pre-invention conditions think-sheet

Pre-invention Conditions Think-sheetInvention Point in time

Pre-Invention Conditions An invention can be something physical, a technique, or a policy

Big Idea: All inventions begin with a need or problem to be solved

The problem É

Who is it a problem for? WHY is it a problem? WHEN does the problem occur? WHERE does the problem occur?

Big Idea: All inventions are built upon previous knowledge (existing inventions, ideas, techniques)Features of the old approach to be incorporated into the new inventionDescription of prototype invention

© 2002 Edwin Ellis www.GraphicOrganizers.com

Invention Point in time



The problem É




The US Constitution

Sample developed by Haley Andrews




The problem É




The US Constitution 1787

Just after the Revolutionary War





The problem É






The Articles of the Confederation did not provide a firm foundation for a strong national government.





The problem É







Every American

Different states had different values, needs & goals

Everyone wants freedom, but also needs power & protection of a nat’l gov.





The problem É







Every American



Articles gave most power to the states, causing disunity. Congress lacked the power to raise $. Trade with other countries was difficult because they did not respect the weak new country.





The problem É







Every American




When states argued over boundary lines; when Congress needed to repay war debts from the Revolutionary War; when the US wanted to trade with larger, more powerful countries





The problem É







Every American





In every state in the US and in dealings with other countries.





The problem É







Every American






The Constitution was created to divide power between the national government and state governments, creating a stronger, more powerful nation.





The problem É







Every American






The Constitution was created to divide power between the national government and state governments, creating a stronger, more powerful nation.

* Influenced by Maga Carta & Greek ideas @ democracy* Included some features of the Articles of the Confederation such as a national President and a Congress.


Invention Features Think-sheetInvention Point in time

Invention FeaturesAn invention can be something physical, a technique, or a policy

Big Idea: All inventions are designed for attaining one or more of these goalsÉ

WHERE does the problem occur?

Big Idea: Successful inventions begin as a prototype and evolve through trial & error testing & useWhat does the invention look like now?Description of how invention was tested or evolved


É making food production more efficient É making work easier or more efficient É organizing people

É making transportation more efficient É imposing force to efficiently attain goals É entertaining people

É making communication more efficient É making people safe, protected or healthy É meeting spiritual needs

Big Idea: All inventions are designed to address a set of parametersFUNCTION What is the invention supposed to do?

SPEED How quickly must the invention work?

APPLICATION Who must be able to use the invention

LOCATION Where should the invention be used?

COST Who pays for the invention?

















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Create a strong, reliable national government * solve the nation’s financial problems* protect nation* ensure democracy



x

xx

















Must work immediately but allow for change; changes must take place slowly so that only good changes will occur



x

xx


















CONSTITUTION =* Laws to live by* Stronger military* 3 branches of government* taxes



x

xx



















The Constitution created a strong federal (or national) government. All state and local governments are modeled after the Constitution, too.



x

xx




















Taxes pay for implementing the Constitution.1. Property Tax on land you own.2. Income Tax on how much money you make3. Sales Tax: on the things you buy.



x

xx





















Originally, the Constitution set up three branches of government and divided powers between the national government and state governments.



x

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Originally, the Constitution set up three branches of government and divided powers between the national government and state governments.

First the Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments) was added to the Constitution to protect individual rights.

Later, other amendments added as needed. e.g., voting rights, citizenship, and the sale/consumption of alcohol.



x

xx


Post-invention Impact Think-sheetInvention Point in time

Post-Invention Impact An invention can be something physical, a technique, or a policy

Big Idea: Substantial inventions always redefine problems to be solved

Who is it a problem for? WHY is it a problem? WHEN does the problem occur?



Big Idea: Substantial inventions always affect people in both positive and negative waysPositive effects of invention Negative effects of invention

Expected?

Unexpected?

Expected?

Unexpected?

NEW PROBLEM








Expected?

Unexpected?

Expected?

Unexpected?

NEW PROBLEM











Expected?

Unexpected?

Expected?

Unexpected?

