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TRANSCRIPT
12/17/2012
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12/17/2012
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY IS MOST COST EFFECTIVE
SOLUTION TO REDUCE CARBON EMISSION.
Carbon Reduction
Cost
Energy Efficiency
Renewable Energy
There is No Magic Silver Bullet for
Energy Efficiency in Building
The most important lesson you need to learn today….
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Holistic Approach Required
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
B0
C1
C3
C5
C7
C9
C11
C13
C15
C17
C19
C21
C23
C25
C27
C29
C31
C33
C35
C37
C39
C41
C43
C45
C47
C49
C51
kWh
/m2
/ye
ar
Block F Simulated BEI Potential
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
B0 C1 C3 C5 C7 C9 C11 C13 C15 C17 C19 C21 C23 C25 C27 C29 C31 C33 C35 C37 C39 C41 C43 C45 C47 C49 C51
% Accumulated Energy Reduction
Results from Energy Efficiency Study for JKR Block F, Jalan Salahuddin, K.L.
The 8 Steps Approach
Energy Index
-30.0
-10.0
10.0
30.0
50.0
70.0
90.0
110.0
130.0
150.0
Fan
En
ergy
Smal
l
Po
we
r
Ligh
tin
g
Ch
iller
Ener
gy
Fan
Gai
n
Ligh
tin
g
Gai
n
Smal
l
Po
we
r G
ain
Sola
r G
ain
Ext
Co
nd
uct
ion
Gai
n
Pp
l Gai
n
Deh
um
id
Pp
l Lat
ent
Gai
n
Deh
um
id
Fre
sh A
ir
Fres
h A
ir
Gai
n
kWh
/m2/
year
worst
base
mewc
Chiller Energy Breakdown
1 2 3
4
5 6 7
8 Energy Management!
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1st Law of Thermodynamic
• Energy can be change from one form into another, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
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Question 1.
• 100 Watt fluorescent lamp.
– Conversion efficiency is 20%.
• How much heat is produced in the room by the lamp?
A. 20 watt
B. 80 watt
C. 100 watt
D. None of the above
Question 2.
• In your house, the ceiling fan consumes 100 watt electricity when it is running. – The motor have a conversion efficiency of 50%
• How much heat is produced in the room by the fan?
A. 200 watt B. 50 watt C. 100 watt D. 0 watt – because a ceiling fan cools a room, does
not heat it.
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1st Law of Thermodynamics
• Energy In = Energy Out
• Has never been proven wrong in any case or situation!
• As a reasonably logical, sane person we have to place our trust in this law.
Basic Air Properties
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Dry Bulb Temperature & Wet Bulb Temperature
Relative Humidity & Moisture Content
Air at High Temperature can store more water (moisture) than Air at Low Temperature.
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Heat
2 Types of Heat
• Sensible Heat
• Latent Heat
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Basic Heat Transfer
• Convection
• Conduction
• Evaporation
• Radiation
Thermal Comfort
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Operative Temperature
• Operative Temperature = Average of Dry Bulb Air Temperature and Mean Radiant Temperature
• Recommended
– < 25°C
Air
Temperatu
re (°C)
Mean
Radiant
Temperatur
e (°C)
Operative
Temperatu
re (°C)
22 28 25
23 27 25
24 26 25
25 25 25
26 24 25
27 23 25
28 22 25
Thermal Comfort Fanger’s Comfort Model
• Fanger’s Comfort Model (ISO 7730) – Air Temperature
– Mean Radiant Temperature
– Humidity
– Air Flow Rate
– Clothing
– Type of Work Doing
• Recm’d Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD)
• < 10%, ISO 7730
• < 20%, Ashrae 55
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Fanger’s PPD – Naturally Ventilated Space (Daytime)
• Air T = 29°C
• M Radiant T = 29°C
• Humidty = 65%
• Air Vel = 0.5 m/s
• Activity = Typing
• Clothing = Light Office Wear
• PPD = 28%
– Slightly warm
• Air T = 29°C
• M Radiant T = 29°C
• Humidty = 65%
• Air Vel = 0.35 m/s
• Activity = Typing
• Clothing = Shorts & Singlets
• PPD = 9%
– Neutral
Fanger’s PPD – Air Conditioned Space
• Air T = 24°C
• M Radiant T = 28 °C
• Humidty = 50%
• Air Vel = 0.1 m/s
• Activity = Typing
• Clothing = Light Office Wear
• PPD = 7%
– Neutral
• Air T = 27°C
• M Radiant T = 25 °C
• Humidty = 50%
• Air Vel = 0.1 m/s
• Activity = Typing
• Clothing = Light Office Wear
• PPD = 8%
– Neutral
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Thermal Comfort in Office Spaces?
Thermal Comfort
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Adaptive Thermal Comfort
End of Chapter 1
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Source of Weather Data
• Based on 21 years (1975 to 1995) of weather data from the Malaysian Meteorological Station in Subang, Klang Valley, Selangor.
• Developed in University Teknologi Malaysia (UiTM) under DANCED (Danish International Assistant) project for Energy Simulations for Buildings in Malaysia.
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Global Positioning
Locations Latitude
(°N)
Longitude
(°E)
Solar Noon
1. Kuala Lumpur
(Subang) 3.12 101.55
13:11
2. Penang 5.30 100.27 13:16
3. Johor Bharu 1.48 103.73 13:02
4. Kota Bharu 6.17 102.28 13:08
5. Kuching 1.48 110.33 12:36
6. Kota Kinabalu 5.93 116.05 12:13
SunPath
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20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
12
:00
:00
AM
3:0
0:0
0 A
M
6:0
0:0
0 A
M
9:0
0:0
0 A
M
12
:00
:00
PM
3:0
0:0
0 P
M
6:0
0:0
0 P
M
9:0
0:0
0 P
M
12
:00
:00
AM
De
gre
e C
elc
ius
Dry Bulb Temperature Average Minimum Maximum
Natural Ventilation Potential.
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
12:0
0:0
0 A
M
3:00
:00
AM
6:00
:00
AM
9:00
:00
AM
12:0
0:0
0 P
M
3:00
:00
PM
6:00
:00
PM
9:00
:00
PM
12:0
0:0
0 A
M
Deg
ree
Cel
ciu
s
Wet BulbTemperature Average Minimum Maximum
Evaporative Cooling Potential.
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12
14
16
18
20
22
24 1
2:0
0:0
0 A
M
3:0
0:0
0 A
M
6:0
0:0
0 A
M
9:0
0:0
0 A
M
12
:00
:00
PM
3:0
0:0
0 P
M
6:0
0:0
0 P
M
9:0
0:0
0 P
M
12
:00
:00
AM
g/k
g Moisture Content
Average Minimum Maximum
Condensate Water Recovery Potential.
