practice presentation 25
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
The Sizing For Fuel Cell Stack, Battery and Supercapacitor
of FCHEV Truck
Iin Lidiya Zafina
Supervised byIr. Edwin Tazelaar
Dr. P.A. VeenhuizenCollaboration Project
Master of Control System Engineering - Applied Research Laboratory Automotive Department
HAN University of Applied Science
Introduction Objective Problems Definitions Modeling Solutions Result and
Discussion Conclusion Recommendation
Introduction Objective Problems Definitions Modeling Solutions Result and
Discussion Conclusion Recommendation
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800-2
-1
0
1
2
Time [s]
Accele
ration [m
/s2 ]
Vehicle acceleration (CSC Cycle)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 18000
20
40
60
80
Time [s]
Speed [m
/s]
Vehicle speed profile (CSC cycle)
Hytruck prototype
Hytruck SpecificationVehicle Variable Value Uni
t
Empty massPayloadMax gross vehicle weightEquivalent rotating massFrontal areaDrag coefficientRolling resistance
mv_em
mv_payload
mv_max
mrot
Af
cd
cr
460017407500
2004.40.7
0.015
kgkgkgm2
-
-
-
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800-2
-1
0
1
2
Time [s]
Accele
ration [m
/s2 ]
Vehicle acceleration (CSC Cycle)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 18000
20
40
60
80
Time [s]
Speed [m
/s]
Vehicle speed profile (CSC cycle)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000-2
-1
0
1
2
Time [s]A
ccele
ration [m
/s2 ]
Vehicle acceleration (je05 Cycle)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 20000
50
100
Time [s]
Speed [km
/h]
Vehicle speed profile (je05 cycle)
f
maxscapmaxbatmax_FC
tt
t
max_scapmax_batmax_FCfuelP,P,P
max_scapmax_batmax_FC d)P,P,P(mminarg)P,P,P(0
Equality constraintsPFCn - Paux+Pbatn+Pscap_term - Pdemand=0SOEbat(0)=SOEbat(end)
SOEscap(0)=SOEscap(end)
f
scap_sbat_sFC
t
tFCfuelPPP
τd)P(mminarg)u,u,u(0
321
ratedscap_occrated VVV 2
1
Inequality constraints
rated_scapscaprated_scap III
DC/DC
DC/DC
DC/AC
Pw
Pbat_term
Pbatn
Pdemand
PEM
PFCn
Paux
Mleft
PFC= u1.PFC_max
Fuel Cell System
Ps_scap
losses
Supercapacitor
Idealstorage
Mright
Ps_bat
losses
Idealstorage
Battery
PFC
Pscap_term
fuelm
invem
FC_dcη
bat_dcη
Ps_scap = u3.Pscap_max
P s_bat = u2.Pbat_max
Voc_ba t= f
(SOC)
01
2
2
2
μP
Pμ
P
Pμ
H
Pm
max_FC
FC
max_FC
FC
H
max_FCfuel
short_bat
bat_sbat_sterm_bat P
PPP
2
Fuel consumption
Battery model
Supercapacitor model
short_scap
scap_sscap_sterm_scap
P
PPP
2
scap
scapscapoc C
EV _
_ .2
d.PEEt
scap_soscap_ 0
],0[ t
Voc_scap= f
(E_scap)
Rint_scap
Ps_scap Pscap_term
Rint_bat = f (SOC)
Ps_bat Pbat_term
int_bat
bat_ocshort_bat R
VP
2
int_
2_
_scap
scapocshortscap R
VP
max_FCmax_FC
FCaux Pγ
P
PγP 01
bat_dc
term_batterm_batbat_dcbatn
P,P.minP
FCFC_dcFCn P.P
inertraw FFF.vP
2....2
1vcAF dfaa
cos... gmcF vrr
a.mmF jvinert
Vehicle model
invem
demanddemandBERinv.emdemand .
P,P..maxP
Inverter and motor are modeled as average values
Range of sizes PFC_ max1, PFC_ max2, PFC _maxi,,.
Pbat_ max1, P bat max2,. Pbat maxt j,....
