precision atom interferometry in a 10 meter tower
TRANSCRIPT
Jason Hogan Stanford University
July 20, 2013
Varenna 2013
Precision atom interferometry
in a 10 meter tower
Gravitational wave detection
Technology development for GW detectors
1) Long interrogation time atom interferometry
2) Large wavepacket separation (meter scale)
3) Ultra-cold atom temperatures (picoK)
4) Spatial wavefront noise characterization
5) Laser frequency noise mitigation strategies
Light Pulse Atom Interferometry
• Lasers pulses are atom beamsplitters & mirrors (Raman or Bragg atom optics)
• pulse sequence
• 1D (vertical) atomic fountain
• Atom is freely falling
Apparatus
Ultracold atom source >106 atoms at 50 nK
3e5 at 3 nK
Optical Lattice Launch 13.1 m/s with 2372 photon recoils to 9 m
Atom Interferometry 2 cm 1/e2 radial waist
500 mW total power
Dynamic nrad control of laser angle with precision piezo-actuated stage
Detection Spatially-resolved fluorescence imaging
Two CCD cameras on perpendicular lines of sight
Current demonstrated statistical resolution, ~5 ×10-13 g in 1 hr (87Rb)
Ultra-cold atom source
< 3 nK
Atom cloud imaged after 2.6 seconds free-fall
No apparent heating from lattice launch
BEC source in TOP trap, then diabatic steps in strength of trap to further reduce velocity spread:
Interference at long interrogation time
2T = 2.3 sec Near full contrast 6.7×10-12 g/shot (inferred)
Interference (3 nK cloud)
Wavepacket separation at apex (this data 50 nK)
Dickerson, et al., arXiv:1305.1700 (2013)
Equivalence Principle Test
Co-falling 85Rb and 87Rb ensembles
Evaporatively cool to enforce tight
control over kinematic degrees of
freedom
Statistical sensitivity
dg ~ 10-15 g with 1 month data collection (2 hk atom optics)
Systematic uncertainty
dg/g ~ 10-16 limited by magnetic
field inhomogeneities and gravity
anomalies.
Phase shifts
Observe velocity dependent shifts with spatial imaging
(useful when atoms expand from a point source)
(Tij, gravity gradient; vi, velocity; xi, initial position; a, wavefront curvature; g, acceleration; T, interrogation time; keff, effective
propagation vector)
Gravity
Coriolis
Timing asymmetry
Curvature, quantum
Gravity gradient
Wavefront
Rotation Compensation System
nanopositioner (x3) mirror
< 1 nrad measured precision ~ 1 nrad repeatability Piezoresistive position sensors Rigidly anchored to quiet floor
In-vacuum nanopositioning stage & mirror
Anchor plate
Coarse alignment
Observing velocity-dependent phase
Point Source Interferometry (PSI)
• Long time of flight position-velocity correlation
• Velocity-dependent phase spatial phase gradient
• Spatially resolved detection
“point source” Final size much larger than initial size
Coriolis phase shift
Dickerson, et al., arXiv:1305.1700 (2013)
Side view
Expansion from point source:
Coriolis phase shift:
Phase gradient No gradient
F=2
F=1
F=2
F=1
Coriolis phase shift
Dickerson, et al., arXiv:1305.1700 (2013)
Side view
Coriolis phase shift:
Phase gradient No gradient
F=2
F=1
F=2
F=1
Expansion from point source:
Spatial fringes versus rotation rate
Interference patterns for rotating platform:
Dickerson, et al., arXiv:1305.1700 (2013)
• Spatial frequency increases with increased rotation
• Imaging the fringe pattern improves contrast
Integrated contrast
Fringe contrast
Dual-axis gyroscope
Rotation phase shift:
CC
D2
CCD1
y
x z
CCD1:
CCD2:
Measurement of rotation rate near null rotation operating point.
Ellipse Fits CCD 1 CCD 2
F = 2 (pushed)
F = 1
Dual-axis gyroscope
Rotation phase shift:
CC
D2
CCD1
y
x z
CCD1:
CCD2:
Precision:
Noise Floor:
CCD1
CCD2
Measurement of rotation rate near null rotation operating point.
Phase shear readout (PSR)
g
Tilt angle of final pulse to introduce a phase shear:
Fluorescence image y
Phase shear readout
Tilt angle of final pulse to introduce a phase shear:
Sugarbaker, et al., arXiv:1305.3298 (2013).
Enables simultaneous readout of contrast and phase
-80 µrad 0 µrad 80 µrad -40 µrad 40 µrad
Phase shear readout
g
1 cm
F = 2 (pushed)
F = 1
≈ 4 mm/s
g
1 cm
F = 2 (pushed)
F = 1
Phase Shear Readout (PSR)
Mitigates noise sources:
Pointing jitter and residual rotation readout
Laser wavefront aberration in situ characterization
Single-shot interferometer phase measurement
Phase shear readout
g
1 cm
F = 2 (pushed)
F = 1
≈ 4 mm/s
g
1 cm
F = 2 (pushed)
F = 1
Phase Shear Readout (PSR)
Single-shot interferometer phase measurement
Mitigates noise sources:
Pointing jitter and residual rotation readout
Laser wavefront aberration in situ characterization
Phase shear readout
g
1 cm
F = 2 (pushed)
F = 1
≈ 4 mm/s
g
1 cm
F = 2 (pushed)
F = 1
Phase Shear Readout (PSR)
Single-shot interferometer phase measurement
Mitigates noise sources:
Pointing jitter and residual rotation readout
Laser wavefront aberration in situ characterization
Phase shear readout
g
1 cm
F = 2 (pushed)
F = 1
≈ 4 mm/s
g
1 cm
F = 2 (pushed)
F = 1
Phase Shear Readout (PSR)
Single-shot interferometer phase measurement
Mitigates noise sources:
Pointing jitter and residual rotation readout
Laser wavefront aberration in situ characterization
Deterministic Phase Extraction
T = 25 ms, 60 μrad misalignment at final pulse
Demonstrate single shot phase using short T interferometer
(less sensitive to seismic noise)
Residual Coriolis
Applied shear Use PSR:
Measuring small phase shears with PSR
Alternate sign of tilt
Trial 1 Trial 2
• Applied shear adds or subtracts from residual Coriolis.