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
100 105
12
:00
:00
AM
3:0
0:0
0 A
M
6:0
0:0
0 A
M
9:0
0:0
0 A
M
12:0
0:0
0 P
M
3:00
:00
PM
6:00
:00
PM
9:00
:00
PM
12
:00
:00
AM
pe
rce
nta
ge (
%)
Relative Humidity Average Minimum Maximum
Indicates how well evaporative cooling will work.
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17
19
21
23
25
27
29
12
:00
:00
AM
3:0
0:0
0 A
M
6:0
0:0
0 A
M
9:0
0:0
0 A
M
12
:00
:00
PM
3:0
0:0
0 P
M
6:0
0:0
0 P
M
9:0
0:0
0 P
M
12
:00
:00
AM
Deg
ree
Cel
ciu
s
Dew Point Temperature Average Minimum Maximum
Condensation Potential.
0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.5% 1.9%
7.0%
22.7%
41.0%
22.5%
4.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
% o
f H
ou
rs in
a Y
ear
Dew Point Temperature (degree Celcius)
Dew Point Temperature
Condensation Potential.
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Solar Radiation
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
12
:00
:00
AM
3:00
:00
AM
6:00
:00
AM
9:00
:00
AM
12:
00:0
0 P
M
3:0
0:00
PM
6:0
0:00
PM
9:0
0:00
PM
12
:00
:00
AM
wat
t/m
2
Global Horizontal Radiation Average Minimum Maximum
Varies a lot day to day.
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700 12
:00:
00 A
M
3:00
:00
AM
6:00
:00
AM
9:00
:00
AM
12:0
0:00
PM
3:00
:00
PM
6:00
:00
PM
9:00
:00
PM
12:0
0:00
AM
wat
t/m
2
Average Daily Radiation Global Direct Diffuse
More direct radiation in the morning. More diffuse radiation in the afternoon. Indicates the effectiveness of solar shading devices.
Cloud Cover
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
12:0
0:0
0 A
M
3:00
:00
AM
6:00
:00
AM
9:00
:00
AM
12:0
0:0
0 P
M
3:00
:00
PM
6:00
:00
PM
9:00
:00
PM
12:0
0:0
0 A
M
Okt
as
Cloud Cover
Average Minimum Maximum
Very Cloudy Skies. Cloudy Skies are brighter than Clear Blue Skies. Potential for daylight harvesting from cloud diffused light is very high.
Night Sky
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5
10
15
20
25
30 12
:00:
00 A
M
3:00
:00
AM
6:00
:00
AM
9:00
:00
AM
12:0
0:00
PM
3:00
:00
PM
6:00
:00
PM
9:00
:00
PM
12:0
0:00
AM
De
gre
e C
elc
ius
Effective Sky Temperature Average Minimum Maximum
Colder effective sky temperature allowed it to absorb heat from objects on the ground.
Ground Temperature
• Computed from the TRY using Kasuda’s equation at 1 meter depth Kasuda, T., and Archenbach, P.R. 1965.
• Constant 26.9°C
• In Open system:
– High moisture risk
26.9 °C
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
12
:00
:00
AM
3:0
0:0
0 A
M
6:0
0:0
0 A
M
9:0
0:0
0 A
M
12
:00
:00
PM
3:0
0:0
0 P
M
6:0
0:0
0 P
M
9:0
0:0
0 P
M
12
:00
:00
AM
met
er/
seco
nd
Wind Speed
Average Minimum Maximum
Wind is blowing when the air temperature is hot.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
North
North-East
East
South-East
South
South-West
West
North-West
Hours of Wind Direction in TRY
All Temperature < 29 deg
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Air Temperature < 29°C
Air Temperature < 29°C
12/17/2012
25
End of Chapter 2
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26
Most Efficient Building Form?
Methodology
Not as straight forward as it seems
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Building Model
No Descriptions Floor Area Units Ventilation Concept
1 Office Floor Area 1650 m2/floor AC
2
Lift
Lobby/Walkway 170 m2/floor AC
3 3 no AHU rooms 100 m2/floor AC
4 4 no lift shafts 165 m2/floor NV
5 Pantry 22 m2/floor
NV if located with external
façade. AC otherwise.
6 2 fire staircases 72 m2/floor NV
7 Toilets 80 m2/floor
NV if located with external
façade. 10 ach otherwise. Total Area per
Floor 2259 m2/floor
No of Floors 17 floors
Total Building GFA
38,403 m2
Daylight Harvesting Assumed
• For all spaces that can benefit from daylight:
– Part or all the electrical lights will be switched off when daylight is available.
– Offices: daylight up to 4 meter depth from façade
– Toilet, Pantry: 50% space daylight.
– Staircase: 100% space daylight.
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Internal Toilet requires Mechanical Ventilation
• Toilet located away from building façade requires a mechanical ventilation system to provide 10 air-changes per hour.
0.0%
1.1% 1.4% 1.6% 1.6%
2.2% 2.4%
3.1% 3.5% 3.5% 3.6% 3.8%
4.2%
4.8% 4.8% 4.9%
6.6% 6.7%
7.2%
-1.0%
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
208.0
210.0
212.0
214.0
216.0
218.0
220.0
222.0
224.0
226.0
C4 C6 C3 C5 C7 C11 C13 C18 C12 C15 C16 C0 C17 C9 C10 C14 C1 C8 C2
%
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
B
E
I
Building Form, Core Location and Orientation
BEI (kWh/m2/year) % Increase
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
C0 C1 C2 C7 C9 C10 C8 C4 C6 C3 C5 C11 C13 C18 C12 C15 C16 C17 C14
% R
edu
ctio
n
Rat
io B
EI/V
iew
Ou
t (d
egre
e)
Ratio of BEI/View Out
Ratio of BEI/View Out % Increase
End of Chapter 3
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Daylight space when done right is much nicer environment than electrical light space.
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Daylight is Cool & Free
15 18
70 80 90 100 130 140
160
200
280
-20
30
80
130
180
230
280
Effi
cacy
lm/W
att
Luminous Efficacy
HPS & LPS = Conventional Street Lights Today
Useful Daylight
• Dr. John Mardaljevic recommended Useful Daylight as
– 100 lux to 2,000 lux
• Direct Sunlight
– > 100,000 lux
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Daylight Factor
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Daylight Availability, 300 lux
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Daylight Factor (%)
% of Hours > 300 lux Level (Diffuse Light Only)
8-18 hours
9-17 hours
Daylight Availability, 2000 lux
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
4 5 6 7 8 9
Daylight Factor (%)
% of Hours > 2,000 lux Level (Diffuse Light Only)
8-18 hours
9-17 hours
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Key Principles of Daylight Harvesting
1. Solar Heat Gain Minimization
2. Glare Prevention
3. Deep Penetration Of Daylight
4. Uniform Daylight Distribution
5. Electrical Light Response To Daylight Harvested
6. Interior Design Colour
SOLAR HEAT GAIN MINIMISATION
• Rule 1 – Avoid Direct Sunlight
– Too much light, too much heat
• Rule 2 – Make use of
– Glazing Technologies,
– External Blinds, and
– Internal Blinds.
