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TRANSCRIPT
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The Scientific Revolution
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What is the “Scientific Revolution?”
• Increasing number of discoveries and inventions
• A shift in traditional ways of thinking about the world
• Shaped the way we do science today
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What is “Science?”What characteristics distinguish science
from what is not science?
What kinds of things would it make you think of if you heard someone say:
“What an unscientific view”
or
“That was the scientific way to approach it”?
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Medieval Science:Natural Philosophy
• Relied on speculation and theorizing rather than observation
• Dominated by common sense, myth and folklore
• Included alchemy and magic
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Case Study: The Black Death
• Data/Observations:– Nasty black lumps
were forming on people
– People were becoming sick
– People were dying– The world was falling
into disorder and chaos
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Q: What is happening? Why is this happening?
A: The witches are to blame
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Q: What is happening? Why is this happening?
A: The Jews are to blame
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Q: What is happening? Why is this happening?
A: It is the apocalypse, the world is ending
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Q: What is happening? Why is this happening?
A: We are to blame, God is punishing us
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Case Study: The Black Death
• Sources of Knowledge– Common
Sense– The Bible– Folklore– Superstition
and Magic
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Medieval Science:One with the Church
• Time of miracles and supernatural
• Nature seemed irregular and inconsistent
• Studied science to learn more about God
• Bible, not human observation, was ultimate truth
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Medieval Science: One with the Church
• Church - dominant authority on what is true and not true
• Most schools - religious institutions
• Church decided official curriculum
• Most scholars - members of clergy
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But then things changed . . .
WHY?
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Causes of the Scientific Revolution
• Recovery of ancient texts during the Renaissance
• Need to solve navigational problems in sea voyages
• Rise of non-religious universities
• Better instruments
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Scientific Method• A logical procedure
for gathering and testing ideas
• Use consistency, observation, reason and repeatability
• New way to form knowledge and authority
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Nicolaus Copernicus• Argued that the sun
was at the center of the universe, not the Earth
• Used mathematics to support this idea
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Geocentric Theory Heliocentric Theory
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Galileo Galilei• Used telescope to make
reliable observations• Confirmed Copernicus’
heliocentric theory• Wrote his theories in
Italian• Church put him on trial
before the Inquisition
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William Harvey• Discovered that blood is
recycled through the heart, rather than converted from food
• His research is the starting point of physiology - how the body functions
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Andreas Vesalius• Dissected human
bodies, not just animals
• Made detailed sketches of the dissected bodies
• His research is the starting point of modern anatomy
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Isaac Newton• Used mathematics to demonstrate
that two objects pull towards one another
• Applied this theory to argue that force keeps the planets in orbit around the sun, rather than spirits and divinities
• His research is the starting point for astronomy, engineering and physics
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What made this a “Revolution?”Inventions and discoveries were not new
to the world, they had been done by many cultures since ancient times . . .
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Impacts of the Scientific Revolution
• An international community of scholars was created
• The Scientific Method helped scientists understand the world
• Led to a shift in the way people thought about everything: The Enlightenment
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Is Science ultimately more beneficial or harmful?