• Analogous to a heterodyne measurement in the time domain.
Can be difficult to measure small phase gradients
Gyrocompass demonstration using phase shear
Use phase shear to determine true North
Vary rotation compensation direction, measure phase shear
0.01 deg resolution in 1 hr.
g
PSR with timing asymmetry
δT fringes discussed earlier in lectures by E. Rasel.
(see H. Müntinga et al., PRL 2013)
-240 µs -160 µs 240 µs 160 µs 0 µs
-160 µs -80 µs 160 µs 80µs 0 µs
Beam tilt + timing asymmetry:
Vertical shear due to asymmetric pulse spacing:
Large momentum transfer atom optics
Chiow, PRL, 2011 102 photon recoil atom optics 0.6 m/sec recoil
LMT power requirements
• Higher Rabi frequency
• Spontaneous emission
• Larger beam diameter
Impacts temperature requirement
(Doppler broadening)
Faster transitions
More pulses/bigger LMT
Intensity uniformity impacts temperature requirement
Wavefront uniformity
Rayleigh range
Need high power lasers:
High power laser at 780 nm
Frequency double 1560 nm fiber amplifiers in PPLN
Coherently combine two 30 W beams @ 1560 nm
S.-w. Chiow et al., Optics Letters 37, 3861 (2012)
High power laser system for LMT in tower
• Dual output, fiber coupled
• Each output fiber gives up to 7 W at 780 nm
• Frequency control provided by phase modulation of seed light before fiber amplifiers
• Amplitude control provided by acousto-optic modulators after doubling crystals
Wavepacket
separation at the top:
4 cm
LMT with long interrogation time
6 ħk sequential Raman in 10 meter tower
2T = 2.3 seconds
Delta kick cooling in a harmonic trap
Harmonic Lens:
At the end of evaporation BEC:
Atom number: ~106 atoms
Cloud diameter: 10 -- 50 μm
Temperature: ~1 μK (from chemical potential)
t = 0 t < tLens t = tLens t = tLens + ε
vx
C. Monroe et al., PRL 65, 1990.
Ammann & Christensen, PRL 78, 1997
Magnetic lens in a harmonic trap
Trap turned off
Magnetic lens in a harmonic trap
Trap turned off
Magnetic lens in a harmonic trap
Residual velocity is x0ω
Trap turned off
x0
Oscillations in a TOP trap
Absorptive images of atoms released into weak TOP potential (3.7 G & 25 G/cm)
Cloud width oscillations (breathing modes) Radial Vertical
anisotropy
Isotropic turning points in a TOP trap
Radial Vertical
TOP turn-off time
Absorptive images of atoms released into weak TOP potential (3.7 G & 22.9 G/cm)
Cloud width oscillations (breathing modes)
Tune radial and vertical trap frequencies of gravity + TOP trap using field gradient.
Lattice Solution to Anisotropy
Lattice locks atoms vertically
z
x
Another solution: optical lattice confinement
Lattice Solution to Anisotropy
Radial (two-dimensional) expansion
z
x x
Another solution: optical lattice confinement
Lattice Solution to Anisotropy
Lattice turns off -- Expansion in three dimensions
z
x x x
Another solution: optical lattice confinement
Lattice Solution to Anisotropy
Turn off trap
z
x x x x
Another solution: optical lattice confinement
Lattice-Aided Lens Cooling
Lattice turn-off time
Cloud launched to 9 meters
20x colder (50 nK)
5 mm
TOP turn-off time
Radial
Vertical
Extending to colder temperatures
• Delta kick in micro gravity weaker potential, more expansion
• Multiple lens sequences
• Apply additional kick at the fountain turning point?
• Apply optical potential for radial delta kick? (high power AI laser)
Collaborators
NASA GSFC
Babak Saif
Bernard D. Seery
Lee Feinberg
Ritva Keski-Kuha
Stanford Mark Kasevich (PI)
Susannah Dickerson
Alex Sugarbaker
Sheng-wey Chiow
Tim Kovachy
Theory:
Peter Graham
Savas Dimopoulos
Surjeet Rajendran
Former members:
David Johnson Visitors:
Philippe Bouyer (CNRS) Jan Rudolph (Hannover)
Extra
Launch using optical lattice
Far-detuned optical standing wave potential
Velocity set by frequency difference
Coherent acceleration (negligible spontaneous emission)
PSR phase reference
• Absolute phase depends on the path of the laser
• Atoms “illuminate” the phase prescribed by the laser sequence
Laser phase:
• Large momentum transfer (LMT) beamsplitters – multiple laser interactions
• Each laser interaction adds a momentum recoil and imprints the laser’s phase
Example LMT interferometer LMT energy level diagram
Phase amplification factor N
LMT Beamsplitters: Coherent Phase Amplification
AI Geometry with Large Rotation Bias
t k
0 1
T 9/4
3T 5/2
5T 9/4
6T 2
Five pulse sequence:
• Beamsplitter momenta chosen to give symmetry and closure
• Insensitive to acceleration + gravity gradients
x
z