– Chapter 5 & 6.
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Glare Prevention
• Maximum 10% view of the sky.
• 0% of Direct Sunlight.
No Glare!
Deep Penetration of Daylight
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Uniform Daylight Distribution
Descriptions Max. Brightness Contrast Ratio
Between task and adjacent surroundings
3
Daylight Responsive Lighting
Lighting Control • Automatic off (light sensor and/or occupancy sensor)
• Manual on (people press the wall switch)
• Use task light (table lamp)
Lighting Zone 1 Lighting Zone 2
Task light (example)
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Electrical Lights & Daylight
Interior Design
Dark Coloured Interior absorb daylight.
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Design Tools
• Manuals Tables and Charts
– BRE Daylight Factor Protractors
• Computer Simulation
– Dialux, Relux, etc.
– Radiance
Classic Daylight Harvesting
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Malaysia Green Technology Center, Bangi, Kuala Lumpur
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), in Golden, Colorado
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Right Sizing Windows Area on Facade
• Provide glazing area adequate for uniform daylight harvesting.
– More glazing area will provide more heat gain than energy saved through daylight harvesting.
Façade Daylight Harvesting
No Glare!
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Daylight Factor of 1% with Horizontal Blinds
Full Height Window
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No Glare!
~ 0.6 m
< 1 m
No Glare!
~ 1.5 m
Daylight Factor with and without Furniture
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Roof lights Skylight. Not suitable for office space. Acceptable for public space.
Saw Tooth Roof Light. Diffuse light only. Acceptable for office space. Acceptable for public space.
Roof Monitor. Diffuse light only. Acceptable for office space. Acceptable for public space.
Recommended Daylight Factor
• Atrium Space. 1% to 6%.
– 1% is equivalent brightness to an office space.
– 6%, where 50% of the daytime hours, the lux level is above 2,000 from diffuse daylight.
– 4% where 0% of the hours, the lux level is above 2,000 from diffuse daylight.
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Skylight Design
Low-Rise Atrium: 2 Story height (8 m)
• Large Roof (16m x 16m):
– 5% skylight = 4% DF ave.
– 10% skylight > 10%. DF ave.
• Small Roof (8m x 8m):
– 5% skylight = 2% DF ave.
– 20% skylight = 6% DF ave.
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Medium-Rise Atrium: 5 floors (20 m)
• Large Roof (16m x 16m):
– 5% skylight = 1% DF ave.
– 20% skylight = 3.5% DF ave.
• Small Roof (8m x 8m):
– 20% skylight = < 1% DF.
High-Rise Atrium: 10 floors (40m)
• Large Roof (16m x 16m)
– 40% Skylight = 1% DF ave.
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End of Chapter 4
Chapter 5 Glazing Properties
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Solar Spectrum
UV
Glazing Terminologies
• Visible Light Transmission (VLT)
• Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) or g-value
• Light to Solar Gain Ratio (LSG)
• U-value (W/m²K)
• Low-Emissivity
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Visible Light Transmission (VLT)
• % of Light Transmitted Through Glazing
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
• Total amount of solar heat that passes through the glazing.
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Light to Solar Gain Ratio (LSG)
• Light to Solar Gain Ratio
– Higher Value = More Light, Less Heat
– Lower Value = Less Light, More Heat
U-value (W/m²K)
• A measure of conduction heat gain through the glazing unit.
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Low-Emissivity (Low-E)
• Low Radiation Heat Transfer
3 Types of Low-E
• High solar gain Low-E
• Low solar gain Low-E (Solar IR absorbing)
• Low solar gain Low-E (Solar IR reflecting)
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Single Glazing Low-E
• Hard-Coat metallic oxides.
• Acceptable to be exposed to internal space.
Double Glazing Low-E
• Soft-Coat metallic oxides
• Requires protection.
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Glazing Selection for Tropical Climate
1. Choose the VLT requirement for your building.
2. Set the LSG values
• Tinted: 0.5 ~ 0.85
• Low-E Single Glazing: 1.05 ~ 1.25
• Low-E Double Glazing: 1.10 ~ 2.05
Financial Estimates – Reducing Window Areas
Orientation North South East West
Energy Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area
Reduction (kWh/m2 of glazing area reduced) 88.60 81.07 136.11 101.62
*RM Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area
Reduction (RM/m2 of glazing area reduced) 31.01 28.38 47.64 35.57
**Peak Cooling Load Reduction Per Glazing Area
Reduction (W/m2 of glazing area reduced) 214.50 132.74 344.70 266.02
Table 5.6.1.1: Energy and Peak Load Impact of Reducing Glazing Area
*A simplified energy tariff of RM 0.35 per kWh is used. ** Only applicable for buildings with glazing area distributed evenly on all orientation.
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Example Calculation
• Base Design, East Façade, Glazing Area: 2,000 m² • Revised Design, East Façade, Glazing Area: 1,700 m²
Calculations: • East Façade Glazing Area Reduction: 2,000 m² - 1,700 m² =
300 m² • From Table 5.6.1.1, East Façade: Energy Reduction: 136.11
kWh/m² of glazing reduction. • Energy Saved per year due to Reduction of Glazing Area on
the East Façade: 300 m² x 136.11 kWh/m² = 40,833 kWh/year,
• Saving of RM 14,291.55 per year.
Financial Estimates – Reducing SHGC
Orientation North South East West
Energy Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area Per
SHGC Reduction (kWh/m2.shgc of glazing area) 115.54 100.69 150.14 130.56
*RM Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area
Reduction Per SHGC Reduction (RM/m2.shgc of
glazing area reduced)
40.44 35.24 52.55 45.70
**Peak Cooling Load Reduction Per Glazing Area Per
SHGC Reduction (W/m2.shgc of glazing area ) 267.86 144.14 310.24 355.82
Table 5.6.2.2: Energy and Peak Load Impact of Reducing SHGC
*A simplified energy tariff of RM 0.35 per kWh is used. ** Only applicable for buildings with glazing area distributed evenly on all orientation.
