ppt on power quality improvement

8/10/2019 ppt on power quality improvement

1/84

1P. Ribeiro June, 2002

"An Overview on FACTS and Power Quality Issues:

Technical Challenges, Research Oortunities

and Cost Considerations!"

Paulo F. Ribeiro, BSEE, MBA, PHD, PE

CALVIN COLLEGEEngineering Department

Grand Rapids, MI 4!4"

http://engr.calvin.edu/PRibeiro!EBPA"E/

PRI#EIRO$CALVIN.ED%

1& ! & ! 1&'

&

'


2/84

'P. Ribeiro June, 2002

FA#$S

( $he #oncept( Hi%tor& / Bac'ground ( )rigin o* FA#$S, )pportunitie%, $rend%( S&%te+ Architecture% and i+itation%( Po-er Flo- #ontrol on A# S&%te+%( Application Studie% and +ple+entation

( Ba%ic S-itching Device%( S&%te+% Studie%( A# $ran%+i%%ion Funda+ental%( oltage Source v%. #urrent Source( oltage Source%( Static ar #o+pen%ator 0S#1, S$A$#)M, $#S#, 2PF#, SMES( S&%te+ Studie% 0b& EM$P, A$P, Saber, EDSA, EM$D#1( S&%te+% ntegration, Speci*ication, #o%t #on%ideration% and $echnolog& $rend%( +pact o* FA#$S in interconnected net-or'%( Mar'et A%%e%%+ent, Deregulation and Prediction%


3/84

)P. Ribeiro June, 2002

Power Quality

Objectives - Motivation - Background

Limitation of Traditional Tools

Advanced Tecni!ues"# $avelet Teory Making $aves

# %&'ert (ystems To (ag or )ot to (ag" Tis is Te *

# +u,,y Logic )ot eally a .armonic /istortion

# )eural )etworks emembering $ave (ignatures

# 0enetic Algoritms %volutionary /istortions

# 1ombining Tecni!ues Power Quality /iagnostic (ystemPower %lectronics 2m'lementing Advanced Power

1once'ts


4/84


The reason, therefore, that some intuitive minds are not mathematical is that they

cannot at all turn their attention to the principles of mathematics. But the reason

that mathematicians are not intuitive is that they do not see what is before them,

and that, accustomed to the exact and plain principles of mathematics, and not

reasoning till they have well inspected and arranged their principles, they are lost

in matters of intuition where the principles do not allow of such arrangement.

They are scarcely seen; they are felt rather than seen; there is the greatest

difficulty in maing them felt by those who do not of themselves perceive them.These principles are so fine and so numerous that a very delicate and very clear

sense is needed to perceive them, and to !udge rightly and !ustly when they are

perceived, without for the most part being able to demonstrate them in order as in

mathematics, because the principles are not nown to us in the same way, and

because it would be an endless matter to undertae it. "e must see the matter at

once, at one glance, and not by a process of reasoning, at least to a certain

degree.

#$$0 %&'(&&( by Blaise %ascal


5/84

!P. Ribeiro June, 2002

%tg%)

)

%*

*

%

+

+

=

$he #oncept


6/84

"P. Ribeiro June, 2002

A transmission system can carry power up to its thermal loading limits. But inpractice the system has the following constraints:

-Transmission stability limits-Voltage limits-Loop ows

Transmission stability limits: limits of transmittable power with which a transmissionsystem can ride through major faults in the system with its power transmissioncapability intact.

Voltage limits: limits of power transmission where the system oltage can be !eptwithin permitted deiations from nominal. Voltage is goerned by reactie power "#$.

# in its turn depends of the physical length of the transmission circuit as well as fromthe ow of actie power. The longer the line and%or the heaier the ow of actiepower& the stronger will be the ow of reactie power& as a conse'uence of which theoltage will drop& until& at some critical leel& the oltage collapses altogether.

Loop ows can be a problem as they are goerned by the laws of nature which maynot be coincident with the contracted path. This means that power which is to be

sent from point (A( to point (B( in a grid will not necessarily ta!e the shortest& directroute& but will go uncontrolled and fan out to ta!e unwanted paths aailable in the

$he #oncept


7/84*P. Ribeiro June, 2002

FA#$S device%

+AC- are designed to remoe s/0 0onstraints and to meet p2anners3, inestors3 and operators3 goa2s

ito/t teir aing to /nderta5e ma6or s7stem additions. is o88ers a7s o8 attaining an in0rease o8

poer transmission 0apa0it7 at optim/m 0onditions, i.e. at ma9im/m aai2abi2it7, minim/m transmission

2osses, and minim/m enironmenta2 impa0t. P2/s, o8 0o/rse, at minim/m inestment 0ost and time

e9pendit/re.

e term :+AC-: 0oers seera2 poer e2e0troni0s based s7stems /sed 8or AC poer transmission.

Gien te nat/re o8 poer e2e0troni0s e;/ipment, +AC- so2/tions i22 be parti0/2ar27 6/sti8iab2e in

app2i0ations re;/iring one or more o8 te 8o22oing ;/a2ities/a2it7 dei0esecting voltage in %erie% and perpendicular to the current *lo-, can increa%e or

decrea%e

!&F -eries Compensation


13/841)P. Ribeiro June, 2002

Transmission Transfer )apacity *nhancement

Advanced Solution%

ransmission

Lin5

Enan0ed

Poer rans8er

and -tabi2it7

Line

Re0on8ig/ration

+i9ed

Compensation

+AC-

Energ7 -torage

#etter

Prote0tion

In0reased

Inertia

#rea5ing

Resistors Load-edding

+AC-

Dei0es

$raditional Solution%

-VC

-ACOM

C-C, ---C

%P+C

Stead& State

%%ue%

Vo2tage Limits

erma2 LimitsAng/2ar -tabi2it7 Limits

Loop +2os

D&na+ic

%%ue%

ransient -tabi2it7Damping Poer -ings

Post=Contingen07 Vo2tage

Contro2

Vo2tage -tabi2it7

-/bs7n0rono/s Res.

