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Prac&ce Profile among Nuclear Medicine Technologists in Portugal: findings from a na&onwide survey Diana Neves 1,2,3 Ana Pascoal 1,4 Ana Filipa Vale 1 1- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa 2-Diaton S.A. – Unidade de Leiria, Hospital de Sto André 3- Escola Superior de Tecnologias da Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto

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Page 1: Prac&ce!Profile!among!Nuclear! Medicine!Technologists!in ... 1/Room... · Prac&ce!Profile!among!Nuclear! Medicine!Technologists!in!Portugal:! findings!from!anaonwide!survey!!!DianaNeves

 Prac&ce  Profile  among  Nuclear  

Medicine  Technologists  in  Portugal:  findings  from  a  na&onwide  survey  

 

 Diana  Neves1,2,3  

Ana  Pascoal1,4  

Ana  Filipa  Vale1  

1- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa 2-Diaton S.A. – Unidade de Leiria, Hospital de Sto André 3- Escola Superior de Tecnologias da Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto

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Introduc&on  

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Jus&fica&on  Op&m

iza&on  Lim

ita&on  Risk    Low  doses  effects  

Prac&ces  Permanent  review  and  learning  

Professionals  Nuclear  Medicine  Technologists  (NMT)  

 

 Nuclear  Medicine  Mul&disciplinary;  Fast  development  

 

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NM  Technologists  Tasks  (Competencies  for  the  European  Nuclear  Medicine  Technologist,  EANM  1998)  

Radiopharmaceutical

Preparation

Radiopharmaceutical

Administration

Image Acquisition: Conventional and/or PET

Therapeutic – Related

Procedures Radiation Protection

ALARA / ALARP

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Aim  of  the  study    •  Professional  and  prac&ces  characteriza&on    of  NMT  in  Portugal,  namely:  –  Inves&gate  the  profile  of  NMT  staff;  –   Usual  prac&ce  in  NM  ac&vi&es;  –   Adherence  to  radia&on  protec&on  measures  .  

 

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Methods  

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Ques&onnaire:  

Sampling    “Cluster”  adapted  

Na&onwide  

Design  

Construc&on  

Pilot  study  

Analyse  and  op&miza&on  

Implementa&on/distribu&on  

Anonymous   Confiden&al  

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Inclusion  criteria:  

Popula&on  :  NMT  (≈120  -­‐  200)  

Target  popula&on  

Or  previous  work  in  NM  department  

Clinical  work  in  NM  

departments  

With  1  year  minimum,  of  dose  records  

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Ques&onnaire  

PART  I  (NMT  )    

 •   Demographic  data  

• Radioprote&on  Measures  •   Individual  dose  record  

•   Professional  profile  •   Ac&vi&es/tasks  

 PROFESSIONAL  AND  RP  PRATICES    

CHARACTHERIZATION      

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Results  /  Discussion  

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•   Technology  characteriza0on:    -­‐  NM  departments  

 

*Dados  oficiais  DGS  2010:  27  centros  #  ACSS  e  Mar&ns  et  al,2007  

       Installed  Technology  (NM)  in  Portugal:  -­‐  2  ciclotons  (Porto  and  Coimbra);  -­‐  8  PET    units(2009);  -­‐  62  gama-­‐camaras  (2011);  -­‐  29  MN  departments  (2010)*;  -­‐  32  MN  departments  (2012)  -­‐  120  –  200  TMN#  

Growth  tendency/poten&al??  

Geographical distribution of NM centers in Portugal (2010): 27.6% – north, 24.1%- center, 41.4% Lisbon area, 3.4%-south, 3.4% Madeira Island;

122

8

7

1

1

12

7

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•   Technology  characteriza0on:    -­‐  Evolu0on  

*  

Gamma  Camera/  Million  inhabitants  

1991   1998   2005   2011  

Belgium   23,2  

Greece   9,9  

Spain   4,8   5,6  

Portugal   2,4   4   5,02   6,2  

Rede de Referenciação de Medicina Nuclear

22

Segundo aqueles autores, o Reino Unido tem uma frequência relativamente baixa de

procedimentos de Medicina Nuclear por mil habitantes.

