CHAPTER 17: NONRENEWABLE ENERGY

Mr. ManskopfNotes also found at www.manskopf.com

BIG IDEA Modern lifestyles require

large amounts of energy. Much of that energy today

comes from burning nonrenewable fuels. Using

those fuels has a huge economic, social, political

and environmental impact.

Section: Energy Introduction

Define energy and the difference between kinetic and potential energy

Identify the main forms of energy Describe how modern societies use

energy. TERMS: energy, kinetic energy,

potential energy, renewable energy, nonrenewable energy, electricity.

What Is Energy? The ability to do work or cause a change

Kinetic energy: Due to motion

Potential energy: Due to an object’s position or shape

Different fuels for different uses

•Would coal be a good transportation fuel?•Would oil be good to use on your stovetop to heat up some pasta?Each fuel has

its best use•Electricity•Transportation fuel•Heating•Cooking•Running machines

Fuels for different purposes

Five main purposes for fuels Cooking Transportation Manufacturing Heating/cooling ElectricitySome fuels better for some purposes Why is coal not used to fly planes?

How Do We Evaluate Which Fuel To Use?

How should we decide what fuel to use for energy?Political, Economic, Energy Companies, Societal Debate

Evaluating Energy Choices1. Costs2. Environmental

Impacts3. Availability in near

future and long term4. Governmental

Incentives5. National and Global

Security6. Terrorism

Energy SourcesRenewable: Nearly always available or replaceable in a relatively short time; includes sunlight, wind, flowing water, heat from EarthNonrenewable: Cannot be replaced in a reasonable time; includes fossil fuels and nuclear energy

Evaluating Energy ResourcesNon-renewable energy: 84% of world commercial

energy (78% from fossil fuels, 6% nuclear)

Oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear

Evaluating Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Sources:

16% of world’s commercial energy resources.

10% biomass, 5% hydro, and 1% combo of geothermal, wind and solar.

Commercial Energy Use By Source 2002

Global Energy Consumption

U.S. Energy Consumption

History of U.S. Consumption

Section Review Define energy and the difference

between kinetic and potential energy Identify the main forms of energy Describe how modern societies use

energy. TERMS: energy, kinetic energy,

potential energy, renewable energy, nonrenewable energy, electricity.

Section : Fossil Fuels Goals Explain how fossil fuels form. Analyze how coal, oil, and

natural gas is used and what are the benefits and costs of using it as a fuel source.

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of fossil fuel use.

What are fossil fuels?Fossil fuels are the remains of ancient organisms changed into solid (coal), liquid (oil) or gas (natural gas) Why called fossil

fuels? Most energy today

is from these 3

What are fossil fuels? Why are fossil

fuels nonrenewable?

TRAPPED CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY FROM ANCIENT PHOTOSYNTHESIS

What are fossil fuels? How is using fossil fuels like using

energy from “ancient” solar energy? Your life powered by sun that arrived

on Earth millions of years ago?

Electricity – Power on Demand

Coal formation

Fossil Fuels

Section COAL

History of Old King CoalAfter firewood, coal

was the major source of energy.

End of 1800s coal is the worlds dominant fuel.

Steam Engines Heating Cooking Industry

History of Old King Coal

By 1920s, coal provided 80% of US energy.

Powered the industrial revolution

Caused a great deal of air pollution.

What is coal?

Coal is a solid fuel formed in several stages from remains of buried plants and animals.

Consists mostly of carbon and trace amounts of sulfur, mercury and radioactive materials.

What is coal?

Anthracite is the most desirable form of coal (98% carbon)

Takes longer to form

More expensive.

Coal Formation and Types

How is coal extracted? Surface Mining: Area Strip Mining Contour Strip Mining Mountaintop RemovalUnderground MiningLarge environmental impact from different mining

techniques.

Coal Mining

How is coal used?Coal provides 51%

of current U.S. electricity. (62% worldwide)

Used to make ¾ of worlds steel.

A typical 1,000 Megawatt power plant uses 8,000 tons of coal every day…1 mile long train worth of coal every day.

How is coal used?

91% of coal in U.S. is used for power production.

Not useful for transportation energy needs.

Where in the world is coal found?U.S. has 1/4th of the

world proven reserves. (16% Russia, 12% China)

U.S. and China are 2 largest users.

U.S. is able to export about 4% a year.

Where is the coal?

How long will coal last?

According to USGS…U.S. reserves could last

300 years at current rate of consumption…or 64 years if consumption grows by 4% a year.

World’s most abundant fossil fuel. U.S. Energy Projections

Coal Advantages Most abundant

fossil fuel. Lots of energy Relatively

inexpensive. U.S. has plenty of

it for a while. Power Plants

relatively cheap to build.