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Example Calculation
• Base Design, East Façade, – Glazing Area: 1,200 m², – SHGC: 0.75
• Revised Design, East Façade, – Glazing Area: 1,200 m² – SHGC: 0.42
Calculations: • East Façade Glazing SHGC Reduction: 0.75 – 0.42 = 0.33 • Energy Reduction Table 5.6.2.2 : 150.14 kWh/m².shgc • Energy Reduction per Year: 150.14 kWh/m².shgc x 0.33 x 1,200 m² =
59,455 kWh/year • Providing a saving of RM 20,809.40/year • Total Additional Cost (RM): RM 50/m² x 1,200 m² = RM 60,000 • Simple Payback = RM 60,000 / RM 20,809.40 = 2.9 years.
Financial Estimates – Reducing U-Value
Orientation Average of All Orientation
Energy Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area Per U-value
Reduction (kWh/m2.u-value reduction) 4.24
*RM Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area Reduction Per
SHGC Reduction (RM/m2.u-value reduction) 1.48
**Peak Cooling Load Reduction Per Glazing Area Per U-
value Reduction (W/m2.u-value reduction) 13.93
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55
Financial Estimate – Using OTTV
Where,
ER is the energy reduction per year (kWh/year)
OTTV1 is the computed OTTV based on option 1 (W/m²)
OTTV2 is the computed OTTV based on option 2 (W/m²)
Aw is the area of walls (inclusive of glazing areas) (m²)
Hac is the Hours of air-conditioning per year (approximately 2700 hours)
SCOP is the Air-Conditioning System Coefficient of Performance
Recommendation: 2.8 for Split Unit AC, 4.0 for Central Plant or
Check with your HVAC engineer.
End of Chapter 5
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56
External and Internal Shadings
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57
Solar Heat Reduction
Cases Descriptions
SHGC
ext
shades
SHGC
glazing
SHGC
int
shades
Computed
SHGC total
% SHGC
reduction
1 Poorly designed façade 1.00 0.87 1.00 0.87 0%
2 Only 1 item done well 1.00 0.30 1.00 0.30 66%
3 Only 1 item done well 1.00 0.87 0.30 0.26 70%
4 Two (2) items done
moderately well 0.70 0.50 1.00 0.35 60%
5 All 3 items done moderately
well 0.70 0.50 0.70 0.25 72%
6 All 3 items done well 0.50 0.30 0.50 0.08 91%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80
kWh/m2 Savings
R1 Ratio
Horizontal Shades
H.North H.South H.East H.West
HP
Z
Horizontal Shading
(Section View)
Where,
HP = Horizontal Projection (m)
Z = Window Height (m)
12/17/2012
58
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80
kWh/m2 Savings
R2 Ratio
Vertical Shades
V.North V.South V.East V.West
Where,
VP = Vertical Projection (m)
L = Window Width (m)
Glazing & Internal Blinds
White Blind Black Blind
Which one Reduces Air-Conditioning Load for the Building?
12/17/2012
59
Science of Internal Blinds
SHCG internal blind
• Glazing Dependent
Ashrea ID Descriptions VLT SHGC
glazing
White
Opaque
Dark
Opaque
Reflective
White
Translucent
SHGC
Reflective
White
Translucent +
Glazing
1b Clear 88% 0.81 0.35 0.65 0.25 0.20
1d Bronze 54% 0.62 0.47 0.69 0.39 0.24
1f Green 76% 0.6 0.48 0.7 0.4 0.24
1h Grey 46% 0.59 0.49 0.7 0.41 0.24
12/17/2012
60
Solar Protection Blinds Works! But be aware that SGHC is always provided for Clear Glazing!
Financial Estimation
Preferen
ce
Orientation Energy Reduction (per year)
Per Glazing Area Per SHGC
Reduction (kWh/m2.shgc of
glazing area)
% Improvement
Compared to South
Orientation
1 East 150.14 49.1%
2 West 130.56 29.7%
3 North 115.54 14.7%
4 South 100.69 0.0%
12/17/2012
61
End of Chapter 6
12/17/2012
62
Table 7.2.1.1
Descriptions
Ashrae U-
value
(W/m²K)
Wall Simplified Energy Index
(kWh/year of m² of wall area)
Cases High Base
Load
Mid Base
Load
Low Base
Load
1 Steel Sheet, 10mm 6.68 76.978 55.477 52.770
2 Concrete Wall, 100mm 3.40 54.604 32.182 28.282
3 Brick Wall, 115mm 2.82 52.259 29.542 25.415
4 Brick Wall, 220mm 2.16 49.938 27.171 22.194
5 Double Brick Wall with 50mm cavity,
300mm 1.42 47.784 24.659 19.601
6 Autoclave Lightweight Concrete,
100mm 1.25 46.788 23.614 18.274
7 Autoclave Lightweight Concrete,
150mm 0.94 45.253 21.874 16.679
8 Autoclave Lightweight Concrete,
200mm 0.75 44.488 21.590 15.754
9 Steel/Aluminum Composite Wall with
75mm Insulation 0.38 44.487 20.920 15.159
Annual Energy Reduction
Financial Estimates
Building Wall Area: 15,000 m². Base Wall: 100mm Concreted Wall; U-value of 3.4 W/m²K Proposed Wall: 150mm ALC; U-value of 0.94 W/m²K Calculations: Assumption: High base load, Table 7.2.1.1 100mm Concreted Wall: 54.604 kWh/year/m² of wall area 150mm ALC: 45.253 kWh/year/m² of wall area Energy reduction per wall area: 54.604 – 45.253 = 9.351 kWh/year/m² Energy Saved = 9.351 x 15,000 = 140,265 kWh/year saved. Assuming Energy Tariff of RM 0.35 per kWh: Energy Saved Per Year = 140,265 kWh/year x 0.35 RM/kWh = RM 49,093 /year saved.
12/17/2012
63
Financial Estimates
Building Wall Area: 15,000 m². Base Wall: 100mm Concreted Wall; U-value of 3.4 W/m²K Proposed Wall: 150mm ALC; U-value of 0.94 W/m²K Calculations: Assumption: Medium base load, Table 7.2.1.1 100mm Concreted Wall: 32.182 kWh/year/m² of wall area 150mm ALC: 21.874 kWh/year/m² of wall area Energy reduction per wall area: 32.182 – 21.874 = 10.308 kWh/year/m² Energy Saved = 10.308 x 15,000 = 154,620 kWh/year saved. Assuming Energy Tariff of RM 0.35 per kWh: Energy Saved Per Year = 154,620 kWh/year x 0.35 RM/kWh = RM 54,117/year saved.