FA#$S Application% and +ple+entation%


14/8414

P. Ribeiro June, 2002

FA#$S Device%

Shunt #onnectedStatic AR #o+pen%ator 0S#1

Static S&nchronou% #o+pen%ator 0S$A$#)M1

Static S&nchronou% "enerator ( SS"

Batter& Energ& Storage S&%te+ 0BESS1

Superconducting Magnetic Energ& Storage 0SMES1

#o+bined Serie% and Serie%(Shunt #onnected

Static S&nchronou% Serie% #ontroller% 0SSS#1

$h&ri%tor #ontrolled Pha%e(Shi*ting $ran%*or+er or

Pha%e Angle Regulator 0PAR1

nterline Po-er Flo- #ontroller 0PF#1

$h&ri%tor #ontrolled Serie% #apacitor 0$#S#12ni*ied Po-er Flo- #ontroller 02PF#1

Relative +portance o* Di**erent $&pe% o* #ontroller%

Shunt, Shunt(Serie Energ7 -torage

Energ7 -torage


15/841!


Device%Diode 0pn ?unction1

Silicon #ontrolled Recti*ier 0S#R1

"ate $urn()** $h&ri%tor 0"$)1 "EM)S $urn()** $h&ri%tor 0M$)1 SP#)

E+itter $urn()** $h&ri%tor 0E$)1 irginia $ech

ntegrated "ate(#o++utated $h&ri%tor 0"#$1 Mit%ubi%hi, ABB

M)S(#ontrolled $h&ri%tor 0M#$1 ictor $e+ple

n%ulated "ate Bipolar $ran%i%tor 0"B$1

Po-er Electronic% ( Se+iconductor Device%

Diodesransistors

IG#

7ristors

-CR, GO, MO, EO, GC, IGC, MC


16/841"


Po-er Electronic% ( Se+iconductor Device%Prin0ipa2 Cara0teristi0s

Vo2tage and C/rrent

Losses and -peed o8 -it0ing

-peed o8 -it0ing

-it0ing Losses

Gate=drier poer and energ7 re;/irements

Parameter rade=o88

Poer re;/irements 8or te gate

didt and ddt 0apabi2it7

t/rn=on and t/rn=o88 time

%ni8ormit7>/a2it7 o8 si2i0on a8ers

IGBT has pushed out the conventional GTO as IGBTs ratings go up.

IGBTs - Low-switching losses, fast switching, current-limiting capability

GTOs - large gate-drive reuirements, slow-switching, high-switching losses

IGBTs !higher forward voltage drop"


17/841*


V-I C-I

Nat/ra2 +or0ed

-7n0rono/s PM

ard -o8t

o=Lee2 M/2ti=Lee2

-CR GO IG# MC MO

-7stem

Comm/tationApproa0

-it0inge0no2og7

ransitionApproa0

Cir0/itopo2og7

Dei0e7pe

Po-er Electronic% ( Se+iconductor Device%Deci%ion(Ma'ing Matri

E1

E'

E1 . sin ?@

E' . 0os?@

?E1 = E' . 0os?@E' . sin?@

I

?E' = E1 . 0os?@I;1 K ?E1 = E' . 0os?@

E1 . Cos ?@

Ip1 K E' sin?@

E1 = E'P1 K E1 . Ip1

A# $ran%+i%%ion Funda+ental%


21/84

'1P. Ribeiro June, 2002

A0tie 0omponent o8 te 0/rrent 82o at E1

p4 @ 0E . %in 011 / =

Rea0tie 0omponent o8 te 0/rrent 82o at E1

4 @ 0E4 ( E . co% 011/=

A0tie Poer at te E1 end

P4 @ E4 0E . %in 011/=

Rea0tie Poer at te E1 end

C4 @ E40E4 ( E . co% 011 / =

A# $ran%+i%%ion Funda+ental%


22/84

''P. Ribeiro June, 2002

E' '

P4 @ E40E . %in 0

11/=

I

E1

E'

E1 = E'

Reg/2ating end b/s o2tage most27 0ange rea0tie poer = Compensating at an intermediate

point beteen b/ses 0an signi8i0ant27 impa0t poer 82o

E1 1 I PJ>

> VP4 @ '4.E40E . %in 0/'11/=

A# $ran%+i%%ion Funda+ental% 0oltage ( Shunt #ontrol1


23/84

')P. Ribeiro June, 2002

E1

E'

I

E1 = E'

In6e0ted Vo2tage

In6e0ting Vo2tage in series it te 2ine most27 0ange rea2 poer

E1 1

E' '

IPJ>

Vin6

P4 @ E4 . E . %in 0

1 / 0= ( in>/ 1

A# $ran%+i%%ion Funda+ental% 0oltage(Serie% n>ection1


24/84

'4P. Ribeiro June, 2002

E1 1

E' '

I PJ>

& &.! 1 1.! ' '.! ) ).!&

1

''

&

P 1 9 d e2 ta, V1,? @

).14& de2ta

Rea2 Poer Ang2e C/re

Canges in i22 in0rease or de0rease rea2 poer 82o 8or a 8i9ed ang2e or 0ange ang2e 8or a 8i9ed poer 82o.

