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TRANSCRIPT
Prac&ce Profile among Nuclear
Medicine Technologists in Portugal: findings from a na&onwide survey
Diana Neves1,2,3
Ana Pascoal1,4
Ana Filipa Vale1
1- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa 2-Diaton S.A. – Unidade de Leiria, Hospital de Sto André 3- Escola Superior de Tecnologias da Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto
Introduc&on
Jus&fica&on Op&m
iza&on Lim
ita&on Risk Low doses effects
Prac&ces Permanent review and learning
Professionals Nuclear Medicine Technologists (NMT)
Nuclear Medicine Mul&disciplinary; Fast development
NM Technologists Tasks (Competencies for the European Nuclear Medicine Technologist, EANM 1998)
Radiopharmaceutical
Preparation
Radiopharmaceutical
Administration
Image Acquisition: Conventional and/or PET
Therapeutic – Related
Procedures Radiation Protection
ALARA / ALARP
Aim of the study • Professional and prac&ces characteriza&on of NMT in Portugal, namely: – Inves&gate the profile of NMT staff; – Usual prac&ce in NM ac&vi&es; – Adherence to radia&on protec&on measures .
Methods
Ques&onnaire:
Sampling “Cluster” adapted
Na&onwide
Design
Construc&on
Pilot study
Analyse and op&miza&on
Implementa&on/distribu&on
Anonymous Confiden&al
Inclusion criteria:
Popula&on : NMT (≈120 -‐ 200)
Target popula&on
Or previous work in NM department
Clinical work in NM
departments
With 1 year minimum, of dose records
Ques&onnaire
PART I (NMT )
• Demographic data
• Radioprote&on Measures • Individual dose record
• Professional profile • Ac&vi&es/tasks
PROFESSIONAL AND RP PRATICES
CHARACTHERIZATION
Results / Discussion
• Technology characteriza0on: -‐ NM departments
*Dados oficiais DGS 2010: 27 centros # ACSS e Mar&ns et al,2007
Installed Technology (NM) in Portugal: -‐ 2 ciclotons (Porto and Coimbra); -‐ 8 PET units(2009); -‐ 62 gama-‐camaras (2011); -‐ 29 MN departments (2010)*; -‐ 32 MN departments (2012) -‐ 120 – 200 TMN#
Growth tendency/poten&al??
Geographical distribution of NM centers in Portugal (2010): 27.6% – north, 24.1%- center, 41.4% Lisbon area, 3.4%-south, 3.4% Madeira Island;
122
8
7
1
1
12
7
• Technology characteriza0on: -‐ Evolu0on
*
Gamma Camera/ Million inhabitants
1991 1998 2005 2011
Belgium 23,2
Greece 9,9
Spain 4,8 5,6
Portugal 2,4 4 5,02 6,2
Rede de Referenciação de Medicina Nuclear
22
Segundo aqueles autores, o Reino Unido tem uma frequência relativamente baixa de
procedimentos de Medicina Nuclear por mil habitantes.
Quadro 1. - Comparação Internacional da Frequência de Procedimentos de
Medicina Nuclear
PAÍSES FREQUÊNCIA ANUAL/MIL HABITANTES
DIAGNÓSTICO E TERAPÊUTICA
Canadá 65 Alemanha 34 USA 32 Rep. Checa 28
Países Baixos 16
Dinamarca 15
Hungria 15
Suécia 14
Rússia 13
Austrália 12
Japão 12
Argentina 11
Itália 11
Reino Unido 11
Finlândia 10
Suiça 10
Eslováquia 9
Nova Zelândia 8
Taiwan 7
Irlanda 6
Ucrânia 5
Portugal 4
Bulgária 3
Roménia 3
Fonte: Hart D & Wall B F (2005): A survey of Nuclear Medicine in the UK in 2003/04
Este estudo mostra ainda as assimetrias que existem no próprio Reino Unido, com valores
de 9,46 câmaras gama por milhão de habitantes na Região de Londres, 8,18 no País de
Gales, 6,05 na Escócia e 5,45 em Trent, o que dá rácios populacionais no National Health
Service (NHS) que oscilam entre 105.696 e 183.350 habitantes por câmara gama, conforme
se pode verificar nos gráficos seguintes.
