Opening Discussion (2/2/11)

• Think of three inventions and tell me how they changed life in our society… think of at least one negative effect or invention

• Advancement in technology, science, art, etc… have constantly changed the way we live and think. Think about how many of you grew up with cell phones, computers, internet, lots of cable channels as the norm. Think about how that has changed you all…

Changes during the Industrial Revolution

2/8/10Mr. Pratt

Lets Review what was going on

• Where did the Industrial Revolution start?– England in the later half the 1700’s• Will spread into Europe during the 1800’s and the US after

the Civil War

• How did it start?– Enclosure Movement -> More labor freed up• Agricultural Revolution = methods of farming become more

advanced thus needing less people to produce crops• A lot of crops will be massed produced on farms now

Land, Labor, and Capitol = Factor of Production

• In England– Land = Tons of Natural Resources, Lots of Rivers and

canals for transportation (eventually gave in to the railroad though)• Natural Resources = Coal, Iron, etc… (raw materials)

– Capitol = Classical Liberalism (Capitalism) helped entrepreneurs (businessmen) spend and invest their money more freely

– Labor = the previous slide explained why there was an abundance of labor in England

New Inventions that helped

• James Watt = Steam Engine– Led to trains and railroads (better transportation)

• Henry Bessemer = Bessemer Process (steel)– Cheap and efficient way to make steel

• Eli Whitney = Cotton Gin– Revived American slavery in the south

• Samuel Morse = Telegraph -> Morse Code– Fast communication and relaying of messages

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Negative• Use of Women and

Children as cheap labor• Urbanization

(overcrowding, poor sanitation, etc…)– Population increases too

• Environmental Pollution• Workers become

dissatisfied with their poor conditions

• Very unequal distribution of wealth

Positive• Improvements in

technology, transportation, and communication

• Growth of a “middle-class”• Great Britain outlaws

slavery (1833)• Increase in Public

Education• Rise of Factory System

– Mass production of goods

Now to the New Stuff….

Population Increase

• * Did you know that between 1650 and 1850 that the world’s population doubled (500 million to 1 billion) -> Then between 1850 and 1930 it doubled again (1 to 2 billion) - > Between 1930 and 1980 it doubled again (2 to 4 Billion) -> On Average our population is set to double every 35 years… The planet can only handle about 9 billion people max!!! That is to say the Earth’s ecosystem cannot handle more than 9 billion and would be in danger of collapsing (not enough water, food, and resources for everyone to survive)… think about it!

Population Increase

Why the rapid increase?• Improvements in Medicine!!!!Doctor/Scientists What did they figure out/discover? What did this discovery lead to?

Edward Jenner(1749-1823)

He learned that people who once had cowpox, similar to smallpox, did not catch small pox

Vaccine for Smallpox – “Inoculation” – giving someone a mild form of the disease so they can build up immunity

Louis Pasteur(1822-1895)

Discovers that bacteria (microorganisms) can cause illness

First to discover bacteria and created a process to eliminate it (Pasteurization)

Joseph Lister(1827–1912)

Surgeon who studied Pasteur’s work on Bacteria and realized that sterilization of surgery would reduce infection in patients

Antiseptic (sterilization) procedures were introduced by him and greatly reduced deaths from infection

Alexander Fleming(1881-1955)

Disease still was major concern and still was a need for certain vaccines even by the 1920’s

He discovers Penicillin in 1928 which completely revolutionizes medicine (not possible without previous discoveries though)

Advancements in SciencesCell Theory Theory of Evolution Genetics

Who Rudolf Virchow Charles Darwin Gregor Mendel

When 1850’s Mid 1800’s 1850’s – 1860’s

Basic Outline of the Theory

Disease in living organisms are changed or destroyed by outside force – discovered that cells come from older cells

No two living things are exactly alike – idea of Natural Selection (Evolution) - influenced by the theories of Jean Baptiste-Lamarck (idea that living things changed in response to their environment)

Inborn characteristics are inherited as if they were separate particles (genes are passed down through generations in all living matter)

How it was received at the time

Not well at first, but by the late 1800’s scientist accepted that the cell was the basic unit of all living matter

Theory was extremely controversial because it stated that humans came from other animals and it contradicted the Bible (heresy… not so dangerous an accusation though)

His theories become the basis of Modern Genetics

Romanticism

• An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.

Romanticism in ArtAppreciation of Nature

Rebellion against “old order” (Eugene Delacroix – Liberty Leading the People)

Imagination and Fantasy like imagesWilliam Turner – Hannibal crossing the Alps

Showing injustice (Goya – May Third, 1808)

Romanticism attempted to show the world as they thought it should be and not how it actually was… don’t be confused this is not how Goya thought the world should be…

Music

• Romanticism music showed the same pull towards emotion, nature, rebellion and individualism

• Best Examples– Ludwig van Beethoven – Moonlight Sonata, Fur

Elise, Fidelio (his only opera)– Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Swan Lake, The

Sleeping Beauty, Nutcracker

Literature

• Introduction of a new type of literature comes before this era…. NOVEL!– First modern novel was Don Quixote by Miguel

Cervantes (1604 first published)• Poets and writers emphasized emotion and struggle in

their works in romanticism novels

• Examples in the US of Romantic Literature– James Fennimore Cooper, Edgar Allen Poe, Walt

Whitman, Emily Dickenson, Nathanial Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson

Realism in Brief

• In Romanticism, artists/writers were not focusing on everyday life and real people. In the 1830’s and 1840’s a new invention stated to rise – Photography. This influenced a new movement called Realism in which artists/writers try to focus on regular people and show the reality of everyday life with no embellishments or interpretation

Art/ *Manet (1862) – early impressionist

Van Gogh – one of his early less famous works

Degas – like Monet he was an early Impressionist artist

American Realist Edward Cooper

Impressionism (my favorite!)• With improvements on photography during

the last half of the 1800’s portraits, landscapes, and very realistic paintings of everyday life became a thing of the past… new ideas about art started to arise– Started in France– Challenged the traditional rules of artwork• The concepts of brushstrokes and color

– Reached popularity in 1870’s and 1880’s– Very influential artistic movement that greatly

affected the course of modern art

Pissarro

Renoir

Monet

French Cathedral at different times of the day

Georges Suerat

Pointillism and Post Impressionist Works

Paul Cezanne (Considered the father of Modern Art)

Cezanne found his own style and incorporated new techniques into his work that challenged

While most impressionists transformed only what their eyes saw, Cezanne believed that your mind and imagination could recreate that image into some thing new

Influences of this era

Van Gogh

Dali

Political Cartoons

• Brief history– Existed in some form dating back all the way to the 1300’s• Not like we think of them today (no newspapers back then)

– First modern political cartoonist seen in a newspapers was by an American named Thomas Nast• He challenged the politician William “Boss” Tweed

– In the 1800’s as newspapers become more widespread so did the political cartoons• They either used symbolism to make fun of an event or raise

awareness about a social issue– Or they use a caricature to make fun of a certain person

Examples

Modern Examples

Directions

• Look closely at the images shown– Please write down anything you notice about the

images in the boxes provided• Try to find symbolism or meaning in the pictures• Try to guess who the images made have been aimed at• Try to guess at what the image is trying/show to tell the

viewer• Try to understand how people might have reacted to

them

End of Day Question

• Why did population increase exponentially during the later half of the 1800’s? How did Jenner, Lister, Pasteur and Fleming all contribute to a decrease in mortality rates and increase in life expectancy?– One paragraph on your own sheet of paper and

turn in….