A2ternatie27, te rea0tie poer 82o i22 0ange it te 0ange o8 . Ad6/stments on te b/s o2tage ae

2itt2e impa0t on te rea2 poer 82o.

V9

I

V9o

Vs

I

e88 K = 0

V9

Vr

V0

Vse88 K Vs V0

Vr

V0

Vse88

P4 @ E4 . E . %in 0

1 / 0= ( =c1

Vs

Pase Ang2e

Po4er,rans8er

A# $ran%+i%%ion Funda+ental% 0Serie% #o+pen%ation1


25/84

'!P. Ribeiro June, 2002

E1 1 E' '

I

PJ>

P

E1

E'

I

E1 = E'

In6e0ted Vo2tage

Integrated o2tage series in6e0tion and b/s o2tage reg/2ation ?/ni8ied@ i22

dire0t27 in0rease or de0rease rea2 and rea0tie poer 82o.

A# $ran%+i%%ion Funda+ental% 0oltage(Serie% and Shunt #o+p.1


26/84

'"P. Ribeiro June, 2002

1 = prior to 8a/2t

' = 8a/2t 02eared

) = e;/a2 area

) 0rit = 2oss o8 s7n0ronism

Improement o8 ransient -tabi2it7 it +AC- Compensation

E;/a2 Area Criteria

1 ' ) 0rit

A1

A'

Amargin

Ma9im/m

Po4er,rans8er

Pase Ang2e

no 0ompensation

it VAR 0ompensation ?idea2 midpoint@

A1 K A00e2eration Energ7

A' K De0e2eration Energ7

ere8ore, +AC- 0ompensation 0an in0rease

poer trans8er ito/t red/0ing te stabi2it7 margin

> V

A# $ran%+i%%ion Funda+ental% 0Stabilit& Margin1


27/84

'*P. Ribeiro June, 2002

oltage Source %. #urrent Source #onverter%

C-C AdDis V-C AdDis

Dei0e ,7pe ,17ristor-e28=Comm/tation

,17ristor-e28=Comm/tation

Dei0eC1ara0teristi0

-7mmetr7

-7mmetri0a2 As7mmetri0a2

-1ort=Cir0/itC/rrent

Lo4er ig1er

Rate o8 Rise o8+a/2t C/rrent

Limited b7 DC Rea0tor +ast Rise ?D/e to0apa0itor dis01arge@

Losses ig1er = Lo4er

AC Capa0itors Re;/ired Not Re;/ired

DC Capa0itors Not Re;/ired Re;/ired

Va2es ddt Lo4er?AC Capa0itors@

ig1er

Inter8a0e 4it1 AC-7stem

More Comp2e9 Less Comp2e9

Rea0tie Po4erGeneration

Depends on C/rrent+2o4ing t1ro/g1

Energ7 -torage

Independent o8Energ7 -torage

Per8orman0e

armoni0s AC 0apa0itors ma7prod/0e resonan0esnear t1e 01ara0teristi01armoni0s ma7 0a/seoero2tages on a2esand trans8ormer.

(


28/84


Syste#$us

)onerterwitching4)-A)

C%

&dc

s

(unt 1om'ensation

Syste#$us 3

Trans'or#er lea(ageinductance

Trans'or#er

o

)

3

2

Couling

C%

&dc

s

)onerterwitching4)-A)

Trans'or#er lea(ageinductance

Trans'or#erCouling

(eries1om'ensation

o

)

3

2

33

oltage Source #onverter%


29/84


Basic 4-Pulse5 6-level5 3oltage-(ource 1onverter

cec

Ta* a*+ T$*

a

$

e

e

ai aT

i$

i

a $+ T

+ T$* c* +c*

dc

*

&

$ c+ T c+

dc%

Cs

&

dci

dc&

-yotheticalneutral oint

*



30/84

)&P. Ribeiro June, 2002

65 75 8-level5 3(1 $aveforms

vdc*

vdc*

%

vdc*

vdc*

eout

vdc%

.eutral/#id01oint

dc%

v

eout0 v dc

%v dc

%vdc

dc

%v

.eutral/#id01oint

%vdc

dc

%v

*

eout

* dcv

dcv



31/84

)1P. Ribeiro June, 2002

3oltage-(ource 1onverter Bridges

Three0hase, two0level si20ulse$ridge

Single0hase,two0level -0$ridge

11

vdc

1

vdc

voa vvoa o$ voc

Three0hase, three0level *0ulse$ridge

1961

dc3 dc3

196

vvoa o$ voc



32/84

)'P. Ribeiro June, 2002

Out'ut voltage control of a two-level 3(1

v

o+v :

ov: ;

ov: ;

+

v; dcdcnominalv

dcv;:v-

t

v

?dci dt

f1

dci

t :3=vo o ;

@io

3v=



33/84

))P. Ribeiro June, 2002

Out'ut voltage control of a tree-level 3(1

=

=


34/84

)4P. Ribeiro June, 2002

Multi-'ulse 3(1 wit

wave-forming magnetic circuits

5agneticstructurefor multi-pulsewaeformsynthesis

)onerter6 )onerter 7

Syste#3us$ar

)onerter n

Trans'or#er

Couling

Inter'ace4agnetics

,56(&3us

CoulingTrans'or#er



35/84

)!P. Ribeiro June, 2002

FA#$S $echnolog& ( Po%%ible Bene*it%

( #ontrol o* po-er *lo- a% ordered. ncrea%e the loading capabilit& o* line% to theirther+al capabilitie%, including %hort ter+ and %ea%onal.