18
27 29
32 33
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1998 2005 2010 2012 2013
NM dep.
-‐ Comparison
-‐ Goal
• Technology characteriza0on :
Região Nr inhabitants (2001)
Nr NM dpt (2009)
Nr gamma cameres (2004)
Gamma-‐camera/ NM dpt
Ratio gamma-‐camera/250.000 inhabitants#
Nr PET equipment (2009)
Ratio PET/1.000.000 inhabitants#
Norte 3.687293 8 17 2,1 1,2 2 0,5
Centro 2.348.397 7 16 2,3 1,7 2 0.9
Lisboa e V.Tejo 2.661.850 12 16 1,3 1,5 4 1,5
Alentejo 776.585 0 0 0 0 0 0
Algarve 395.218 1 1 1 0,6 0 0
Madeira 245.011 1 1† 1 1,0 0 0
Açores 241.763 0ª 0 0 0 0 0
• Asymmetries in the NM technology geographic distribu&on; • Centralized investments on urban areas (LVT e Centro); • NM elevated poten&al to development (mainly PET);
Recommenda0ons : -‐ ra&os changes: Carta Equipamentos da Saúde – 2003 :(gamma-‐camera/
160.000 inhabitants) -‐ EANM 10 GC/M inhabitants (Portugal (2011)= 6,2)
# Racios by Resolução do Conselho de Ministros n.º 61/95 de 28 de Junho
Response Rate: 51,4%
54 ques&onnaires received
105 ques&onnaires delivered (26 NM departments)
NMT considered the study as relevant (64%)
NMT interest/awareness
• Demographic Characteriza0on:
• Female: 70,4% • Male 29,6%
Gender
• Average: 34 (±10,4)
• Range 21 – 59
• Moda: 26
Age (years)
• North: 27,8% • Centre: 22,2% • Lisboa: 50,0 %
Residence
• Like EU and ACSS data, almost ¾ of the sample are female; • Young popula&on: last decade NM growth and PET entrance; • Vast majority are graduated;
2.6 5.3
78.9
13.2
6.2 6.2
81.3
6.2 3.7 5.6
79.6
11.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
High Shcool Bachelor Licenciatura Master
Percen
tage (%
)
Academic level
Female
Male
Total
0% 0
18%
3% 0
18%
85.7%
100%
45%
11.4%
0
18%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
1-‐10 years 11-‐20 years >20
Academic level and professional experience
High school
bach
licen
master
• Professional characteriza0on: – Average professional experience : 11,6 (±10,6) years
Sta0s0cal Associa0on: NMT with experience lower that the average years of work (12 years) (p=0,01) ) and younger than the average age of 34 have higher qualifica&ons (p=0,02).
• Suggests that younger NMT are more recep&ve to educa&on programmes • Growing advances in higher educa&on • NM recent development (last decade)
• Professional characteriza0on (cont.)
• Public 46,3% • Private: 29,6% • Both: 24,1%
Sector • ≤ 40h / week: 46,3% • > 40h/ week:50,0% • >60 h/ week:3,7%
Working &me
Statistical Association: NMT working in the private sector have higher weekly working &me (p=0,04);
68%
44%
8%
32%
56%
77%
0% 0%
15%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Públic Private Both
%
Sector
20-‐ 40 hours/week
41-‐60 hours/week
>60 hours/week
Working time (per week) per sector
Doble job
• Centre: 42% • Total: 24%
Higher work &me
• 8% 60h/week • Total: 4%
Higher exposure
• Private sector associated to higher work &me (p=0,04)
RP concerns
• IAEA Recommenda&ons: • One dosimeter per local job;
• Aggrega&on of dose records by the Na&onal Dose Registry;
• Professional characterization (cont.)
