Chapter 10: Land Use and Urbanization

Mr. ManskopfNotes also at

http://www.manskopf.com

Essential Questions Covered

• What are different land usages?• What are some local land usages?• Describe the impact of human

activities on the land.• What are some local and federal

laws governing land usage?

Section 1 Goals

• What is the difference between land cover and land use?

• Describe how people impact the land.• Explain how urbanization occurs.• Describe the environmental impacts of

urbanization

Most people used to live like this

Increasingly people live like this.

Major Urban Regions in U.S.

• For the first time in history, there are now more urban residents than rural residents.

• For the first time in history, there are now more urban residents than rural residents.

Land Use and Land CoverLand cover: Vegetation and

structures that cover land.

Land use: Human activities that occur on land

Humans change land cover, especially in urban areas. These changes have environmental and economic effects

What are some land uses and cover in Audubon?

What does this pie chart tell us?What is largest land use in U.S.?

What do these bar graphs show us?

Urban vs. Rural•Urban: Land mostly covered with buildings and roads (includes suburbs)

• Rural: Any other type of land use or land cover (includes forests, cropland, etc.)

Urbanization• Occurs when people

move from rural areas to cities

• Cities are not new, but the enormous size of today’s cities is. More than 20 cities have at least 10 million residents.

Why are people moving to cities and leaving rural life behind?SHOULD WE CARE?

Environmental Costs of Urbanization

Pollution: Increased waste, industrial byproducts, noise pollution, light pollution•What is noise pollution? Light pollution?

Noise Pollution

Light Pollution

What the night should look like.

Environmental Costs of Urbanization

• Heat islands: Cities, several degrees warmer than surrounding areas, affect local weather and trap pollutants

WHY?

What can cities do to reduce this impact?

Environmental Costs of Urbanization

• Imported resources: Fossilfuels are burned to import food, water, fuel, and raw materials.

Environmental Benefits of Urbanization

• What do you think are some environmental benefits if cities?

Environmental Benefits of Urbanization

• Efficiency: Less fuel and resources needed to distribute goods and services to residents

• Universities and research centers: Urban areas tend to foster education and innovation.

• Land Preservation: Dense urban centers leave room for agriculture, wilderness, biodiversity, and privacy.

Section 1 Review

• What is the difference between land cover and land use?

• Describe how people impact the land.

• Explain how urbanization occurs.• Describe the environmental impacts

of urbanization

Section 1 Quiz

1) Which type of area would Miami, Florida, be considered?•A. urban B. rural C. country D. suburban

2) What is one of the primary factors that draws people from rural areas to urban areas?A. less pollution B. more jobs C. more open space D. heat islands

3) A jackhammer on a city street is an example of what type of pollution?A. light B. water C. noise D. air

4) Trees, grass, crops, wetlands, water, buildings, and pavement are all examples ofA. land use. B. land cover. C. urban areas. D. rural areas.

5) The primary type of land cover in the United States today isA. forest land. B. cropland. C. urban land. D. parks and preserves.

6) Land that is sparsely populated and has few buildings or roads is defined as a(n)A. infrastructure. B. heat island. C. urban area. D. rural area.

7) The shift of a population from the countryside to cities is calledA. urbanization. B. infrastructure. C. land preservation. D. an ecological footprint.

Describe this diagram. 8) What does it show?

Section 2: Sprawl Goals

• Describe what contributes to sprawl and its patterns.

• Explain the impacts of sprawl.

Los Angeles, CA, is one the most sprawling U.S. cities.

In 1950, 65% of the U.S. population lived in urban (including suburban) areas, while 35% lived rurally. In 2010, 89% was urban and only 11% rural.

In 1950, 65% of the U.S. population lived in urban (including suburban) areas, while 35% lived rurally. In 2010, 89% was urban and only 11% rural.

What is sprawl?• The spread of low-density

urban or suburban development outward from a dense urban core

• Often, growth of suburban areas outpaces population growth because suburbs allow more space per person than cities

Primary Contributors to Sprawl

1) Population Growth2) Increase per capita

land use 3) Cheap gasoline4) Decay of inner cities5) Cheaper to build

new than rebuild (less expensive land)

Primary Contributors to Sprawl

6) Improved road system7) Affordable cars8) Government subsidies of mortgages, infrastructure projects

Contributors to Sprawl

Patterns of Sprawl•Uncentered commercial strip development

•Low-density single-use residential development

•Scattered, or leapfrog, development

•Sparse street network

Per Capita Land Consumption

Why care about sprawl?

Impacts of Sprawl

Transportation: Little to no public transportation•Must use car to get anything•Air pollution

Impacts of Sprawl

Public health: May promote inactivity, and by extension obesity and high blood pressure

Impacts of SprawlLand Use: Less land left as open space, forests, and farms•Habitat destruction and fragmentation•Farmland destroyed•Road kill•Soil erosion

Impacts of Sprawl

Economics: Wealth tending to concentrate in suburbs, leaving urban areas poor•Decline of town centers

Impacts of Sprawl

• Water Pollution• Wetland

Destruction• Increased

runoff• Increased

flooding risk

Section 2 Review

• Describe what contributes to sprawl and its patterns.

