predatory capitalism, human migration & habitat loss in ...€¦ · predatory capitalism, human...
TRANSCRIPT
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Predatory Capitalism, Human Migration & Habitat Loss in the 21st Century
Saskia Sassen
Columbia University
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Data presented come from:Expulsions (Harvard University Press)
“A Massive Loss of Habitat: New Drivers for Migration”http://socdev.ucpress.edu/content/2/2/204
“Who Owns the City” http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/nov/24/who-owns-our-cities-and-why-this-urban-takeover-should-concern-us-all
AND IF U LIKE FAIRY TALES—here is that version..AMONSTER ENTERS THE CITYhttp://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/dec/23/monster-city-urban-fairytale-saskia-sassen?CMP=twt_gu
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BEFORE METHOD
The fuzzy edges of paradigmatic knowledges
Analytic Tactics
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• Destabilizing stable meanings
Analytic Tactics
• In the shadows of powerful explanations
• When territory exits conventional framings:it becomes institutionally mobile, nomadic and can alter the meaning
• EXPULSIONS
• The making of it all
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we make...
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Exhibit 5.9. Aral Sea, 1989-2009
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Exhibit 5.11. Extent of Surface Melt over Greenland’s Ice Sheet, 2012
Source: Viñas, Maria-José. "Satellites See Unprecedented Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Melt." NASA. Accessed July 30, 2012. http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/greenland-melt.html.
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THE POWER OF KEYCODES AND AGGREGATIONS
• Keycode: a sort of DNA that is written/made ( finance’s “risk”-models; VW cheat software)
• Just a bit of code can achieve enormous effects: scale-ups and massive aggregations –the crappy keycode time 12 million cars,14 million mortgages
• We need to develop a craft of writing keycodes for new scale-ups and modes of aggregating and deploying the power of aggregation.
• SOURCE: Sassen and Koob-Sassen “COLONIZING THE SCALAR NICHE”
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WHAT IS THE STEAM ENGINE
OF OUR EPOCH?
THAT WHICH CAN MAKE A NEW ORDERING.
WHAT IS IN AND WHAT IS OUT?
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10
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TWO RISING URBAN FORMATS
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.
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.
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BEHIND EACH OF THESE TWO RISING FORMATS…
ARE SPECIFIC PRACTICES AND LOGICS
• .
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TOTAL (NATIONAL AND FOREIGN) INVESTMENT VOLUMES(EXCEPT DEV. SITES, Q3 2013 – Q2 2014)
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TOP CITIES FOR TOTAL (NATIONAL + FOREIGN) PROPERTY
INVESTMENT
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TOTAL FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN PROPERTY
(Q3 2013 – Q2 2014)
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TOP CITIES FOR FOREIGN PROPERTY INVESTMENT
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• 10% OF THE WORLD’S
POPULATION
• 30% OF THE WORLD’S GDP
• 76% OF PROPERTY INVESTMENT
TOP 100 CITIES (BY PROPERTY
INVESTMENT) ACCOUNT FOR:
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WORLDWIDE REAL ESTATE ASSETS ARE
NEARLY 60% OF THE VALUE OF ALL GLOBAL
ASSETS, INCLUDING EQUITIES, BONDS AND
GOLD
US$217,000,000,000,000
SOURCE: SAVILLS WORLD
RESEARCH, 2016
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WHAT DOES THIS ALL
LOOK LIKE?
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CHINESE PROPERTY INVESTMENTS IN LONDON
IMAGE: KNIGHT FRANK
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THE PROPOSED ATLANTIC YARDS RESIDENTIAL TOWERS
IN BROOKLYN
IMAGE: AP
SITE DEVELOPMENT.
FOREIGN INVESTORS PUT IN US$5BN
THEY NOW OWN THE SITE.
TENTATIVE NEW NAME:
PACIFIC YARDS.
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LONDON PROPERTY PURCHASED BY OVERSEAS COMPANIES:
2005-2014
IMAGE: PRIVATE EYE
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TIME WARNER CENTER, NEW YORK CITY
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IN THE SHADOWS OF URBANIZATION
MORE EXPULSIONS
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One instance of what we measure as development but is actually a massive expulsion
• From 2006 to 2010: 220 million hectares of land in Afri, LatAm, Cambodia, Ukraine etc bought/leased by rich governments, firms, financial firms
• The land is now more valued than the people or activities on it
• The active making of surplus populations
• Novel assemblage of Territory/Authority/Rights
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MORE LAND GRABBING BECAUSE MUCH LAND IS BEING KILLED
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Northern hemisphere: Land Area with Hot, Very Hot, and Extremely Hot Temperatures,
1960-2010
Source: World Bank (2013) The Heat Turn Down: Why a 4C Warmer World Must Be Avoided. Figure 18: Northern Hemisphere land area covered by hot (>0.43σ), very hot (>2σ) and extremely hot (>3σ) summer temperatures, accessed on June 26th 2013.
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Exhibit 5.8. Water Already Limiting Agricultural Productivity, 2009
Source: Gonzalez-Valero, Juan. Climate, Land Degradation, Agriculture and Food Security: Means to Adopt.Report. September 2009. Accessed July 30, 2012. http://www.wmo.int/wcc3/sessionsdb/documents/WS10_Gonzalez.pdf.
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Exhibit 5.12 Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions With Full Implementation of Agreements, 2010-2020
Source: World Bank (2013) The Heat Turn Down: Why a 4C Warmer World Must Be Avoided. Figure 2B: Total greenhouse gases, historic and projected emissions, accessed on June 29th 2013.