Quadro 1. - Comparação Internacional da Frequência de Procedimentos de

Medicina Nuclear

PAÍSES FREQUÊNCIA ANUAL/MIL HABITANTES

DIAGNÓSTICO E TERAPÊUTICA

Canadá 65 Alemanha 34 USA 32 Rep. Checa 28

Países Baixos 16

Dinamarca 15

Hungria 15

Suécia 14

Rússia 13

Austrália 12

Japão 12

Argentina 11

Itália 11

Reino Unido 11

Finlândia 10

Suiça 10

Eslováquia 9

Nova Zelândia 8

Taiwan 7

Irlanda 6

Ucrânia 5

Portugal 4

Bulgária 3

Roménia 3

Fonte: Hart D & Wall B F (2005): A survey of Nuclear Medicine in the UK in 2003/04

Este estudo mostra ainda as assimetrias que existem no próprio Reino Unido, com valores

de 9,46 câmaras gama por milhão de habitantes na Região de Londres, 8,18 no País de

Gales, 6,05 na Escócia e 5,45 em Trent, o que dá rácios populacionais no National Health

Service (NHS) que oscilam entre 105.696 e 183.350 habitantes por câmara gama, conforme

se pode verificar nos gráficos seguintes.

18  

27  29  

32   33  

0  

5  

10  

15  

20  

25  

30  

35  

1998   2005   2010   2012   2013  

NM  dep.  

   -­‐  Comparison  

   -­‐  Goal  

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•  Technology  characteriza0on  :  

Região Nr  inhabitants  (2001)

Nr  NM  dpt  (2009)

Nr  gamma  cameres  (2004)

Gamma-­‐camera/ NM  dpt

Ratio  gamma-­‐camera/250.000  inhabitants#

Nr  PET  equipment  (2009)

Ratio  PET/1.000.000  inhabitants#

Norte 3.687293 8 17 2,1 1,2 2 0,5

Centro 2.348.397 7 16 2,3 1,7 2 0.9

Lisboa  e  V.Tejo 2.661.850 12 16 1,3 1,5 4 1,5

Alentejo 776.585 0 0 0 0 0 0

Algarve 395.218 1 1 1 0,6 0 0

Madeira 245.011 1 1† 1 1,0 0 0

Açores 241.763 0ª 0 0 0 0 0

• Asymmetries  in  the  NM  technology  geographic  distribu&on;  •   Centralized  investments  on  urban  areas  (LVT  e  Centro);  • NM  elevated  poten&al  to  development    (mainly  PET);  

 Recommenda0ons  :  -­‐  ra&os  changes:    Carta  Equipamentos  da  Saúde  –  2003  :(gamma-­‐camera/

160.000  inhabitants)  -­‐                                           EANM  10  GC/M  inhabitants  (Portugal  (2011)=  6,2)  

#  Racios  by    Resolução  do  Conselho  de    Ministros    n.º  61/95  de  28  de  Junho    

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Response  Rate:  51,4%  

54  ques&onnaires  received  

105  ques&onnaires  delivered    (26  NM  departments)  

NMT  considered  the  study  as  relevant  (64%)  

NMT  interest/awareness  

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•  Demographic  Characteriza0on:  

•  Female:  70,4%  • Male  29,6%  

Gender  

•  Average:  34  (±10,4)  

•  Range  21  –  59    

• Moda:  26  

Age  (years)  

•  North:  27,8%  •  Centre:  22,2%  •  Lisboa:  50,0  %  

Residence  

•   Like  EU  and  ACSS  data,  almost  ¾  of  the  sample  are  female;  • Young  popula&on:  last  decade  NM  growth  and  PET  entrance;  • Vast  majority  are  graduated;  

2.6  5.3  

78.9  

13.2  

6.2   6.2  

81.3  

6.2  3.7   5.6  

79.6  

11.1  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

80  

90  

High  Shcool   Bachelor   Licenciatura   Master  

Percen

tage  (%

)    

Academic  level  

Female  

Male  

Total  

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0%   0  

18%  

3%   0  

18%  

85.7%  

100%  

45%  

11.4%  

0  

18%  

0%  

20%  

40%  

60%  

80%  

100%  

120%  

1-­‐10  years   11-­‐20  years   >20  

Academic  level  and  professional  experience  

High  school  

bach  

licen  

master  

•  Professional  characteriza0on:  –  Average  professional  experience  :  11,6  (±10,6)  years  

Sta0s0cal  Associa0on:  NMT  with  experience  lower  that  the  average  years  of  work  (12  years)  (p=0,01)  )  and  younger  than  the  average  age  of  34  have  higher  qualifica&ons  (p=0,02).  