Coal Disadvantages

High environmental impact (air, water, land, acid rain)

Global Warming, high CO2 emissions

Toxic Mercury and radioactivity

Dangerous to mine

Coal Review History of coal use. What is coal? How is it extracted

from the ground? How is coal used? How long will

it last? What are advantages and

disadvantages of using coal?

Section : Oil Key Ideas What is crude oil? How does crude

oil turn into usable products? Where does oil come from? Who

has oil? How is oil used? What are problems associated

with oil usage? How much longer will we have oil?

Oil Rules!!! What is crude oil?Petroleum, or crude oil

is a thick, gooey liquid consisting of many combustible hydrocarbons.

Formed over millions of year from decaying organic materials buried under the seafloor and subjected to extreme temperatures and pressure.

Oil Rules!!! What is crude oil?Crude oil and natural gas often found together

in deep deposits in pores and cracks. Found using sophisticated equipment. Usually only 30-35% is extractable Higher prices mean more can be extracted.

Oil Rules!!! TransportationHow crude oil is

transported: Pipelines Trucks Oil Tankers

Refining crude oil. Based upon their boiling points, components are removed in giant distillation column.

In US refining accounts for 8% of our energy consumption

1 barrel is 42 gallons

Oil, Who Has It?Eleven OPEC

countries contain 78% of world’s proven oil reserves

Oil is the world’s largest business.

Saudi Arabia 25%Canada 15%Iraq 11%, UAE 9.3%

Oil, Who Has It?

U.S.: Uses 26% Produces 2.9% Import 60% (36%

in 1973)2003 $99 billion import

bill. 2/3 for transportation

North American Energy Resources

Fig. 17-9 p. 357

Offshore oil accounts for 1/4th of U.S. Oil Production. 9 of 10 barrels come from the Gulf.

Today oil is trading about $100/barrel

US Oil Supply and Consumption.

Global Oil Consumption: US, China Japan largest oil consumers.

Oil, What Is Left?Most energy expert

believe there are about 1,050 billion barrels left.

Peak Production This Decade

Rising Demand, Dwindling Supply = Higher Prices

Oil, What Is Left?Ways of extending oil

supplies: Increase CAFÉ Find new reserves Taxing Conservation Increased use of

other sources.

Advantages of Oil We are used to it Have a system to

distribute and use it set up

High energy level Used in many

products Relatively low cost

Disadvantage of Oil Running Out

(Nonrenewable) U.S. has little Dependent of

foreign sources POLLUTION Global Warming International

Politics

Oil Review What is crude oil? How does crude

oil turn into usable products? Where does oil come from? Who has

oil? How is oil used? What are problems associated with

oil usage? How much longer will we have oil?

Section: Natural Gas What is natural gas? Where is it

found? How is natural gas used? Who has the world's natural gas

supplies? What is the future for natural

gas?

What is natural gas?Mainly methane CH4

Also Ethane C2H6 Propane C3H8 Butane C4H10

Formed like oil from buried animals and plants millions of years ago.

Where is it found?Deposits usually found above oil deposits.

In past was seen as unwanted waste and burnt off.

Who has natural gas?Russia (31%) and

Iran (15%) have almost ½ of world’s reserves.

Reserves could last 62-125 years worldwide.

Geologist expect to find more.

U.S. Natural Gas

U.S. supplies should last 55-80 years depending upon demand.

Supplies have been declining for years.

Canada???

FrackingA potential huge source…at what cost?

Main transportation method is pipelines

How is it used?

53% of heat in U.S. homes

16% of electricity and growing quickly

Hot water heaters Can be used in

vehicles

How it is used..

Advantages of Gas

Cleaner burning than coal or oil.

Emits far fewer CO2 per energy units

More efficient energy producer and plants are cheaper to build

Disadvantages of Natural Gas

Nonrenewable Highly Flammable Air pollution Global Warming Can be a

challenge to transport

Natural Gas Review What is natural gas? Where is it

found? How is natural gas used? Who has the world's natural gas

supplies? What is the future for natural

gas?

Consequences of Fossil Fuel Usage

Carbon Dioxide Emissions Per Unit of Energy

Pollution, Climate Change, and Public Health

• Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, which contributes to global climate change.

• When coal and oil burn, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released, which contribute to smog and acid deposition.

• Oil spills, equipment ruptures, and oil in runoff pollute waterways, oceans, and coastal areas.

• Coal-fired power plants release mercury, which harms human health. Crude oil contains trace amounts of lead and arsenic.

Damage Caused by Extracting Fuels• Mining:

• Humans risk lives and respiratory health.