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A MASSIVE LOSS OF HABITAT
• THIS, IN TURN, CONTRIBUTES TO A WHOLE NEW KIND OF MIGRATION.
• THIS IS A MIGRATION FOR WHICH WE HAVE NO LAW –NEITHER NATIONAL LAW (AS IS THE CASE FOR REGULAR MIGRATIONS) NOR INTERNATIONAL LAW (AS IS THE CASE FOR REFUGEES).
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MYANMAR (BURMA)
• THE ROHYNGIA
• NOW PERSECUTED FOR BEING MUSLIM
• BUT WHY NOW. THEY HAVE LIVED THERE PEACEFULLY FOR CENTURIES.
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WHAT ELSE IS HAPPENING IN MYANMAR?
.
• MASSIVE LAND GRABS, WATER GRABS, MINING,…. ALL LEADING TO MASSIVE EXPULSIONS OF LOCAL RURAL PEOPLE (BUDHISTS)
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LEAVING MYANMAR:ESCAPE ROUTES2015
• .
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ROHINGYA AND BANGLADESHI MIGRANTS, 2014-2015 (Estimates)
• .
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Rohingya Migrant Trafficking Routes
• .
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UNACCOMPANIED MINORS FROMCENTRAL AMERICA –GUATEMALA,
HONDURAS, SALVADOR
• WHY ARE THEY LEAVING, CROSSING THE WHOLE OF MEXICO WITH ALL THE RISKS…
• THE EXPLANATION: FROM EXPERTS AND THE CHILDREN: LA VIOLENCIA..
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Apprehension of UNACCOMPANIED Undocumented
Migrant Children (2009-2016)
Source: U.S. Customs and Border Protection, “Southwest Border
Unaccompanied Alien Children.”
• .
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BUT IS VIOLENCE IN ITSELF ENOUGH TO EXPLAIN THIS
MIGRATION?
• WHAT ABOUT MASSIVE LAND GRABS IN RURAL AREAS, PLANTATION AGRICULTURE THAT KILLS THE LAND, EXPULSIONS OF SMALL HOLDER AGRICULTURE, DEAD LAND..
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NEW SYSTEMICS?A LOGIC OF EXTRACTION
AND PREDATORY FORMATIONS
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Source: Office of National Statistics of the United Kingdom 2014.
GDP per capita 2007-2013, select European countries (2008=100)
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Income Share of top 10% earners, USA 1917-2005
*Income is defined as market income but excludes capital gains
Source: Mishel, L. 2004. “Unfettered Markets, Income Inequality, and Religious Values.” Viewpoints. May 19, 2004.
Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved July 26, 2008 [
www.epi.org/content.cfm/webfeatures_viewpoints_moral_markets_presentation.]
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% Growth in After-Tax Income, USA 1979-2007
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UNSTABLE MEANINGS
• Given all these negatives.....• more and more expulsions from increasingly scarce livable
space?• GROWING inequality
Rapidly growing population of refugees and internally displaced –about 60 million +
• ALL OUR LIBERAL DEMOCRACIES HAVE INSTITUTED PARTIAL SECURITY EMERGENCIES WHICH ALLOW THEM TO VIOLATE THEIR OWN LAWS REGARDING CITIZENS
............WHO ARE WE THE CITIZENS?
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INVENTING NEW HOUSING
MARKETS
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Monaco Russian, CIS, UK, Italian, Scandinavian, Swiss$18.9m (100%)
ParisRussian, CIS, Middle Eastern, Italian, French,
Benelux, German, UK, US$8.8m (95%)
LondonRussian, French, South African, Italian, Indian,
UAE, Greek, Australian, US, Canadian$15.9m (85%)
DubaiAfrican (Kenyan, Somali, Tanzanian), Saudi
Arabian, Russian, Indian, Iranian
$8.0m (60%)
New York City
UK, French, Italian, Spanish, Mainland Chinese, Singaporean, Australian, Brazilian, Argentine,
Canadian
$10.0m (50%)
ShanghaiHong Kong, Taiwanese, US, Canadian, Korean, Singaporean, Australian, Japanese, Malaysian,
German, French
$6.4m (10%)
Indonesian, Mainland Chinese, Malaysian, Indian, $8.3m
SUPER-PRIME HOUSING MARKET: MINIMUM PRICES
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INSIDE A DERELICT MANSION ON LONDON'S BILLIONAIRES
ROW
PHOTO: GUY GRANDJEAN AND ROBERT BOOT,
THEGUARDIAN.COM
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INSIDE A DERELICT MANSION ON LONDON'S BILLIONAIRES
ROW
PHOTO: GUY GRANDJEAN AND ROBERT BOOT,
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WHY DOES ALL OF THIS
MATTER?
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.
THE CITY IS ONE OF THE FEW SPACES TODAY
WHERE THOSE WITHOUT POWER GET TO
MAKE A HISTORY, A CULTURE, AN ECONOMY
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THERE ARE MOMENTS IN THE
DAILY ROUTINES OF A CITY
WHEN WE ARE ALL URBAN
SUBJECTS
....WHEN THE CITY CAN HACK
ALL THE OTHER, MORE
SPECIFIC SUBJECTS WE ALSO
ARE.
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RUSH HOUR AT KING’S CROSS STATION
IMAGE: DAN KITWOOD/GETTY IMAGES