Hogg et al (1996)
14 %
74 %
-‐
-‐
• NMT are versa&le professionals; • Asymmetries in the NMT ac&vi&es:
Specific characteris4cs/ demands of each NM ins4tu4on; Educa4onal differences; Other healthcare professionals;
• Professional Prac0ce Characteriza0on: – Performed tasks:
96.3%
74.1%
63.0%
44.4%
3.7%
25.9%
37.0%
55.6%
Radiopharmacy procedures
E.V. administrations
Therapy procedures
PET %
Yes No
96.3%
74.1%
63.0%
44.4%
3.7%
25.9%
37.0%
55.6%
Radiopharmacy procedures
E.V. administrations
Therapy procedures
PET %
Yes No Hogg et al (1996)
14 %
74 %
-‐
-‐
Sta0s0cal Associa0on: • NMT younger than 34 years (p=0,02) and with professional experience <12 years (p=0,02) had higher frequencies of RF prepara&on;
• NMT higher educa&on; • Simpler labelling procedures; • Other professionals?
• Professional Prac0ce Characteriza0on: – Performed tasks:
96.3%
74.1%
63.0%
44.4%
3.7%
25.9%
37.0%
55.6%
Radiopharmacy procedures
E.V. administrations
Therapy procedures
PET %
Yes No Hogg et al (1996)
14 %
74 %
-‐
-‐
Sta0s0cal Associa0on: • NMT in the private sector had higher frequency of radiopharmaceu&cal administra&on (p=0,02);
Dose Rate uSv/h
1
1,6
0,8
6
• More versa&lity in the private sector? Other professionals? • Sector with > work &me; • e.v administra&on associated to high dose-‐rate; • Administrated ac&vi&es? (Dose Datamed II) • Individual dosimetry implica&ons?;
• Professional Prac0ce Characteriza0on: – Performed tasks:
96.3%
74.1%
63.0%
44.4%
3.7%
25.9%
37.0%
55.6%
Radiopharmacy procedures
E.V. administrations
Therapy procedures
PET %
Yes No Hogg et al (1996)
14 %
74 %
-‐
-‐
Dose rate uSv/h
1
1,6
0,8
6
IAEA Recommenda0ons: -‐ Team planning / Roster duty system; -‐ Extremity dosimeters ; -‐ Ac&ve dosimeters (for real-‐&me monitoring);
• Professional Prac0ce Characteriza0on: – Performed tasks:
23.1 19.0
4.5 7.1 8.3 9.2 2.6 3.2
13.2
28.1
0.9 1.5
79.4
92.6
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Avarege nu
mbe
r/thecno
logist/w
eek
Scan
• Professional Prac0ce Characteriza0on (cont.): – Average number of NM procedures ≈ 80 – 93 per week per NMT (17/
day)
• The majority of the sample, refer a work load > 50 pa&ents/week; • The majority work between 41-‐60h/week; • Most common scans: bone scan (0,8 uSv) and cardiac perfusion (1,0uSv) – typically high ac&vi&es; • Dosimetry concerns?
• Radioprotec0on prac0ces Characteriza0on: – Shielding tools:
Sta0s0cal Associa0on: Syringe shield most common within the NMT with professional experience <12 years (p=0,02);
• Asymmetries in the adopted RP measures: Academic differences?; Rou&ne nega&ve impact?;
• Need for prac&ce op&miza&on and regular audit;
Syringe shield
Lead Transporter
Lead apron
Lead gloves
Lead glasses
2.6
2.5
83.8
97.2
100
76.9
97.5
2.7
0
0
20.5
0
13.5
2.8
0
%
No Yes Ocasionaly
Sta0s0cal Associa0on: Syringe shield most common within the NMT with professional experience <12 years (p=0,02);
IAEA Recommenda0ons : -‐ Use of others shielding barriers: shielded cervical collar, lead glass;
injec&on systems, tungsten tools: -‐ Prac&ce op&miza&on in order to limit de dose;
• Radioprotec0on prac0ces Characteriza0on: – Shielding tools:
Syringe shield
Lead Transporter
Lead apron
Lead gloves
Lead glasses
2.6
2.5
83.8
97.2
100
76.9
97.5
2.7
0
0
20.5
0
13.5
2.8
0
%
No Yes Ocasionaly
Depending on the % of use, can reduce dose between 19 -‐ 82% (25 and 100% of use respec&vely) Dosimeter loca0on when using a