Pscap max1, Pscap max2, Pscap_max k,….
EMSPdemand
Driving cycle
PFC__max i, Pbat_maxj,Pscap_max k Vehicle Model
111 ,,kmax_scapjmax_batimax_FCopt )P,P,P(,J
Jopt
PFC_max i,
Pbat_maxj,Pscap_maxk
211 ,,kmax_scapjmax_batimax_FCopt )P,P,P(,J
k,j,ikmax_scapjmax_batimax_FCopt )P,P,P(,J
…………………………...
Store the result
)P,P,P(,J optmaxscapoptmaxbatoptmaxFCopt
Find theOptimal
sizing
Sizing
Offline activity
Energy management strategy
Offline method
Dynamic problems
•Cost function
•Constraints
Global minimum
as Benchmark
Pseudo static optimization as DP approach
Dynamic Programming (DP)
J(u)=0
G(u)=0
u1
um+1
u0
u0
u*
0 uu G.J
11 ij
iiuu uG.λuJH ij
ii uG.λuJ
uJminu
ej n,..juG 10 eqej n,..njuG 10
Initial approximation
J(u) ,Gu), Ju (u), Gu(u)
Huu
Iter ≤ max iter
du ,dλ,
Evaluate initial function
J(u) ,G(u), Ju (u), Gu(u), ,, du
Evaluate function
maipulated u and λ
end
Vehicle + Propulsion model
Driving cycle
i-th
u0
u ,λ
t
t
t
u
u
u
...uu
...uu
...uu
u
u
u
3
2
1
3231
2221
1211
3
2
1
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800-500
0
500
1000
time [s](a)
curr
ent [
A]
Supercapacitor Current
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 180050
100
150
200
time [s](b)
volta
ge [V
]Supercapacitor open clamp Voltage
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
32
0
31
0
22
0
21
0
12
0
11
0
3
0
2
0
1
t
t
t
u
u
u
...uu
...uu
...uu
u
u
uEMS result 0uJ
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800-0.02
-0.01
0
time [s]
pow
er [kW
]
Power demand deviation
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800-0.2
0
0.2
time [s]
ener
gy [kW
h]
Battery Energy Content
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800-0.5
0
0.5
time [s]
ener
gy [V
]
Supercapacitor Energy content
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 704.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Stack size [kW](a)
Fuel
consu
mption [kg
/100
km
]
Fuel consumption against Stack size
je05
csc
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 654.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Battery size [kW](b)
Fuel
consu
mption [kg
/100
km
]
Fuel consumption against battery size
je05
csc
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 2404
4.5
5
Supercapacitor size [kW](c)
Fuel
consu
mption [kg
/100
km
]
Fuel consumption against supercapacitor size
je05
csc
Component Source
Optimal size
[ kW]CSC cycle
Optimal size
[kW]Je05 Cycle
Fuel cell stack 45 - 55 55 - 66
Battery 25 25
Supercapacitor 116 – 145 188 – 246
50 100 150 200 25035
40
45
50
55
60
65
70 Battery size at minimum fuel consumption against supercapacitor size and stack size
Supercapacitor [kW]
Stac
k si
ze [k
W]
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 20035
40
45
50
55
60
65 Battery size at minimum fuel consumption against stack size and supercapacitor size
Supercapacitor size
Sta
ck s
ize
[kW
]
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
time [s]
Energ
y [kW
h]
Delta Energy Storage CSC Cycle
Supercapacitor Energy deviation
Battery Energy deviation
demand
maxFC
P
P
CSC cycle Je05 cycle Unit
Stack size 45 – 55 55 - 66 kW
Battery powerBattery capacityBattery used capacity
25[25][0.21 - 0.22]
25[25]
[0.50 - 0.52]
kWkWhkWh
Supercapacitor powerSupercapacitor capacitySupercapacitor used capacity
116 – 145[0.64 - 0.73][0.64 - 0.73]
188 - 232[1.13 -1.29][1.13 -1.29]
kWkWhkWh
Total Energy Content 0.87 - 0.95 1.63 - 1.80 kWh
Fuel Consumption 4.11 4.13 Kg/100 km
Average demand 13.8 16.6 kW
Peak demand 99 115 kW
3.2-3.7 3.3-3.9
•The energy content is not an issue of hybridization
•Energy deviation is small
•Supercapacitor Compensate energy deviation to its maximum capacity
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 18000
1
2
3
time [s]
powe
r [kW
]
Power losses
Supercapacitor
Battery
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 18000
5
10
15
time [s]
perc
enta
ge [%
]
Internal losses
Supercapacitor
Battery
CSC cycle Je05 cycle Unit
Battery powerBattery capacityBattery used capacity
25[25]
[0.21 - 0.22]
25[25]
[0.50 - 0.52]
kWkWhkWh
Supercapacitor powerSupercapacitor capacitySupercapacitor used
capacity
116 – 145[0.64 - 0.73][0.64 - 0.73]
188 - 232[1.13 -1.29][1.13 -1.29]
kWkWhkWh
Hybridization is sized by its power handling Not by energy content !
