath the skin.

receive maternal antibodies against some receive maternal antibodies against some infectionsinfections

Women feel movements within week 16-20Women feel movements within week 16-20

Full term 40-42 weeks.Full term 40-42 weeks.

Feeding the growing fetusFeeding the growing fetushttp://http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/program.htmlwww.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/program.html

Changes in MomChanges in Mom

1. Emotional – hormones change1. Emotional – hormones change

2. urinary bladder is squished2. urinary bladder is squished

3. other abdominal organs are crowded3. other abdominal organs are crowded

4. weight changes (ideally no more than 24 4. weight changes (ideally no more than 24 pounds gained)pounds gained)

5. Breasts enlarge5. Breasts enlarge

6. Lactation – milk production6. Lactation – milk production

LaborLabor

Position of baby during labor varies: Position of baby during labor varies: Lengthwise 99%Lengthwise 99%

a. head down / face up – most commona. head down / face up – most common

b.b. face down (5.5 %)face down (5.5 %)

c.c. Sideways (1 %)Sideways (1 %)

d.d. Breech (3.5%)Breech (3.5%)

e.e. Caesarean Birth also known as a C-Caesarean Birth also known as a C-sectionsection

Three stagesThree stages

First Stage - LaborFirst Stage - Labor Early or latent phaseEarly or latent phase - -

Begins with contractions Begins with contractions and ends when the cervix and ends when the cervix is 100 percent effaced is 100 percent effaced and dilated to 10 and dilated to 10 centimeters centimeters

Average length ranges Average length ranges from 10-16 hrsfrom 10-16 hrs

Active PhaseActive Phase

Regular contractions Regular contractions become longer, stronger become longer, stronger and closer together. and closer together. Recommend going to the Recommend going to the hospital when hospital when contractions are 5 contractions are 5 minutes apart and last 60 minutes apart and last 60 seconds.seconds.

Amnionic Sac – bag of Amnionic Sac – bag of water breaks, 1 – 1.5 qt. – water breaks, 1 – 1.5 qt. – time to go to hospitaltime to go to hospital

Transition phaseTransition phase

Most difficult and Most difficult and shortest – 30 minutes shortest – 30 minutes to two hours.to two hours.

Cervix opens from 7 – Cervix opens from 7 – 10 cm and baby 10 cm and baby descends into the descends into the birth canal.birth canal.

Second stage – baby is born.Second stage – baby is born.

Begins when the Begins when the cervix is completely cervix is completely effaced and dilated effaced and dilated and ends with the and ends with the birth of the baby. birth of the baby.

Average length for a Average length for a first time mother first time mother ranges from 1 to-2 ranges from 1 to-2 hours and shorter for hours and shorter for subsequent births subsequent births

Third Stage – after birthThird Stage – after birth

Begins with the birth of the baby and ends with Begins with the birth of the baby and ends with the delivery of the placenta. the delivery of the placenta.

Average length for all vaginal deliveries ranges Average length for all vaginal deliveries ranges from 5 - 15 minutes. from 5 - 15 minutes.

What treatments are given during birth if What treatments are given during birth if want too?want too?

Pain killersPain killers Epideral – needle in your spineEpideral – needle in your spine

http://www.howstuffworks.com/adam-20011http://www.howstuffworks.com/adam-200113.htm3.htm

Once bornOnce born

Umbilical cord is cut using a clampUmbilical cord is cut using a clamp20 minutes later the placenta and cut 20 minutes later the placenta and cut

umbilical cord are pushed out by the umbilical cord are pushed out by the uterus (after birth)uterus (after birth)

Apgar TestApgar Test

Tests Tests done done once once baby is baby is bornborn

LactationLactation

Milk SecretionMilk Secretion1. Prolactin hormone starts milk production 1. Prolactin hormone starts milk production

right after birth right after birth 2.2. actual milk comes in 2 daysactual milk comes in 2 daysAdvantages to breast feeding Advantages to breast feeding contain proper nutrition at right temp. contain proper nutrition at right temp. right right price – cost effectiveprice – cost effectiveContains what mom eats and drinksContains what mom eats and drinks

Abrupt changes for babyAbrupt changes for baby

1. temperature change1. temperature change

2. lungs begin to be used2. lungs begin to be used

3. food getting3. food getting

4. waste disposal4. waste disposal

5. blood circulation5. blood circulation

Problems during PregnancyProblems during Pregnancy

AnemiaAnemia – not enough blood cells – not enough blood cells circulating in the mother's blood.  circulating in the mother's blood. 

Fairly Common – two typesFairly Common – two types1 - 1 - dilutional anemiadilutional anemia - increase of circulating - increase of circulating

blood sometimes up to 40-50% in order to blood sometimes up to 40-50% in order to sustain the growing baby.  sustain the growing baby. 

2 - 2 - iron deficiency anemiairon deficiency anemia - when a woman's - when a woman's iron-level is insufficient and red blood cells iron-level is insufficient and red blood cells aren't being made in a great enough level. aren't being made in a great enough level.

Treatment – take iron supplementsTreatment – take iron supplements

Pre-eclampsiaPre-eclampsia

Only happens when pregnantOnly happens when pregnant high blood pressurehigh blood pressure protein in the urineprotein in the urine an increased swelling in the legs and feet.  an increased swelling in the legs and feet.  Symptoms Symptoms persistent headachespersistent headaches flashing lightflashing light blurred vision and seeing spotsblurred vision and seeing spots upper abdominal pain upper abdominal pain sudden excessive lower leg swelling sudden excessive lower leg swelling Treatment is often bedrest and monitor baby’s blood Treatment is often bedrest and monitor baby’s blood

pressurepressure

Group B Strep:Group B Strep:

Bacteria – many carry without developing Bacteria – many carry without developing infection or illness.infection or illness.

is the leading cause of infections in newborns. is the leading cause of infections in newborns. (Not group A strep which is strep throat). (Not group A strep which is strep throat).

Doctors find Group B Strep through cultures Doctors find Group B Strep through cultures during pregnancy. during pregnancy.

Can be treated by giving antibiotics during Can be treated by giving antibiotics during labor so infection does not pass to babylabor so infection does not pass to baby

Gestational Diabetes:Gestational Diabetes:

develops during pregnancy, when a develops during pregnancy, when a woman's body is not making enough woman's body is not making enough insulin. insulin.

Develops usually in second trimester. Develops usually in second trimester. Cannot be treated by pills, most treatment Cannot be treated by pills, most treatment

is through diet or insulin.is through diet or insulin.

Low Birth Weight:Low Birth Weight:

Caused by poor nutrition, substance use Caused by poor nutrition, substance use (cigarettes, alcohol, drugs). (cigarettes, alcohol, drugs).

Can be an effect of a STD, other contagious Can be an effect of a STD, other contagious diseases, or no pre-natal care. diseases, or no pre-natal care.

When a baby is born pre-maturely, it stays in the When a baby is born pre-maturely, it stays in the hospital for up to four months. hospital for up to four months.

Babies who are born at a low birth rate run the Babies who are born at a low birth rate run the risk of respiratory infections, blindness, learning risk of respiratory infections, blindness, learning disabilities, cerebral palsy, and heart infections. disabilities, cerebral palsy, and heart infections.