( ncrea%e the %&%te+ %ecurit& through rai%ing the tran%ient %tabilit& li+it, li+iting

%hort(circuit current% and overload%, +anaging ca%cading blac'out% and

da+ping electro+echanical o%cillation% o* po-er %&%te+% and +achine%.

( Provide %ecure tie line% connection% to neighboring utilitie% and region% thereb&

decrea%ing overall generation re%erve reuire+ent% on both %ide%.

( Provide greater *le


36/84

)"P. Ribeiro

June, 2002

FA#$S and HD#: #o+pli+entar& Solution%HD#

Independent 8re;/en07 and 0ontro2

Loer 2ine 0osts

Poer 0ontro2, o2tage 0ontro2,

stabi2it7 0ontro2

FA#$SPoer 0ontro2, o2tage 0ontro2,

stabi2it7 0ontro2

n%talled #o%t% 0+illion% o* dollar%1

$hroughput M! HD# $er+inal% FA#$S

'&&& M 4&=!& M !=1& M

!&& M *!=1&&M 1&='&M

1&&& M 1'&=1*&M '&=)&M

'&&& M '&&=)&&M )&=!&M

?@ingoraniG7/g7i


37/84

)*P. Ribeiro

June, 2002

FA#$S and HD#: #o+pli+entar& Solution%

arge +ar'et potential *or FA#$S i% -ithin the ac %&%te+ on a value(added ba%i%, -here:

( $he e


38/84

)P. Ribeiro

June, 2002

FA#$S Attribute% *or Di**erent #ontroller%

+AC- Contro22er Contro2 Attrib/tes-tati0 -7n0rono/s Compensator?-ACOM ito/t storage@

Vo2tage 0ontro2, VAR 0ompensation, damping os0i22ations, o2tagestabi2it7

-tati0 -7n0rono/s Compensator?-ACOM it storage, #E--, -ME-,2arge d0 0apa0itor@

Vo2tage 0ontro2, VAR 0ompensation, damping os0i22ations, transientand d7nami0 stabi2it7, o2tage stabi2it7, AGC

-tati0 VAR Compensator ?-VC, CR,C-, R-

Vo2tage 0ontro2, VAR 0ompensation, damping os0i22ations, transientand d7nami0 stabi2it7, o2tage stabi2it7

7ristor=Contro22ed #ra5ing Resistor?C#R@

Damping os0i22ations, transient and d7nami0 stabi2it7

-tati0 -7n0rono/s -eries Compensator?---C ito/t storage@

C/rrent 0ontro2, damping os0i22ations, transient and d7nami0 stabi2it7,o2tage stabi2it7, 8a/2t 0/rrent 2imiting

-tati0 -7n0rono/s -eries Compensator?---C it storage@

C/rrent 0ontro2, damping os0i22ations, transient and d7nami0 stabi2it7,o2tage stabi2it7

r7stor=Contro22ed -eries Capa0itor?C-C, --C@


7ristor=Contro22ed -eries Rea0tor?C-R, --R@


7ristor=Contro22ed Pase=-i8tingrans8ormer ?CP- or CPR@

A0tie poer 0ontro2, damping os0i22ations, transient and d7nami0stabi2it7, o2tage stabi2it7

%ni8ied Poer +2o Contro22er ?%P+C@ A0tie and rea0tie poer 0ontro2, o2tage 0ontro2, VAR

0ompensation, damping os0i22ations, transient and d7nami0 stabi2it7,o2tage stabi2it7, 8a/2t 0/rrent 2imiting

7ristor=Contro22ed Vo2tage Limiter?CVL@

ransient and d7nami0 o2tage 2imit

7ristor=Contro22ed Vo2tage Reg/2ator?CVR@

Rea0tie poer 0ontro2, o2tage 0ontro2, damping os0i22ations,transient and d7nami0 stabi2it7, o2tage stabi2it7

Inter2ine Poer +2o Contro22er ?IP+C@ Rea0tie poer 0ontro2, o2tage 0ontro2, damping os0i22ations,transient and d7nami0 stabi2it7, o2tage stabi2it7


39/84

)P. Ribeiro

June, 2002

Reg/2ating #/s Vo2tage

Can A88e0t Poer +2o Indire0t27 D7nami0a227

E1 1

E' '

I PJ>

P4 @ E40E . %in 0

11/=

FA#$S +ple+entation ( S$A$#)M


40/84

4&P. Ribeiro

June, 2002

Line Impedan0e Compensation

Can Contro2 Poer +2o Contin/o/s27

E1 1 E' 'PJ>

P4 @ E4 0E . %in 0

11 / =e**

FA#$S +ple+entation ( $#S#

=e** @ =( =c

e a2ternatie so2/tions need to be distrib/tedQ o8ten series 0ompensation as to be insta22ed in seera2 p2a0es a2ong a 2ine b/t man7 o8 te

oter a2ternaties o/2d p/t bot o2tage s/pport and poer 82o 0ontro2 in te same 2o0ation. is ma7 not be /se8/2. +or instan0e, i8

o2tage s/pport ere needed at te midpoint o8 a 2ine, an IP+C o/2d not be er7 /se8/2 at tat spot. C-C 8or damping os0i22ations ...