Financial Estimates
Building Wall Area: 15,000 m². Base Wall: 100mm Concreted Wall; U-value of 3.4 W/m²K Proposed Wall: 150mm ALC; U-value of 0.94 W/m²K Calculations: Assumption: Low base load, Table 7.2.1.1 100mm Concreted Wall: 28.282 kWh/year/m² of wall area 150mm ALC: 16.679 kWh/year/m² of wall area Energy reduction per wall area: 28.282 – 16.679 = 11.603 kWh/year/m² Energy Saved = 10.308 x 15,000 = 174,045 kWh/year saved. Assuming Energy Tariff of RM 0.35 per kWh: Energy Saved Per Year = 174,045 kWh/year x 0.35 RM/kWh = RM 60,916/year saved.
12/17/2012
64
Peak Cooling Load Reduction
Table 7.2.1.2
Descriptions
Peak Cooling Load Index
Cases
kWcooling/m² wall
ton/m²
wall
1 Steel Sheet, 10mm 1.673 0.4758
2 Concrete Wall, 100mm 1.607 0.4570
3 Brick Wall, 115mm 1.604 0.4561
4 Brick Wall, 220mm 1.600 0.4550
5 Double Brick Wall with 50mm cavity, 300mm
1.590 0.4522
6 Autoclave Lightweight Concrete, 100mm 1.583 0.4501
7 Autoclave Lightweight Concrete, 150mm 1.579 0.4492
8 Autoclave Lightweight Concrete, 200mm 1.578 0.4488
9 Steel/Aluminum Composite Wall with 75mm
Insulation 1.572 0.4472
Financial Estimates
Building Wall Area: 15,000 m². Base Wall: 100mm Concreted Wall; U-value of 3.4 W/m²K Proposed Wall: 150mm ALC; U-value of 0.94 W/m²K Calculations: Assumption: Low base load, Table 7.2.1.2 100mm Concreted Wall: 0.4570 ton/m² of wall area 150mm ALC: 0.4492 ton/m² of wall area Peak Load reduction per wall area: 0.4570 – 0.4492 = 0.0078 ton/m² Peak Load Saved = 0.0078 x 15,000 = 117 ton. Assuming AC cost of RM 3,000 per ton: Energy Saved Per Year = 117 ton x 3,000 RM/ton = RM 351,000 /year saved.
12/17/2012
65
End of Chapter 7
12/17/2012
66
Flat Roof Insulation
AC Hours 8am to 5:30 pm
Cases Flat Roof Descriptions
Building
Energy
kWh/m² of
roof area
per year
kWh/m²
reduction
per year
RM/m²
reduction
per year
Budget for
Insulation with
15 years
Payback (RM/m²
of roof area)
1 Base Flat Roof 135.06 -
2 Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation 124.19 10.86 3.80 57.04
3 Flat Roof with 50mm Insulation 122.95 12.11 4.24 63.58
4 Flat Roof with 75mm Insulation 122.42 12.64 4.42 66.36
5 Flat Roof with 100mm
Insulation 122.12 12.94 4.53 67.92
6 Flat Roof with 200mm
Insulation 121.63 13.43 4.70 70.49
7 Flat Roof with 300mm
Insulation 121.63 13.42 4.70 70.47
8 Flat Roof with 400mm
Insulation 121.42 13.63 4.77 71.58
9 Flat Roof with 500mm
Insulation 121.39 13.66 4.78 71.74
12/17/2012
67
AC Hours 24 Hours Daily
Cases Flat Roof Descriptions
Building
Energy
kWh/m² of
roof area
per year
kWh/m²
reduction
per year
RM/m²
reduction
per year
Budget for
Insulation with
15 years
Payback (RM/m²
of roof area)
1 Base Flat Roof 552.08 -
2 Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation 522.65 29.43 10.30 154.50
3 Flat Roof with 50mm Insulation 518.42 33.66 11.78 176.71
4 Flat Roof with 75mm Insulation 516.72 35.36 12.38 185.66
5 Flat Roof with 100mm
Insulation 515.79 36.29 12.70 190.51
6 Flat Roof with 200mm
Insulation 514.31 37.77 13.22 198.29
7 Flat Roof with 300mm
Insulation 513.79 38.29 13.40 201.03
8 Flat Roof with 400mm
Insulation 513.52 38.56 13.50 202.43
9 Flat Roof with 500mm
Insulation 513.36 38.72 13.55 203.28
AC Hours 2pm to 10pm Daily
Cases Flat Roof Descriptions
Building
Energy
kWh/m² of
roof area
per year
kWh/m²
reduction
per year
RM/m²
reduction
per year
Budget for
Insulation with
15 years
Payback (RM/m²
of roof area)
1 Base Flat Roof 181.22 -
2 Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation 158.32 22.91 8.02 120.26
3 Flat Roof with 50mm Insulation 155.67 25.55 8.94 134.13
4 Flat Roof with 75mm Insulation 154.63 26.60 9.31 139.64
5 Flat Roof with 100mm
Insulation 154.06 27.17 9.51 142.62
6 Flat Roof with 200mm
Insulation 153.11 28.12 9.84 147.61
7 Flat Roof with 300mm
Insulation 152.66 28.56 10.00 149.95
8 Flat Roof with 400mm
Insulation 152.58 28.64 10.03 150.38
9 Flat Roof with 500mm
Insulation 152.51 28.71 10.05 150.73
12/17/2012
68
AC Hours 10pm to 6am Daily
Cases Flat Roof Descriptions
Building
Energy
kWh/m² of
roof area
per year
kWh/m²
reduction
per year
RM/m²
reduction
per year
Budget for
Insulation with
15 years
Payback (RM/m²
of roof area)
1 Base Flat Roof 152.03 -
2 Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation 148.23 3.81 1.33 19.99
3 Flat Roof with 50mm Insulation 146.76 5.28 1.85 27.71
4 Flat Roof with 75mm Insulation 146.13 5.90 2.07 30.98
5 Flat Roof with 100mm
Insulation 145.79 6.24 2.18 32.77
6 Flat Roof with 200mm
Insulation 145.25 6.79 2.38 35.63
7 Flat Roof with 300mm
Insulation 144.76 7.28 2.55 38.20
8 Flat Roof with 400mm
Insulation 144.89 7.15 2.50 37.52
9 Flat Roof with 500mm
Insulation 144.79 7.25 2.54 38.04
Pitch Roof Insulation with Plasterboard Ceiling
12/17/2012
69
AC Hours 8am to 5:30 pm
Cases
Pitch Roof with Plasterboard
Ceiling Descriptions
Building
Energy
kWh/m² of
roof area
per year
kWh/m²
reduction
per year
RM/m²
reduction
per year
Budget for
Insulation with
15 years
Payback (RM/m²
of roof area)
1 Base Pitch Roof 137.40 -
2 Pitch Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation 134.55 2.85 1.00 14.97
3 Pitch Flat Roof with 50mm Insulation 133.85 3.55 1.24 18.64
4 Pitch Flat Roof with 75mm Insulation 133.55 3.85 1.35 20.24
5 Pitch Flat Roof with 100mm Insulation 133.37 4.03 1.41 21.14
6 Pitch Flat Roof with 200mm Insulation 133.09 4.31 1.51 22.64
7 Pitch Flat Roof with 300mm Insulation 132.99 4.41 1.54 23.17
8 Pitch Flat Roof with 400mm Insulation 132.94 4.47 1.56 23.45
9 Pitch Flat Roof with 500mm Insulation 132.90 4.50 1.58 23.63
AC Hours 24 Hours Daily
Cases
Pitch Roof with Plasterboard
Ceiling Descriptions
Building
Energy
kWh/m² of
roof area
per year
kWh/m²
reduction
per year
RM/m²
reduction
per year
Budget for
Insulation with
15 years
Payback (RM/m²
of roof area)
1 Base Pitch Roof 520.70 -
2 Pitch Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation 509.89 10.80 3.78 56.73
3 Pitch Flat Roof with 50mm Insulation 507.24 13.46 4.71 70.64
4 Pitch Flat Roof with 75mm Insulation 506.09 14.61 5.11 76.69
5 Pitch Flat Roof with 100mm Insulation 505.44 15.26 5.34 80.11
6 Pitch Flat Roof with 200mm Insulation 504.36 16.34 5.72 85.80
7 Pitch Flat Roof with 300mm Insulation 503.97 16.72 5.85 87.80
8 Pitch Flat Roof with 400mm Insulation 503.77 16.92 5.92 88.86
9 Pitch Flat Roof with 500mm Insulation 503.64 17.06 5.97 89.55