• Explain the impacts of sprawl.

Section 2 Quiz

1) Sprawl increases carbon dioxide emissions byA. generating more factories. B. increasing the need to drive.C. resulting in more tree growth. D. expanding the use of public transportation.

2) Per capita land consumption meansA. the amount of land a country uses as a whole. B. the amount of and each person uses.C. the type of land covered by state capitals. D. the type of land people live on.

3) Which of the following factors contributed to sprawl in the United States?A. more affordable automobiles B. improved roads C. less expensive land D. all of the above

4) Explain how sprawl affects human health.

Section 3: Sustainable Cities

Section 3 Goals

• Discuss land use planning• Explain the importance of

transportation choices• Differentiate green building from

traditional building

Land Use PlanningLand Use Planning: determining in advance how land will be used•Where do we putHouses, schools, businesses, roads, factories, etc.•What land should be left open?

Land Use Planning• City planners attempt to design

cities that both work well and look and feel appealing.

• Zoning: Classification of land areas for different types of development and land use

– An area can be mixed use or single use.

– Involves restrictions on the use of private land

Land Use Plan

Audubon Zoning

http://www.boroughofaudubon.com/Zoning_.html

Infrastructure Infrastructure: all the things we build to support living•Buildings•Roads•Sewers•Water treatment plants•PowerplantsEnvironmental/ societal costs?

Smart Growth• Focuses on economic

and environmental approaches to avoiding sprawl

• Builds “up,” not “out”

• Maintains open spaces by redeveloping existing urban areas, waterfronts, and industrial sites

Smart Growth• Seeks to design

neighborhoods that minimize the need to drive

• Requires good public transportation systems

Transportation

Smart Growth: TransportationPublic transportation a key factor in the quality of urban life

Buses, subways, trains more efficient, less polluting than cars

Cities encourage mass transit with fuel taxes, vehicle taxes, rewarding carpoolers, and encouraging bicycle and bus use.

Explain what this graph shows

BussesAdvantages

• More flexible than rail system

• Can be rerouted as needed

• Cost less to develop and maintain than heavy-rail system

• Can greatly reduce car use and pollution

Disadvantages• Can lose money

because they need low fares to attract riders

• Often get caught in traffic unless operating in express lanes

• Commit riders to transportation schedules

• Noisy

TrainsAdvantages

• More energy efficient than cars

• Produce less air pollution than cars

• Require less land than roads and parking areas for cars

• Cause fewer injuries and deaths than cars

• Reduce car congestion in cities

Disadvantages• Expensive to build and

maintain• Cost effective only along

a densely populated narrow corridor

• Commit riders to Transportation schedules

• Can cause noise and vibration for nearby residents

Advantages Disadvantages

Bicycles

Affordable Produce nopollution Quiet Require little parking space Easy tomaneuver intraffic Take fewresources tomake Very energyefficient Provide exercise

Little protectionin an accident Do not protectriders frombad weather Not practical fortrips longer than8 kilometers(5 miles) Can be tiring(except for electricbicycles) Lack of secure bikeparking

Did You Know? Paris, France removed 200,000 parking spaces to encourage the use of public transportation within the city.

Did You Know? Paris, France removed 200,000 parking spaces to encourage the use of public transportation within the city.

Bike lanes in NYCBike Parking Garage Netherlands

Green Building

The goals of a green building are to save energy and resources without sacrificing people’s comfort.

Section 3 Review

• Discuss land use planning• Explain the importance of

transportation choices• Differentiate green building from

traditional building

Section 3 Quiz

1) Which of the following is a principle of smart growth?A.protecting wildlife habitats B. focusing development outside of existing urban centersC. creating neighborhoods best suited for cars D. building up, not out

2) Which form of transportation uses the most energy per passenger-mile?A.commuter rail B.automobile C.bus D. heavy rail

3) One of the results of green building design is reducedA.use of mass transit. B. energy bills.C.sprawl around major cities. D. personal space and comfort.

4) Which statement about sustainable cities is true?A. They can help improve the standard of living for residents.B. No major cities have made significant progress toward sustainability yet.C. They are only successful in the developed world.D. They often help encourage sprawl.

5) Transportation systems, communications systems, water services, power supplies, and schools are all examples ofA.infrastructure. B.rural areas. C.ecological footprints. D. land use.

Short Answer

6) Propose a way how a city government could encourage the use of bicycles.

Short Answer

7) What are two ways governments can encourage the use of mass transit?

8) Summarize the main idea of this graph in one sentence.

Chapter 10 Sustainable Cities

• What are different land usages?• What are some local land usages?• Describe the impact of human

activities on the land.