41/84

41P. Ribeiro

June, 2002

Breaker

(latt T1(1

T1(1 module ?

MO3

T1(1

6

T1(1

8

T1(1

7

T1(1

4

T1(1

C



42/84

4'P. Ribeiro

June, 2002

/am'ing

1ircuit

/am'ing

1ircuit

Breaker

Dayenta T1(1

T1(1 ?8 to 4@ E

MO3

Breaker

MO3 MO3

C@ E 88 E



43/84

4)P. Ribeiro

June, 2002

E1 1 E' 'I

PJ>

FA#$S +ple+entation ( SSS#

P4 @ E4 0E . %in 011 / =e**

=e** @ = ( in>/


44/84

44P. Ribeiro

June, 2002

E1 1 E' 'IPJ>

Reg/2ating #/s Vo2tage and In6e0ting Vo2tage

In -eries it te Line

Can Contro2 Poer +2o

P4 @ E40E . %in 0

11 / =e**

=e** @ = ( in> /

FA#$S +ple+entation ( 2PF#

C4 @ E40E ( E . co% 0

11 / =


45/84

4!P. Ribeiro June, 2002

(unt 2nverter (eries 2nverter

Fnified Power +low 1ontroller

(eries Transformer

(unt

Transformer

FA#$S +ple+entation ( 2PF#


46/84

4"P. Ribeiro June, 2002

Reg/2ating #/s Vo2tage P2/s Energ7 -torage

Can A88e0t Poer +2o Dire0t27 D7nami0a227

E1 1 E' 'I

PJ>

P2/s Energ7 -torage

FA#$S +ple+entation ( S$A$#)M Energ& Storage


47/84

4*P. Ribeiro June, 2002

E1 1 E' 'I

PJ>

FA#$S +ple+entation ( SSS# Energ& Storage

P2/s Energ7 -torage

Vo2tage In6e0tion in -eries P2/s Energ7 -torage

Can A88e0t Poer +2o Dire0t27 D7nami0a227

and s/stain operation /nder 8a/2t 0onditions


48/84


E1 1 E' '

IPJ>

P2/s Energ7 -torage

Reg/2ating #/s Vo2tage In6e0ted

Vo2tage Energ7 -torage

Can Contro2 Poer +2o Contin/o/s27,and -/pport Operation %nder -eere

+a/2t Conditions ?enan0ed

per8orman0e@

FA#$S +ple+entation ( 2PF# Energ& Storage


49/84


(unt

2nverter

(eries

2nverter

Fnified Power +low 1ontroller - (M%( 2nterface

(M%( 1o''er

and 1oil

?@@@G

+

?@@@G

+

?@@@G

+

?@@@G

+

FA#$S +ple+entation ( 2PF# Energ& Storage


50/84


51/84

!1P. Ribeiro June, 2002

Reg/2ating #/s Vo2tage Energ7

-torage Line Impedan0e Compensation

Can Contro2 Poer +2o Contin/o/s27,

and -/pport Operation %nder -eere

+a/2t Conditions ?enan0ed

per8orman0e@

FA#$S +ple+entation ( $#S# S$A#)M Energ& Storage


52/84

!'P. Ribeiro June, 2002

E1 1 E) )

FA#$S +ple+entation ( PF#

P4 @ E4 0E . %in 0

4( 11 / =

E' '

P4G @ E4 0E . %in 04( G11 / =


53/84

!)P. Ribeiro June, 2002

(eries 2nverter ? (eries 2nverter 6

2nterline Power +low 1ontroller

(eries Transformer5 Line 6

(eries Transformer5 Line ?

FA#$S +ple+entation ( PF#


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!4P. Ribeiro June, 2002

In0reased Poer

rans8er

Enhanced Po-er $ran%*er and Stabilit&:

$echnologie% Per%pective

+ast

Rea2 Poer In6e0tion

and Absorption

+ast

Rea0tie Poer In6e0tion

and Absorption

+ast

Rea0tie Poer In6e0tion and

Absorption

Compensation

Dei0es

+AC- Dei0es

Energ7 -torage

E2e0tri0 Grid

E2e0tri0 Grid

P

>>

P Additiona2-tabi2it7 Margin

P--C---C%P+C

SMES

& &.! 1 1.! ' '.! )&

&.!

1

1.!

'

PaseAng2e

Po4er,rans8er

A00e2eration

Area

De0e2eration

Area

-tabi2it7

Margin

-ACOM -ACOM

--C

---C

%P+C


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!!P. Ribeiro June, 2002

S$A$#)M

Reactive Po-er )nl&

)perate% in the vertical

a

e Combination or Rea2 and

Rea0tie Poer i22 t7pi0a227

red/0e te Rating o8 te Poer

E2e0troni0s 8ront end inter8a0e.

Rea2 Poer ta5es 0are o8 poeros0i22ation, ereas rea0tie

poer 0ontro2s o2tage.

$he Role o* Energ& Storage: real

po-er co+pen%ation can increa%e

operating control and reduce capital

co%t%

P ( Active Po-erC ( Reactive Po-er

MA Reduction

FA#$S Energ& Storage


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-ME- Poer ?M@

Addit

iona2Po4er,rans8e

r?MD@

C2oser to generation

C2oser to 2oad 0enters

FA#$S Energ& Storage ( ocation Sen%itivit&


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!*P. Ribeiro June, 2002

S$A$#)M% 4 S$A$#)M SMES

oltage and Stabilit& #ontrol Enhanced oltage and Stabilit& #ontrol

-7stem

+re;/en07

?CH@

"&.