12/17/2012
70
AC Hours 2pm to 10pm Daily
Cases
Pitch Roof with Plasterboard
Ceiling Descriptions
Building
Energy
kWh/m² of
roof area
per year
kWh/m²
reduction
per year
RM/m²
reduction
per year
Budget for
Insulation with
15 years
Payback (RM/m²
of roof area)
1 Base Pitch Roof 160.23 -
2 Pitch Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation 153.75 6.48 2.27 34.03
3 Pitch Flat Roof with 50mm Insulation 152.39 7.84 2.74 41.16
4 Pitch Flat Roof with 75mm Insulation 151.58 8.65 3.03 45.42
5 Pitch Flat Roof with 100mm Insulation 151.13 9.10 3.19 47.78
6 Pitch Flat Roof with 200mm Insulation 150.38 9.86 3.45 51.75
7 Pitch Flat Roof with 300mm Insulation 149.97 10.26 3.59 53.88
8 Pitch Flat Roof with 400mm Insulation 149.65 10.58 3.70 55.55
9 Pitch Flat Roof with 500mm Insulation 149.45 10.78 3.77 56.59
AC Hours 10pm to 6am Daily
Cases
Pitch Roof with Plasterboard
Ceiling Descriptions
Building
Energy
kWh/m² of
roof area
per year
kWh/m²
reduction
per year
RM/m²
reduction
per year
Budget for
Insulation with
15 years
Payback (RM/m²
of roof area)
1 Base Pitch Roof 136.03 -
2 Pitch Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation 138.25 (2.22) (0.78) (11.66)
3 Pitch Flat Roof with 50mm Insulation 138.97 (2.95) (1.03) (15.48)
4 Pitch Flat Roof with 75mm Insulation 139.19 (3.16) (1.11) (16.61)
5 Pitch Flat Roof with 100mm Insulation 139.32 (3.30) (1.15) (17.32)
6 Pitch Flat Roof with 200mm Insulation 139.65 (3.63) (1.27) (19.04)
7 Pitch Flat Roof with 300mm Insulation 139.88 (3.85) (1.35) (20.22)
8 Pitch Flat Roof with 400mm Insulation 139.98 (3.95) (1.38) (20.75)
9 Pitch Flat Roof with 500mm Insulation 139.96 (3.94) (1.38) (20.67)
12/17/2012
71
Pitch Roof Insulation with Concrete Ceiling
AC Hours 8am to 5:30 pm
Cases
Pitch Roof with Concrete
Ceiling Descriptions
Building
Energy
kWh/m² of
roof area
per year
kWh/m²
reduction
per year
RM/m²
reduction
per year
Budget for
Insulation with
15 years
Payback (RM/m²
of roof area)
1 Base Pitch Roof with concrete slab 124.54 -
2 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
25mm Insulation 121.07 3.47 1.21 18.21
3 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
50mm Insulation 120.19 4.35 1.52 22.83
4 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
75mm Insulation 119.90 4.64 1.62 24.37
5 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
100mm Insulation 119.73 4.81 1.68 25.26
6 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
200mm Insulation 119.44 5.10 1.78 26.77
7 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
300mm Insulation 119.36 5.18 1.81 27.22
8 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
400mm Insulation 119.34 5.21 1.82 27.33
9 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
500mm Insulation 119.33 5.21 1.82 27.37
12/17/2012
72
AC Hours 24 Hours Daily
Cases
Pitch Roof with Concrete
Ceiling Descriptions
Building
Energy
kWh/m² of
roof area
per year
kWh/m²
reduction
per year
RM/m²
reduction
per year
Budget for
Insulation with
15 years
Payback (RM/m²
of roof area)
1 Base Pitch Roof with concrete slab 521.48 -
2 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
25mm Insulation 510.12 11.36 3.98 59.66
3 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
50mm Insulation 507.40 14.08 4.93 73.91
4 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab
&75mm Insulation 506.22 15.26 5.34 80.12
5 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab
&100mm Insulation 505.55 15.93 5.58 83.64
6 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
200mm Insulation 504.43 17.05 5.97 89.52
7 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab
&300mm Insulation 504.02 17.46 6.11 91.64
8 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
400mm Insulation 503.81 17.67 6.18 92.76
9 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
500mm Insulation 503.67 17.80 6.23 93.48
AC Hours 2pm to 10pm Daily
Cases
Pitch Roof with Concrete
Ceiling Descriptions
Building
Energy
kWh/m² of
roof area
per year
kWh/m²
reduction
per year
RM/m²
reduction
per year
Budget for
Insulation with
15 years
Payback (RM/m²
of roof area)
1 Base Pitch Roof with concrete slab 163.26 -
2 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
25mm Insulation 154.84 8.42 2.95 44.21
3 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
50mm Insulation 152.97 10.30 3.60 54.06
4 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab
&75mm Insulation 152.21 11.06 3.87 58.05
5 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab
&100mm Insulation 151.78 11.49 4.02 60.30
6 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
200mm Insulation 151.03 12.23 4.28 64.22
7 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab
&300mm Insulation 150.72 12.54 4.39 65.83
8 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
400mm Insulation 150.58 12.69 4.44 66.60
9 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
500mm Insulation 150.52 12.75 4.46 66.93
12/17/2012
73
AC Hours 10pm to 6am Daily
Cases
Pitch Roof with Concrete
Ceiling Descriptions
Building
Energy
kWh/m² of
roof area
per year
kWh/m²
reduction
per year
RM/m²
reduction
per year
Budget for
Insulation with
15 years
Payback (RM/m²
of roof area)
1 Base Pitch Roof with concrete slab 147.33 -
2 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
25mm Insulation 144.98 2.35 0.82 12.34
3 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
50mm Insulation 144.32 3.01 1.05 15.80
4 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab
&75mm Insulation 143.94 3.39 1.19 17.81
5 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab
&100mm Insulation 143.72 3.61 1.26 18.95
6 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
200mm Insulation 143.37 3.97 1.39 20.82
7 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab
&300mm Insulation 143.23 4.10 1.44 21.53
8 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
400mm Insulation 143.12 4.21 1.47 22.09
9 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &
500mm Insulation 143.03 4.30 1.50 22.57
Summary – AC Hours: Office
12/17/2012
74
Summary – AC 24 Hours Daily
Summary – AC 2pm to 10pm Daily
12/17/2012
75
Summary – AC 10pm to 6am Daily
End of Chapter 8
12/17/2012
76
Atrium Model Tested
12/17/2012
77
Base Case
• Air-Conditioned Ground Floor
• Permanently Closed Atrium Space.