Supercapacitor compensates more ! The component source
Power rate[W/Kg]
Impacts of the increment size to
the fuel consumption
trends
Supercapacitor 510 reduced
Battery 100 increased continually
demand
maxFC
P
P
CSC cycle
Je05 cycle
Unit
Stack size 52 63 kW
SupercapacitorCapacityCapacity used
1740.970.97
2031.291.29
kWkWhkWh
Fuel Consumption
3.9 4.0 kg/100 km
Average demand
13.55 16.2 kW
Peak demand 97 113.5 kW
3.7 3.9 -
demand
maxFC
P
P
CSC cycle Je05 cycle Unit
Stack size 45 – 55 55 - 66 kW
Battery powerBattery capacityBattery used capacity
25[25][0.21 - 0.22]
25[25]
[0.50 - 0.52]
kWkWhkWh
Supercapacitor powerSupercapacitor capacitySupercapacitor used capacity
116 – 145[0.64 - 0.73][0.64 - 0.73]
188 - 232[1.13 -1.29][1.13 -1.29]
kWkWhkWh
Total Energy Content 0.87 - 0.95 1.63 - 1.80 kWh
Fuel Consumption 4.11 4.13 kg/100 km
Average demand 13.8 16.6 kW
Peak demand 99 115 kW
3.2-3.7 3.3-3.9
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Frequency [Hz]
Pow
er spectr
al density [dB
/Hz]
Distribution of power spectral density between fuel cell stack, battery and supercapacitor
Stack
Battery
Supercapacitor
Traction demand
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Frequency [Hz]
Pow
er spectr
al density [dB
]
Distribution of power spectral density between fuel cell stack and supercapacitor
Stack
Supercapacitor
Traction demand
(a).FC stack –battery-supercapacitor
(b). FC stack - supercapacitor
The optimal sizes and minimum fuel consumption has been summarized in the table.
The result from fuel sensitivity against component sizes show that by reducing the battery size, the fuel consumption is continuously reduced. In addition, from the size trends, the optimal size for the battery is found at the minimum size, 25 kW. Therefore, the fuel cell stack with supercapacitor is configured to observe the possibility of less fuel consumption. The result shows that the fuel consumption is reduced to 3.99 kg/100 km for CSC cycle and 4.03 kg/100 km for Je05 cycle which is reduced about 2 % from the optimal size with FC stack , battery and supercapacitor. The optimal stack size is 52 kW for CSC cycle with supercapacitor size 174 kW and stack 63 KW with supercapacitor 203 kW for Je05 cycle.
The on line EMS implementation should be implemented.
Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy, ECMS. The EMS strategy manipulating the equivalent electricity to fuel consumption cost
On line using the feedback battery model
predicting the future of the driving cycle using driving cycle generator.
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
time [s]
Energ
y [kW
h]
Delta Energy Storage
Battery energy content DP
Battery energy content ecms
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
time [s]
Energ
y [kW
h]
Delta Energy Storage
Supercapacitor energy content DP
Supercapacitor energy content ecms
Thank you