lead apron: -‐ Under the apron: 39,6% -‐Above the apron: 1,9% -‐Variable: 0% -‐Don´t use apron: 58,5%
+
• Racional use of the lead apron;
IAEA and DL 167/2002 Recommenda0ons : -‐ Dosimeter used under the apron; -‐ Op&onal use of a second dosimeter above de apron;
• Radioprotec0on prac0ces Characteriza0on (cont.): – Shielding tools: lead apron
• Individual Monitoring:
• TLD: 76,5% • Photographic: 19,6% • Didn´t know: 3,9%
Dosimeter type
• Monthly: 81,5% • Bimonthly: 3,7% • Trimestral: 14,8%
Periodicity
• Individual monitoring asymmetries: Different body posi&oning leads to different records;
• Limited knowledge about their monitoring: Photographic film discon&nued in 1999+ 4% didn´t know + 6% NR
• Educa&onal/ Harmoniza&on needs;
IAEA e DL 222/2008 Recommenda0ons : -‐ Body posi&oning at chest level; -‐ NM periodicity typically monthly; -‐ Category A workers (>6mSv/year) with monthly periodicity;
Waist 7%
Chest 72%
Neck line 15%
Variable 6%
Dosimeter body posi0on
• 3,8(± 2,68) mSv; Es&mated annual effec&ve dose
• Doses < legal limit , but superior to other studies; • Prudent studies comparison: differences in professional profile and administered ac&vi&es • .A Category? Established limit dose : ICRP 107 e DL 222/2008
-‐ whole-‐body: 100 mSv/5 years (50 mSv/year máx) New Direc0ve: 20 mSv/year and eye lens dose reduc&on;
Estudo País Período Dose efectiva anual (mSv) Thompson , 2001 E.U.A. 2000 3,0 Martins et al , 2007 Portugal 1999 -2003 3,5 Valuckas et al, 2007 Lituânia 1991-2003 2,1 UNSCEAR 2008 Mundial n.a. Manipulação RF: 5
S/ manipulação: 1
Com PET: 4,6 - 8
Zielinski et al , 2009 Canadá 1971-1987 1,9
Individual Monitoring: 6 -‐ 12 mSv
14%
2-‐ 6 mSv 48%
< 2 mSv 38%
• Con0nuous educa0on:
• No: 5,7% • Yes: 94,3%
Self-‐perceived knowledge of RP
(adequate):
• No: 22,2% • Yes: 77,8%
Acendance to RP con0nuous programmes:
• Educa&on efficiency? • Ar&cula&on between theory and prac&ce? • Physical resources in NM departments? • Con&nuous educa&on programmes (external e internal); • Best Prac&ces Manual;
Conclusion
• This study allowed: – Give an insight about NM in Portugal:
• Poten&al field; – Design a NMT profile:
• Young, female, and with a academic degree; • Versa&le professionals;
– Characterize prac&ces and RP measures adopted by NMT: • Asymmetries; • Misinforma&on about relevant issues;
– Average annual dose below legal limits but superior to other studies;
– Harmoniza&on needs!!
• Major limita&on: – Lack of informa&on about the exis&ng RP tools in the NM departments.
• Future:
Coopera&on studies and share results
Guidelines/Best Prac&ces Manual
FOLLOW-‐UP …
• Implementa&on of external/internal systems that allows:
Collect data (prac&ces)
Iden&fica&on of subop&mal prac&ces
Educa&on/Training
Support change/ Audit
Obrigada! Thank you!
• No: 98,1% • Yes: 1,9% Overexposure
• No: 90,6 % • Yes: 5,7 % • Didn´t know: 3,7%
Monthly record > = 2 mSv
• No: 96,2% • Yes: 0 % • Didn´t know: 3,8%
Annual dose > 20 mSv
DL 222/2008 Recommenda0on: -‐ Monthly record > 2mSv reported to DGS; -‐ Immediate medical check-‐up a�er overexposure, and clinic vigilance a�er; -‐Addi&onal RP measures and/or changes on work condi&ons;
Individual Monitoring (cont.):
• Individual monitoring (cont.): – Monthly records in rela&on with the performed ac&vi&es:
Sta0s0cal Associa0on: NMT witch perform RF prepara&on had superior dose records (p=0,04);
• Records >0,6mSv/month were most common within the NMT who perform PET scans; • Specific educa&onal needs in PET ?;