AC Ground Floor
Mon Tue Wed Thu
38363432302826242220
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (base_closedacbtm_door.aps)
Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt)
Energy = Base Comfort Hours = 100%
Case 1
• Naturally Ventilated Ground Floor.
• Permanently Open Top and Bottom.
Energy reduced 1.0% Comfort Hours: 48%
Mon Tue Wed Thu
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c1_opentopbtm.aps)
Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt)
12/17/2012
78
Case 2
• Naturally Ventilated Ground Floor.
• Permanently Closed Top and Bottom.
Mon Tue Wed Thu
38363432302826242220
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c2_closedtopbtm.aps)
Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt)
Energy reduced 2.3% Comfort Hours: 38%
Case 3
• Naturally Ventilated Ground Floor.
• Permanently Closed at Bottom.
• Permanently Open at Top.
Mon Tue Wed Thu
38363432302826242220
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c3_closebtm_opentop.aps)
Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt)
Energy reduced 2.3% Comfort Hours: 40%
12/17/2012
79
Case 4
• Naturally Ventilated Ground Floor.
• Temperature Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and Top.
Mon Tue Wed Thu
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c4_autobtmtop.aps)
Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt)
Temp
Temp
Energy reduced 3.3% Comfort Hours: 66%
Case 5
• Naturally Ventilated Ground Floor.
• Time Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and Top. (7am to 4pm)
Mon Tue Wed Thu
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c5_timebtmtop.aps)
Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt)
Time
Time
Energy reduced 3.0% Comfort Hours: 64%
12/17/2012
80
Case 6
• Naturally Ventilated Ground Floor.
• Time Controlled Ventilation at Bottom
• Permanently Open Top
Mon Tue Wed Thu
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c6_timebtm_opentop.aps)
Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt)
Time
Energy reduced 3.0% Comfort Hours: 64%
Case 7
• Naturally Ventilated Ground Floor.
• Temperature Controlled Ventilation at Bottom
• Permanently Open Top
Mon Tue Wed Thu
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c7_autobtm_opentop.aps)
Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt)
Temp
Energy reduced 3.3% Comfort Hours: 66%
12/17/2012
81
Case 8
• Air-Conditioned Ground Floor.
• Atrium Permanently Open at the Top.
• Atrium Permanently Closed at the Bottom.
AC Ground Floor
Mon Tue Wed Thu
38363432302826242220
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c8_ac_opentop.aps)
Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt)
Energy increased 0.9% Comfort Hours: 100% Higher Infiltration when doors open at Ground Level
Case 9
• Air-Conditioned Ground Floor.
• Atrium Temperature Controlled at the Top.
• Permanently Closed at the Bottom.
Mon Tue Wed Thu
38363432302826242220
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c9_ac_autotop.aps)
Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt)
AC Ground Floor
Energy increased 0.4% Comfort Hours: 100% Higher Infiltration when doors open at Ground Level
Temp
12/17/2012
82
Case 10
• Air-Conditioned Ground Floor.
• Atrium Temperature Controlled at both Top and Bottom.
AC Ground Floor
Energy reduced 0.6% Comfort Hours: 100%
Temp
Mon Tue Wed Thu
363432302826242220
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar
Dry resultant temperature: Atrium 0 (c11_ac_nvnite.aps)
Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt)
Temp
Cases
Total Building
Energy Saved
(%)
Comfort Hours/Year at
Atrium Floor Level, (8am
to 6pm, Mon-Fri)
Comfort
Hours/Year (%)
Base: Air-Conditioned Ground Floor.
Atrium Permanently Closed at Bottom and Top 0.0% 2,600 100%
Case 1: Natural Ventilation.
Atrium Permanently Open at Bottom and Top 1.0% 1,235 48%
Case 2: Natural Ventilation. Permanently Closed at Bottom
and Top 2.3% 977 38%
Case 3: Natural Ventilation.
Permanently Closed at Bottom and Open at Top. 2.3% 1,040 40%
Case 4: Natural Ventilation.
Temperature Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and Top. 3.3% 1,713 66%
Case 5: Natural Ventilation.
Time Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and Top. 3.0% 1,666 64%
Case 6: Natural Ventilation.
Time Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and Permanently
Open Top.
3.0% 1,669 64%
Case 7: Natural Ventilation.
Temperature Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and
Permanently Open Top.
3.3% 1,713 66%
Case 8: Air-Conditioned Ground Floor.
Atrium Permanently Open at the Top. -0.9% 2,600 100%
Case 9: Air-Conditioned Ground Floor.
Atrium Temperature Controlled at the Top -0.4% 2,600 100%
Case 10: Air-Conditioned Ground Floor.
Atrium Temperature Controlled at both Top and Bottom. 0.6% 2,600 100%
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Summary
• If comfort is utmost important. – Air Conditioned Base Scenario, or
– Case 10 where the atrium is ventilated at night • 0.4% energy reduction.
• If energy efficiency is utmost important. – Keep the top permanently open for ventilation.
– Keep the bottom closed from hours of 7am to 4pm.
– Open the bottom for night cooling from 4pm to 7am. • 3 to 3.3% energy reduction
• Comfort achieved at best is 66% of the working hours.