•   Suggests  that  younger  NMT  are  more  recep&ve  to  educa&on  programmes  •   Growing  advances  in  higher  educa&on  • NM  recent  development  (last  decade)      

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•  Professional  characteriza0on  (cont.)  

 •   Public  46,3%  •  Private:  29,6%  •  Both:  24,1%  

Sector  •  ≤  40h  /  week:  46,3%    •  >  40h/  week:50,0%  •  >60  h/  week:3,7%  

Working  &me      

Statistical Association: NMT  working  in  the  private  sector  have  higher  weekly  working  &me  (p=0,04);  

68%  

44%  

8%  

32%  

56%  

77%  

0%   0%  

15%  

0%  

10%  

20%  

30%  

40%  

50%  

60%  

70%  

80%  

90%  

Públic   Private   Both  

%  

Sector  

20-­‐  40  hours/week  

41-­‐60  hours/week  

>60  hours/week  

Working time (per week) per sector

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Doble  job  

• Centre:  42%  • Total:  24%    

Higher  work  &me  

• 8%  60h/week  • Total:  4%    

Higher  exposure  

• Private  sector  associated  to  higher  work  &me  (p=0,04)  

RP  concerns  

• IAEA  Recommenda&ons:  • One  dosimeter  per  local  job;  

• Aggrega&on  of  dose  records  by  the  Na&onal  Dose  Registry;  

•  Professional characterization (cont.)  

 

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Hogg  et  al  (1996)  

14  %  

74  %  

-­‐  

-­‐  

• NMT  are  versa&le  professionals;  •   Asymmetries  in  the  NMT  ac&vi&es:    

Specific  characteris4cs/  demands  of  each  NM  ins4tu4on;  Educa4onal  differences;  Other  healthcare  professionals;  

•  Professional  Prac0ce  Characteriza0on:  –  Performed  tasks:  

96.3%  

74.1%  

63.0%  

44.4%  

3.7%  

25.9%  

37.0%  

55.6%  

Radiopharmacy procedures

E.V. administrations

Therapy procedures

PET %  

Yes   No  

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96.3%  

74.1%  

63.0%  

44.4%  

3.7%  

25.9%  

37.0%  

55.6%  

Radiopharmacy procedures

E.V. administrations

Therapy procedures

PET %  

Yes   No  Hogg  et  al  (1996)  

14  %  

74  %  

-­‐  

-­‐  

Sta0s0cal  Associa0on:  • NMT  younger  than    34  years    (p=0,02)  and  with  professional  experience    <12  years    (p=0,02)  had  higher  frequencies  of  RF  prepara&on;  

• NMT    higher  educa&on;  • Simpler  labelling  procedures;  •   Other  professionals?    

•  Professional  Prac0ce  Characteriza0on:  –  Performed  tasks:  

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96.3%  

74.1%  

63.0%  

44.4%  

3.7%  

25.9%  

37.0%  

55.6%  

Radiopharmacy procedures

E.V. administrations

Therapy procedures

PET %  

Yes   No  Hogg  et  al  (1996)  

14  %  

74  %  

-­‐  

-­‐  

Sta0s0cal  Associa0on:  • NMT  in  the  private  sector  had  higher  frequency  of  radiopharmaceu&cal  administra&on  (p=0,02);  

 Dose  Rate  uSv/h  

1  

1,6    

0,8  

6  

• More  versa&lity  in  the  private  sector?  Other  professionals?  • Sector  with  >  work  &me;  •   e.v  administra&on  associated  to  high  dose-­‐rate;  • Administrated  ac&vi&es?  (Dose  Datamed  II)  • Individual  dosimetry  implica&ons?;  

•  Professional  Prac0ce  Characteriza0on:  –  Performed  tasks:  

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96.3%  

74.1%  

63.0%  

44.4%  

3.7%  

25.9%  

37.0%  

55.6%  

Radiopharmacy procedures

E.V. administrations

Therapy procedures

PET %  

Yes   No  Hogg  et  al  (1996)  