!.'

time ?se0@time ?se0@

?' 9 & MVA Inerters@ ? & MVA Inerter 1&&M6s -ME-@

-7ste

m

+re;/en07

?CH@

"&.

!.'-7ste

m

+re;/en07

?CH@

"&.

!.'

time ?se0@

9o #o+pen%ation

Enhanced Po-er $ran%*er and Stabilit&:

ocation and #on*iguration $&pe Sen%itivit&


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FA#$S For )pti+iing "rid nve%t+ent%

FA#$S Device% #an Dela& $ran%+i%%ion ine% #on%truction#7 0onsidering series 0ompensation 8rom te er7 beginning, poer transmission beteen regions 0an be

p2anned it a minim/m o8 transmission 0ir0/its, t/s minimiHing 0osts as e22 as enironmenta2 impa0t

8rom te start.

$he !a& to Proceed

8 2anners, inestors and 8inan0iers so/2d iss/e 8/n0tiona2 spe0i8i0ations 8or te transmission s7stemto ;/a2i8ied 0ontra0tors, as opposed to te pra0ti0e o8 iss/ing te0ni0a2 spe0i8i0ations, i0 are o8ten

in82e9ib2e, and man7 times in02/de o2der te0no2ogies and te0ni;/es@ i2e initing bids 8or a

transmission s7stem.

8 ,/n0tiona2 spe0i8i0ations 0o/2d 2a7 don te poer 0apa0it7, distan0e, aai2abi2it7 and re2iabi2it7re;/irementsQ and 2ast b/t not 2east, te enironmenta2 0onditions.

8 5anufacturersso/2d be a22oed to bid eiter a +AC- so2/tion or a so2/tion ino2ing teb/i2ding o8 ?a@ ne 2ine?s@ andor generationQ and te best option 0osen.


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Speci*ication%

0Functional rather than $echnical 1

$ran%*or+er #onnection%

Higher(Pul%e )peration

Higher(evel )peration

P!M #onverter

Pa& Attention to nter*ace %%ue% and #ontrol%

#onverterncrea%e Pul%e 9u+ber

Higher evel

Double the 9u+ber o* Pha%e(eg% and #onnect the+ in Parallel

#onnect #onverter "roup% in Parallel

2%e A #o+bination o* %everal option% li%ted to achieve reuired rating and per*or+ance


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"&P. Ribeiro June, 2002

e0no2og7 ransmission Line

rans8er Enan0ement

Cost Range Operating prin0ip2e Pro0/rement

Aai2abi2it7Re0ond/0tor 2ines In0rease terma2 0apa0it7 !& to '&& per

mi2eIn0reases terma2 2imit 8or 2ine Competitie

+i9ed or -it0ed -/ntRea0tors

Vo2tage red/0tion N LigtLoad Management

=1' 5VAR Compensates 8or 0apa0itie ar=2oad

Competitie

+i9ed or -it0ed -/ntCapa0itors

Vo2tage s/pport andstabi2it7

=1& 5VAR Compensates 8or ind/0tie ar=2oad

Competitie

+i9ed or -it0ed -eriesCapa0itors

Poer 82o 0ontro2,Vo2tage s/pport and-tabi2it7

1'=1" 5VAR Red/0es ind/0tie 2ineimpedan0e

Competitie

-tati0 VAR Compensators Vo2tage s/pport andstabi2it7

'&=4! 5VAR Compensates 8or ind/0tieandGor 0apa0itie ar=2oad

Competitie

7ristor Contro22ed -eriesCompensation ?C-C@

Poer 82o 0ontro2,Vo2tage s/pport andstabi2it7

'!=!& 5VAR Red/0es or in0reases ind/0tie2ine impedan0e

Limited0ompetition

-ACOM Vo2tage s/pport andstabi2it7

&=1&& 5VAR Compensates 8or ind/0tie and0apa0itie ar=2oad

Limited0ompetition

-ACOM G-ME- Vo2tage s/pport andstabi2it7

1!&=)&& 5D Compensates 8or ind/0tieandGor 0apa0itie ar=2oad p2/senerg7 storage 8or a0tie poer

Limited

%ni8ied Poer +2oContro22er ?%P+C@

Poer 82o 0ontro2,Vo2tage s/pport, and-tabi2it7

1!&='&& 5D -VC and C-C 8/n0tions p2/spase ang2e 0ontro2

-o2e so/r0e

%ni8ied Poer +2oContro22er ?%P+C@ G-ME-

Poer 82o 0ontro2Vo2tage s/pport and-tabi2it7,

'!&=)!& 5D -VC and C-C 8/n0tions p2/so2tage reg/2ator, pase ang2e0ontro22er and energ7 storage

-o2e so/r0e

-aded area indi0ates te0no2ogies tat are eiter permanent27 0onne0ted or sit0ed on or o88 it me0ani0a2 sit0es. ?i.e. tese arenot 0ontin/o/s27 0ontro22ab2e@

#o%t #on%ideration%


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-ardware

7ng 8 Pro9ect 4g#t!

Installation

Civil or(s

Co##issioning

Insurance

#o%t #on%ideration%

#o%t %tructure

The cost of a ,A)T installation depends on many factors& such as power rating& type of deice&system oltage&system re'uirements& enironmental conditions& regulatory re'uirements etc. 3n top of this&the ariety of options aailable for optimum design renders it impossible to gie a cost +gure

for a ,A)T installation./t is strongly recommended that contact is ta!en with a manufacturer in order to get a +rst ideaof costs andalternaties. The manufacturers should be able to gie a budgetary price based on a briefdescription of thetransmission system along with the problem"s$ needing to be soled and the improement"s$needing to be

attained.