End of Chapter 9
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Zoning
Server Room/
24 hours Air-Conditioned Room
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85
Placed with external Façade and Window
Placed away from external Façade and Window
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Key Results
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
Server Room Percentage of Total Floor Area
Energy Increase % Due to Locating Server Room on the Side instead of Center of the building
ServerRoom WWR 70% ServerRoom WWR 15%
Server Room Locations
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Daylight Harvesting Potential
Largest Server Room Results
Cooling Load Energy Consumption
Annual Energy Consumption
Solar heat gain (MWh)
Conduction heat gain (MWh)
In-filtration heat gain (MWh)
Lighting heat gain (MWh)
Equipment heat gain (MWh)
People heat gain (MWh)
In-filtration lat gain (MWh)
People latent gain (MWh)
Total Cooling Load (MWh)
Total Cooling System Energy (MWh)
Total Equipment Energy (MWh)
Total Lighting Energy (MWh)
Total Building Energy (MWh)
Server at Center, Base WWR 70%
207.405 -28.704 11.235 40.971 517.457 29.812 74.449 19.875 872.478 321.092 517.457 40.971 879.519
ServerRoom WWR 70%
212.066 -17.391 10.875 45.270 517.457 29.812 73.612 19.875 890.861 334.317 517.457 45.270 897.150
Differences (MWh) 4.661 11.314 -0.360 4.300 0 0 -0.837 0 18.383 13.225 0 4.300 17.63
% Differences 2.2% -39.4% -3.2% 10.5% 0.0% 0.0% -1.1% 0.0% 2.1% 4.1% 0.0% 10.5% 2.0%
Impact 0.5% 1.3% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% -0.1% 0.0% 2.1% 1.5% 0.0% 0.5% 2.0%
Server at Center, Base WWR 70%
207.405 -28.704 11.235 40.971 517.457 29.812 74.449 19.875 872.478 321.092 517.457 40.970 879.519
ServerRoom WWR 15%
173.957 -6.867 10.493 45.270 517.457 29.812 72.080 19.875 861.775 321.529 517.457 45.270 884.362
Differences (MWh) -33.448 21.838 -0.742 4.300 0 0 -2.369 0 -10.703 0.437 0 4.300 4.844
% Differences -16.1% -76.1% -6.6% 10.5% 0.0% 0.0% -3.2% 0.0% -1.2% 0.1% 0.0% 10.5% 0.6%
Impact -3.8% 2.5% -0.1% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% -0.3% 0.0% -1.2% 0.05% 0.0% 0.5% 0.6%
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Infiltration in Building
Sources of Air Leakages
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This Study Focused on 3 Items Only
• Open Door
• Open Windows
• Cracks/Leakages around Window Frame
Summary Results
Descriptions
BEI
(kWh/m²/
year)
% Re-
duction
% Re-
duction
per Step
RM
Saved/Year
/Step
Max
Infiltration
(ACH)
Mean
Infiltration
(ACH)
Base, Worst Case Scenario,
Entrance Door 100% Open,
1.6% of Windows Open
243.2 0.0% 0.0% 0 4.19 0.97
C1, Entrance Door 50% Open,
1.6% of Windows Open 242.9 0.1% 0.1% 2,911 4.19 0.96
C2, Entrance Door 10% Open,
1.6% of Windows Open 242.6 0.2% 0.1% 2,957 4.13 0.96
C3, Entrance Door 10% Open,
0.8% of Windows Open 230.4 5.3% 5.0% 119,852 2.23 0.5
C4, No Windows Open, Crack
Flow Coefficient of 1.1 220.1 9.5% 4.3% 101,518 0.94 0.17
C5, Crack Flow Coefficient of
0.74 218.2 10.3% 0.8% 18,237 0.64 0.11
C6, Crack Flow Coefficient of
0.39 216.3 11.1% 0.8% 18,968 0.34 0.06
C7, Crack Flow Coefficient of
0.13 214.6 11.8% 0.7% 16,633 0.12 0.02
C8, Crack Flow Coefficient of
0.086 214.1 12.0% 0.2% 4,440 0.09 0.01
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Table 10.4.1: Crack Flow Coefficients (l s-1 m-1 Pa-0.6)[1]
Descriptions Lower Quartile Median Higher Quartile
Windows (Weatherstripped)
Hinged
Sliding
0.086
0.079
0.13
0.15
0.41
0.21
Windows (Non-weatherstripped)
Hinged
Sliding
0.39
0.18
0.74
0.23
1.1
0.37
[1] An Analysis and Data Summary of the AIVC’s Numerical Database. Technical Note AIVC 44,
March 1994. Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre.
Sealing Windows
Cases (l s-1 m-1 Pa-0.6)
RM/m saved
per year per
step
3 years payback
Budget (RM/m run of
window perimeter)
C5, Crack Flow Coefficient of 1.1 down to 0.74 1.04 3.12
C6, Crack Flow Coefficient of 0.74 down to 0.39 1.08 3.25
C7, Crack Flow Coefficient of 0.39 down to 0.13 0.95 2.85
C8, Crack Flow Coefficient of 0.13 down to 0.086 0.25 0.76
Total 3.33 9.98
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End of Chapter 10
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EE Interior Design Influence
• Daylight Harvesting – Rooms or spaces that rarely require lighting should be
located away from daylight spaces – Glare prevention should be given a priority to ensure
that daylight can be harvested comfortably
• Private office rooms – For higher ranking staff. – Normally located on the façade where daylight is
harvested. – Up to 50% of time, empty because attending meetings
elsewhere.
Building Model No Descriptions Floor Area Units
1 Office Floor Area 1650 m2/floor
2 Lift Lobby/Walkway 170 m2/floor
3 3 no AHU rooms 100 m2/floor
4 4 no lift shafts 165 m2/floor
5 Pantry 22 m2/floor
6 2 fire staircases 72 m2/floor
7 Toilets 80 m2/floor
Total Area per Floor 2259 m2/floor
No of Floors 17 floors
Total Building GFA
38,403 m2
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Office Rooms Location
Option A Option B
Exterior Exterior
Interior Interior
Energy Saved per m2 of Private Office Shifted away from Daylight Area
y = 0.0618x R² = 0.999
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
3.5%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f To
tal E
ne
rgy
Savi
ngs
Percentage of Hours Individual Rooms Not Occupied
% Total Building Energy Saved
Only valid if Daylight is Harvested for the 1st 4 meter of façade space.
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Estimating Savings
% of hours individual offices are empty
kWh/year saved per m2 of individual offices shifted
RM/Year Saved Per m2 of individual office shifted
50% 12.6 4.40 30% 7.4 2.60
10% 2.8 0.98
Approximated Electricity Tariff of RM 0.35/kWh
End of Chapter 11
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95
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