14  %  

74  %  

-­‐  

-­‐  

Dose  rate  uSv/h  

1  

1,6    

0,8  

6  

 IAEA  Recommenda0ons:  -­‐  Team  planning  /  Roster  duty  system;  -­‐  Extremity  dosimeters  ;  -­‐  Ac&ve  dosimeters    (for  real-­‐&me  monitoring);  

•  Professional  Prac0ce  Characteriza0on:  –  Performed  tasks:  

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23.1  19.0  

4.5   7.1   8.3   9.2  2.6   3.2  

13.2  

28.1  

0.9   1.5  

79.4  

92.6  

0.0  

10.0  

20.0  

30.0  

40.0  

50.0  

60.0  

70.0  

80.0  

90.0  

100.0  

Avarege  nu

mbe

r/thecno

logist/w

eek  

Scan  

•  Professional  Prac0ce  Characteriza0on  (cont.):  –  Average  number  of  NM  procedures  ≈  80  –  93  per  week  per  NMT  (17/

day)                                                                                                        

•   The  majority  of  the  sample,  refer  a  work  load  >  50  pa&ents/week;  •   The  majority  work  between  41-­‐60h/week;  • Most  common  scans:  bone  scan  (0,8  uSv)  and  cardiac  perfusion  (1,0uSv)  –  typically  high  ac&vi&es;  • Dosimetry  concerns?  

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•  Radioprotec0on  prac0ces  Characteriza0on:  –  Shielding  tools:  

Sta0s0cal  Associa0on:  Syringe  shield  most  common  within  the  NMT  with  professional  experience  <12  years  (p=0,02);  

•   Asymmetries  in  the  adopted  RP  measures:  Academic  differences?;  Rou&ne  nega&ve  impact?;  

•   Need  for  prac&ce  op&miza&on  and  regular  audit;  

Syringe  shield  

Lead  Transporter  

Lead  apron  

Lead  gloves  

Lead  glasses  

2.6  

2.5  

83.8  

97.2  

100  

76.9  

97.5  

2.7  

0  

0  

20.5  

0  

13.5  

2.8  

0  

%  

       No          Yes   Ocasionaly  

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Sta0s0cal  Associa0on:  Syringe  shield  most  common  within  the  NMT  with  professional  experience  <12  years  (p=0,02);  

IAEA  Recommenda0ons  :    -­‐  Use  of  others  shielding  barriers:  shielded  cervical  collar,  lead  glass;  

injec&on  systems,  tungsten  tools:    -­‐  Prac&ce  op&miza&on  in  order  to  limit  de  dose;  

•  Radioprotec0on  prac0ces  Characteriza0on:  –  Shielding  tools:  

Syringe  shield  

Lead  Transporter  

Lead  apron  

Lead  gloves  

Lead  glasses  

2.6  

2.5  

83.8  

97.2  

100  

76.9  

97.5  

2.7  

0  

0  

20.5  

0  

13.5  

2.8  

0  

%  

       No          Yes   Ocasionaly  

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Depending  on  the  %  of  use,  can  reduce  dose  between  19  -­‐  82%    (25  and  100%  of    use  respec&vely)  Dosimeter  loca0on  when  using  a  

lead  apron:  -­‐  Under  the  apron:      39,6%  -­‐Above  the  apron:          1,9%  -­‐Variable:                                                0%  -­‐Don´t  use  apron:            58,5%    

+  

• Racional  use  of  the  lead  apron;  

 IAEA  and    DL  167/2002  Recommenda0ons  :    -­‐  Dosimeter  used  under  the  apron;    -­‐  Op&onal  use  of  a  second  dosimeter  above  de  apron;  

•  Radioprotec0on  prac0ces  Characteriza0on  (cont.):  –  Shielding  tools:  lead  apron  

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•  Individual  Monitoring:  

  •  TLD:                                76,5%  •  Photographic:    19,6%  •  Didn´t  know:    3,9%  

Dosimeter  type  

•  Monthly:        81,5%  •  Bimonthly:    3,7%  •  Trimestral:    14,8%  

Periodicity  

• Individual  monitoring  asymmetries:  Different  body  posi&oning  leads  to  different  records;    

• Limited  knowledge  about  their  monitoring:  Photographic  film  discon&nued  in  1999+  4%  didn´t  know  +  6%  NR  

• Educa&onal/  Harmoniza&on  needs;  