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$echnolog& I #o%t $rend%

I

I

additiona2 0ost saings possib2e


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#oncern% About FA#$S

Cost

LossesRe2iabi2it7


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Econo+ic% o* Po-er Electronic%

So+eti+e% a +i< o* conventional and FA#$S %&%te+% ha% the lo-e%t co%t

o%%e% -ill increa%e -ith higher loading and FA#$S euip+ent +ore lo%%& than conventional one%

Reliabilit& and %ecurit& i%%ue% ( -hen %&%te+ loaded be&ond the li+it% o* eect% reuired

#o%t o* S&%te+#o%t o* S&%te+

4 Po-er4 Po-erElectronic%Electronic%

44

#onventional#onventional

Delta(PDelta(P44

Delta(PDelta(PDelta(PDelta(PGG

Delta(PDelta(P77

-tig Ni2sonTs paper


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"!P. Ribeiro June, 2002

)peration and Maintenance

3peration of ,A)T in power systems is coordinated with operation of otheritems in the same system& for smooth and optimum function of the system.This is achieed in a natural way through the )entral ower ystem )ontrol&with which the ,A)T deice"s$ is "are$ communicating ia system )A4A. Thismeans that each ,A)T deice in the system can be operated from a central

control point in the grid& where the operator will hae s!illed human resourcesaailable for the tas!. The ,A)T deice itself is normally unmanned& and thereis normally no need for local presence in conjunction with ,A)T operation&although the deice itself may be located far out in the grid.

5aintenance is usually done in conjunction with regular system maintenance&i.e. normally once a year. /t will re'uire a planned standstill of typically a couple

of days. Tas!s normally to be done are cleaning of structures and porcelains&e2changing of mechanical seals in pump motors& chec!ing through ofcapacitors& chec!ing of control and protectie settings& and similar. /t cannormally be done by a crew of 7-9 people with engineers s!ill.

Soint or2d #an5 A## Poer -7stems Paper

Improing te e88i0ien07 and ;/a2it7 o8 AC transmission s7stems


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+pact o* FA#$S in interconnected net-or'%

The bene+ts of power system interconnection are well established. /t enables the

participating parties to share the bene+ts of large power systems& such as optimi;ation ofpower generation& utili;ation of di0erences in load pro+les and pooling of resere capacity.,rom this follows not only technical and economical bene+ts& but also enironmental& whenfor e2ample surplus of clean hydro resources from one region can help to replace pollutingfossil-fuelled generation in another.

,or interconnections to sere their purpose& howeer& aailable transmission lin!s must be

powerful enough to safely transmit the amounts of power intended. /f this is not the case&from a purely technical point of iew it can always be remedied by building additional lines inparallel with the e2isting& or by uprating the e2isting system"s$ to a higher oltage. This&howeer& is e2pensie& time-consuming& and calls for elaborate procedures for gaining thenecessary permits. Also& in many cases& enironmental considerations& popular opinion orother impediments will render the building of new lines as well as uprating to ultrahighsystem oltages impossible inpractice. This is where ,A)T comes in.

*2amples of successful implementation of ,A)T for power system interconnection can befound among others between the


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"*P. Ribeiro June, 2002

Po-er Cualit& %%ue%

4 J Bac'ground 0Po-er Cualit& J $rade Mar'1

J $he 9eed For An ntegrated Per%pective o* PC

G J Har+onic%

7 J +balance

; J oltage Fluctuation%

K J oltage Sag%

6 J Standard%, i+it%, Diagno%tic%, and Reco++endation%

Fle


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#o+patibilit&: $he Le& Approach


69/84


( ) ( ) ( )

( )

=+ref

+ref+,T- ,&ma9

Relative $re%pa%% evel 0R$1

%5 = meas/red or 0a20/2ated armoni0 o2tage

%re8 = armoni0 o2tage 2imit ?standard or parti0/2ar e;/ipment@

5 = armoni0 order

' 4 " 1& 1' 14&

'

4

"

&

RL5

1)' 5

& &.&! &.1&

'

4

"