• Ecosystems are damaged by habitat destruction, extensive erosion, acid drainage, and heavy metal contamination downslope of mines.

• Oil and gas extraction:• Roads and structures built to support

drilling break up habitats and harm ecosystems.

• The longterm consequences of accidents can be uncertain or unpredictable Acid drainage from a coal mine

Dependence on Foreign Sources

• Fossil fuels are not evenly distributed over the globe, so some countries must import fuel sources.

• Nations that import fuel may be vulnerable to changes in fuel prices set by suppliers.

• Nations can import less fuel by developing domestic oil sources and renewable energy sources.

Energy Conservation• Practice of reducing energy use to make fossil fuels last and to prevent environmental damage

• Transportation: Gas-efficient cars and higher gas prices could help conserve energy in the U.S.

• Personal choices: Individuals can save energy by turning off lights, taking public transit, and buying energy-efficient appliances.

Section: Nuclear Energy How does a nuclear fission reactor

work? What is the nuclear fuel cycle? What is the history of nuclear

technology? Where is it used today? What are advantages and

disadvantages of using nuclear power? What are the disposal issues for high-

level and low level nuclear waste? What is the future for nuclear power?

How does a nuclear fission reactor work?

Isotopes of uranium and plutonium undergo controlled nuclear fission.

U235 and Pt239

(U contains 92 Protons, how many neutrons???)

Fission Chain Reaction, splitting the nucleus, releasing heat to produce steam

Nuclear Fusion• Joining two atomic nuclei to form one nucleus• Releases much more energy than fission• Currently impractical because very high temperatures are

needed, but scientists continue exploring fusion for our future energy needs

How does a nuclear fission reactor work?

Core Reactor: 35,000 to 70,000 fuel rods

Fuel pellets of 97% non-fissionable U238 and 3% fissionable U235

Control rods of Boron and Cadmium

Coolant: water Containment

vessel

How does a nuclear fission reactor work?

“Spent” fuel rods usually stored onsite in huge pools of water

Must be stored safely for 10,000 to 24,000 years

Multiple safety layers at plants.

How does a nuclear fission reactor work?

The heat produced by the splitting of uranium is used to generate electricity by spinning turbines.

Plants must be in continual operation

Benefits and Costs of Nuclear Power

Benefits Costs

No air pollution Expensive to build and maintain

Requires little uranium fuel and little mining

Catastrophic accidents are possible.

Under normal conditions, nuclear power plants are safer for workers than coal-burning power plants.

Nuclear waste must be stored for thousands of years.

Chernobyl

What is the nuclear fuel cycle?

Fuel Cycle Includes: Mining uranium Processing fuel

“enrichment” Using fuel in

reactor Storing highly

radioactive waste for thousands of years

What is the nuclear fuel cycle?

After 15-60 years reactors become contaminated with radioactive materials and parts become worn out.

Transporting nuclear waste for storage 10,000 years or more

What is the history of nuclear technology?

Following WW II great interest in showing how atomic age could benefit humankind

Tremendous government subsidies and research

Government paid ¼ of cost of building first reactors.

Government paid insurance

What is the history of nuclear technology?

1960s and 70s plans for many U.S. plants

1975 – 53 plants operating (9% of U.S. electricity) another 170 plants planned

1978 last plant to be built was ordered – great unease about plants

What is the history of nuclear technology?

1979 Three-Mile Island, PA

1986 Chernobyl (still a problem today)

2011 Japanese Plant Meltdown after Tsunami

Globally plants continue to be built (441 in operation, 23 being built)

Where is it used today?

U.S.In 2010: 103 in operation 21% of countries

electricity (huge plants)

US Energy Information Agency predicts 27% fewer plants in 2020

Where is it used today?Globally: 441 plants (32

under construction)

17% of world’s electricity

Growing 2.5% yearly

Leading countries: Lithuania 80% France 78%

Locations of U.S. Nuclear Power Plants

Advantages of Nuclear Power Large Fuel Supply Little Air Pollution

and CO2 emissions Moderate to low

water and land environmental impact

Low risk of accidents

Disadvantages of Nuclear Power High cost of building

and operating plants Possibility of

catastrophic accidents

No long-term solutions for waste

Spreads knowledge of nuclear weapon technology

Terrorist Attacks

Nuclear Energy Section Review

How does a nuclear fission reactor work?

What is the nuclear fuel cycle? What is the history of nuclear

technology? Where is it used today? What are advantages and

disadvantages of using nuclear power? What are the disposal issues for high-

level and low level nuclear waste? What is the future for nuclear power?

To Think About…

1) If you were in charge, what energy source would you

recommend? 2) What is the future of fossil

fuels?3) What can our government do

to encourage energy conservation?