 IAEA  e  DL  222/2008  Recommenda0ons  :    -­‐  Body  posi&oning  at  chest  level;    -­‐  NM  periodicity  typically  monthly;    -­‐  Category  A  workers  (>6mSv/year)  with  monthly  periodicity;    

       Waist  7%  

       Chest    72%  

       Neck  line  15%  

       Variable  6%  

Dosimeter  body  posi0on  

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•  3,8(±  2,68)  mSv;  Es&mated  annual  effec&ve  dose  

• Doses  <  legal  limit  ,  but  superior  to  other  studies;  • Prudent  studies  comparison:  differences  in  professional  profile  and  administered  ac&vi&es  • .A  Category?    Established  limit  dose  :  ICRP  107  e  DL  222/2008  

 -­‐  whole-­‐body:  100  mSv/5  years  (50  mSv/year  máx)  New  Direc0ve:  20  mSv/year  and  eye  lens  dose  reduc&on;  

Estudo País Período Dose efectiva anual (mSv) Thompson , 2001 E.U.A. 2000 3,0 Martins et al , 2007 Portugal 1999 -2003 3,5 Valuckas et al, 2007 Lituânia 1991-2003 2,1 UNSCEAR 2008 Mundial n.a. Manipulação RF: 5

S/ manipulação: 1

Com PET: 4,6 - 8

Zielinski et al , 2009 Canadá 1971-1987 1,9

Individual Monitoring: 6  -­‐  12  mSv  

14%  

2-­‐  6  mSv  48%  

<  2  mSv  38%  

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•  Con0nuous  educa0on:  

           

• No:  5,7%  • Yes:  94,3%  

Self-­‐perceived  knowledge  of  RP  

(adequate):    

•  No:  22,2%  •  Yes:  77,8%    

Acendance  to  RP  con0nuous  programmes:  

 

•   Educa&on  efficiency?  •   Ar&cula&on  between  theory  and  prac&ce?  •   Physical  resources  in  NM  departments?  •   Con&nuous  educa&on  programmes  (external  e  internal);  •   Best  Prac&ces  Manual;  

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Conclusion  

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•  This  study  allowed:  –  Give  an  insight  about  NM  in  Portugal:  

•  Poten&al  field;  –  Design  a  NMT  profile:  

•  Young,  female,  and  with  a  academic  degree;    •  Versa&le  professionals;  

–  Characterize  prac&ces  and  RP  measures  adopted  by  NMT:  •  Asymmetries;      •  Misinforma&on  about  relevant  issues;  

–  Average  annual  dose  below  legal  limits  but  superior  to  other  studies;  

–   Harmoniza&on  needs!!  

•  Major  limita&on:  –  Lack  of  informa&on  about  the  exis&ng  RP  tools  in  the  NM  departments.  

 

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•  Future:  

Coopera&on  studies    and  share  results  

Guidelines/Best  Prac&ces  Manual  

FOLLOW-­‐UP   …  

•  Implementa&on  of  external/internal  systems  that  allows:  

Collect  data  (prac&ces)  

Iden&fica&on  of  subop&mal  prac&ces  

Educa&on/Training  

Support  change/  Audit  

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Obrigada!  Thank  you!  

     

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• No:  98,1%  •  Yes:  1,9%  Overexposure  

•  No:  90,6  %  •  Yes:  5,7  %  •  Didn´t  know:  3,7%  

Monthly  record    >  =  2  mSv    

•  No:  96,2%  •  Yes:  0  %  •  Didn´t  know:  3,8%    

Annual  dose    >  20  mSv  

DL  222/2008  Recommenda0on:    -­‐  Monthly  record  >  2mSv  reported  to  DGS;    -­‐  Immediate  medical  check-­‐up  a�er  overexposure,  and  clinic  vigilance  a�er;    -­‐Addi&onal  RP  measures  and/or    changes  on  work  condi&ons;  

Individual Monitoring (cont.):

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•  Individual  monitoring  (cont.):  –  Monthly  records  in  rela&on  with  the  performed  ac&vi&es:  

Sta0s0cal  Associa0on:  NMT  witch  perform  RF  prepara&on  had  superior  dose  records  (p=0,04);  

• Records  >0,6mSv/month    were  most  common  within  the  NMT  who  perform  PET  scans;  •   Specific  educa&onal  needs  in  PET  ?;