NEW PROBLEM

The US developed a strong national government. Three branches of government worked together to distribute power fairly. Congress was given power to tax and, therefore, solve money problems.











Expected?

Unexpected?

Expected?

Unexpected?

NEW PROBLEM





x








Expected?

Unexpected?

Expected?

Unexpected?

NEW PROBLEM


Many Americans were concerned that the first draft of the Constitution did not protect individual rights. The Constitution was also unpopular because many people did not like the idea of having to pay taxes to the national government.




x








Expected?

Unexpected?

Expected?

Unexpected?

NEW PROBLEM






xx








Expected?

Unexpected?

Expected?

Unexpected?

NEW PROBLEM



Even though the Bill of Rights was created to address some individual rights, many groups in America were still oppressed.




xx








Expected?

Unexpected?

Expected?

Unexpected?

NEW PROBLEM




Poor white men, all blacks, Native Americans, and women.




xx








Expected?

Unexpected?

Expected?

Unexpected?

NEW PROBLEM





Only rich white men were allowed to voteUsually voted to support own interests

Didn’t represent majority of the population.

Most “disenfranchised”




xx








Expected?

Unexpected?

Expected?

Unexpected?

NEW PROBLEM








Specific times: Whenever decisions were made by voters.




xx








Expected?

Unexpected?

Expected?

Unexpected?

NEW PROBLEM









ALL times: Disenfranchised citizens not allowed to participate in own government.




xx








Expected?

Unexpected?

Expected?

Unexpected?

NEW PROBLEM









All states in the US

ALL times: Disenfranchised citizens not allowed to participate in own government.




xx

Systematic More convenient than earlier methods of communication Uses patterns of raised dots

Braille

Provide a system for writing and reading for the blind

Knowledge Connections

This invention makes you think of … Because …

The creation of the Universal Sign Language

It is understood and used throughout the world.

Braille , who was blind since age 3 self-tested the method

He was also aware of the methods of communicating that existed before his invention

His invention was used in 1824 when it was invented and is used today

Ways the invention is TESTED or evaluated

Key things LEADING to invention’s development

Louis Braille (1809-1852)Had learned from an army captain that soldiers often sent messages at night by punching coded dots on thick paperBraille adapted the dot method for use in his braille writing systemHe also invented a stylus & slate for easily writing the braille dots

It was more convenient than the previous wood or wax carved letters, or the string alphabet

It was a systematic system

It because universally accepted and utilized

IMPACT of the invention then and now

In Braille everything must be written backwards & the letters must be written from right to left so they can be read from left to right when the paper is turned over. In the 1930’s & 40’s the braillewriter-a machine like a typewriter that types raised braille dots instead of letters was invented

ADAPTATIONS of the invention

Words that describe the invention …

A speech synthesizer, reads the words on the computer screen out loud. Another computer-related invention for the blind is the Braille screen-reading device,

A modern day version of the invention is …

So then the invention was used and refined, so the following features were added…

Then people developed this to address the need / problem…

And that led to this invention …

The braille system & braillewriter made reading & writing easier for the blind, but the blind could not write for sighted people until the MPRINT was invented. Words are typed in braille,& MPRINT converts the strokes to letters for an ink printer

A convenient, systematic, method that allows a blind person to write and read

Louis Braille, who was blind from age 3, invented a system called Braille, that uses patterns of raised dots to represent letters

Writing in Braille can be difficult because everything must be written backwards, so that it can be read from right to left. The braillewriter- a machine like a typewriter that types raised Braille dots instead of letters was invented to solve this problem

Started with this need or problem to be solved …

In the future, this invention will probably … …These inventions help blind people to read & write, but problems still remain to be solved. Blind

people do not yet have a way to use graphics on a computer, or a pencil or pen that would allow the user to draw freely, as well as feel and erase what they’ve drawn.

An invention can be …* something physical (airplane)* a technique (DNA testing)* a rule or policy (US Constitution)

pre-invention conditions think-sheet

Documents

preinvention conditions

sheetinvention features