&

RL5

.1& %

i Di t ti Di ti I d A 2 i + L i


70/84

*&P. Ribeiro June, 2002

Possib2e

Prob2ems

Ca/tion -eere

Distortions

Dangero/s

Lee2s

Norma2

Lee2s

A # C D E + G RL&

1

No

rma

2

#e

2

o4

No

rma

2

O.e

r

Ceatin

g

Ver

7

Co

t

#e

2o4

No

rma

2a

b

0

d

e

E;/

ipmen

t

Ma2 8

/n

0tion

Mag

nit/de

OP

1ase

Ang

2e

Indiid/a2 armoni0s ?V@E;/ipment Ma28/n0tion

+/HH7 = Co2or Code Criteria

No Prob2em

Ca/tion

Possib2e Prob2ems

Imminent Prob2ems

armoni0 Distortion Diagnosti0 Inde9 App27ing +/HH7 Logi0

Comparisons

A2ternatie Approa0


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*1P. Ribeiro June, 2002

armoni0s

De8inition o8 armoni0s

-o/r0es o8 armoni0s

E88e0ts o8 armoni0s

Mitigation metods

Considerations on te e9tra 0osts d/e to armoni0 po22/tion

Meas/rement res/2ts

Vo2tage 82/0t/ations+2i05er

De8initions

-o/r0es o8 o2tage 82/0t/ations82i05er

E88e0ts o8 o2tage 82/0t/ations82i05erMitigation metods

Meas/rement res/2ts


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*'P. Ribeiro June, 2002

Vo2tage Dips

De8inition

-o/r0es o8 o2tage dipsE88e0ts o8 o2tage dips

Mitigation metods

Meas/rement res/2ts

Con02/sions

%nba2an0e

De8inition

-o/r0es o8 /nba2an0e

E88e0ts o8 /nba2an0e

Mitigation metods

Meas/rement res/2ts

ransient Oero2tages


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Ho- $o nterpret $hi%


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*"P. Ribeiro June, 2002

;eneration +elivery Conversion Processing

Central

Station

T8+ AC0AC

Sulies

4otion

7nviron#ental 4aintaina$ility

Availa$ility

Sa'ety

7''iciency

Relia$ility

Per'or#ance

Price

Power Quality

Power Syste# &alue Chain

Power 7lectronics Syste#s and Co#onents

S47S

3atteries

FACTS

S47S

PQ Par(s


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**P. Ribeiro June, 2002

Benefits of a Power Quality Program

Offer o'tions to customers wit PQ concerns

Attract new business to area :regional develo'ment;

+acilitate load retention of current customers

Meet canging needs of customerHs new tecnology

/iscourage co-generation or self-generation as solutions of

PQ Problems

%nance and 'ublic image - as customers old utility accountable

for bot PQ and reliability

Add value to service

(erve customersH best interests and save customers money

(u''ort utility mission


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*P. Ribeiro June, 2002

Sugge%ted $opic% *or nve%tigation

FA#$S

In02/sion o8 Energ7 -torage

opo2og7 Combination

Po-er Cualit&

E88e0ts o8 Poer >/a2it7 on Re2a7ing E;/ipment

Cost#ene8it Ana27sis o8 P>

App2i0ation o8 Adan0ed e0ni;/es


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*P. Ribeiro June, 2002

#onclu%ion%

( +/t/re s7stems 0an be e9pe0ted to operate at iger stress 2ee2s( +AC- 0o/2d proide means to 0ontro2 and a22eiate stress( Re2iabi2it7 o8 te e9isting s7stems minimiHe ris5s ?b/t not ris5=8ree@

( Intera0tion beteen +AC- dei0es needs to be st/died( E9isting Pro6e0ts = Met E9pe0tations( More Demonstrations Needed( RJD needed on aoiding se0/rit7 prob2ems ?it and o +AC-@( Energ7 storage 0an signi8i0ant27 enan0e +AC- 0ontro22ers per8orman0e


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&P. Ribeiro June, 2002

#onclu%ion%

ower supply industry is undergoing dramatic change as a result of

deregulation and political and economical maneuers. This new mar!etenironment puts demands for e2ibility and power 'uality into focus. Also&trade between companies and countries of electric power is gainingmomentum& to the bene+t of all inoled. This calls for the right solutionsas far as power transmission facilities between countries as well asbetween regions within countries are concerned.

,A)T Bene+ts included:-An increase of synchronous stability of the grid?-An increased oltage stability in the grid?-4ecreased power wheeling between di0erent power systems?-/mproed load sharing between parallel circuits?

-4ecreased oerall system transmission losses?-/mproed power 'uality in grids.

1The choice of ,A)T deice is simple and needs to be made the subject ofdetailed system studies& ta!ing all releant re'uirements and prere'uisitesof the system into consideration& so as to arrie at the optimum technicaland economical solution. /n fact& the best solution may often be lying in acombination of deices.


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,rom an economical point of iew& more power can be transmitted oere2isting or new transmission grids with unimpeded aailability at aninestment cost and time e2penditure lower& or in cases een far lowerthan it would cost to achiee the same with more e2tensie grids. Also&in many cases& money can be saed on a decrease ofpower transmission losses.

,rom an enironmental point of iew& ,A)T enables the transmission ofpower oer ast distances with less or much less right-of-way impactthan would otherwise be possible. ,urthermore& the saing intransmission losses may well bring a corresponding decrease in need forgeneration& with so much less toll on the enironment.

All these things help to enable actie& useful power to reach out ingrowing 'uantities to growing populations under safe and faorableconditions all oer the world. Also& indiidual countries own border linesno longer constitute any limit to power industry. @ith ,A)T& power tradeto the bene+t of many can be established to a growing e2tent across

borders& by ma!ing more ecient use of interconnections between

#onclu%ion%


82/84


Con02/sions

A #a2an0ed and Ca/tio/s App2i0ation

e a00eptan0e o8 te ne too2s and te0no2ogies i22 ta5e time, d/e to te

0omp/tationa2 re;/irements and ed/0ationa2 barriers.

e 82e9ibi2it7 and adaptabi2it7 o8 tese ne te0ni;/es indi0ate tat te7i22 be0ome part o8 te too2s 8or so2ing poer ;/a2it7 prob2ems in tis

in0reasing27 0omp2e9 e2e0tri0a2 enironment.

e imp2ementation and /se o8 tese adan0ed te0ni;/es needs to be

done it m/0 0are and sensitiit7. e7 so/2d not rep2a0e teengineering /nderstanding o8 te e2e0tromagneti0 nat/re o8 te prob2ems

tat need to be so2ed.


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Cue%tion% and )pen Di%cu%%ion%


84/84

Appendi

ppt on power quality improvement

Documents