What is Behavior Management? Models Best Practice Important Terms Students’ Rights Ethical Considerations

Chapter 1: Behavior Management Models

What is Discipline?◦ Teaching others right from wrong◦ Discipline is not punishment, although

punishment can be discipline

What is Behavior Management?◦ Methods to prevent or respond to behavior

problems so they do not occur in the future

Behavior Management

Lack of training◦ Flavor of the month treatment◦ Cannot appropriately analyze programs

Lack of skill◦ Escalated issues in inner city schools

Lack of understanding◦ No unified theory of behavior management

Lack of resources◦ Schools do not have established approach or

allocations for behavior management

Teacher’s Difficulties with Behavior Management

Assertive Discipline Logical Consequences Reality Therapy Love and Logic Ginott Mode Kounin Model Jones Model Character Education Behavior Model

Models of Behavior Management

Overview◦ Revised model: shift to positive discipline and

conferencing to teach students how to behave appropriately

Assertive Discipline

Steps1. Acknowledge that teachers can and do affect behavior2. Display assertive response style3. Create discipline plan that contains effective rules and

“consequences”4. Provide instruction on discipline plan5. Instruct students to behave responsibly

Components1. Develop rules2. Develop positive consequences for abiding by rules3. Develop negative consequences for not abiding by rules4. Implement model

Assertive Discipline

Difficult Students◦ 1:1 conference to provide guidance◦ Build relationship with student◦ Create an individualized behavior plan

  Strengths:

◦ Behavior is a result of what teachers do in classroom◦ Teaching rules and expectations

Weaknesses:◦ Reliance on threats, warnings, and discipline hierarchy◦ Misuse of “consequence”

Assertive Discipline

Overview

◦ We learn through our interactions with the environment

3 Types of Consequences:

◦ Natural

◦ Arbitrary

◦ Logical

Logical Consequences

Natural Consequences◦ Normally occur

Arbitrary Consequences◦ Not aligned with offense

Logical Consequences◦ Connected to the offense

When given a choice between arbitrary and logical consequences, logical consequences should always be used

Logical Consequences

Strengths:◦ Allowing students choice◦ Helping students to understand their motives

Weaknesses:◦ Inferences made regarding motivation◦ Focus on student-centered behavior◦ No guarantee that appropriate behavior will follow

logical consequence(s)◦ Both arbitrary and logical consequences are

contextual, and may overlap◦ Misuse of the “punishment”

Logical Consequences

Overview

◦ Students choose how they behave

◦ Motivated by 5 needs

Survival, belonging and love, freedom, fun and power

Teachers should aid in facilitating better choices

◦ Classroom management

◦ Class meetings

◦ Mutual respect between students and staff

Reality Therapy

Strengths: ◦ Behavior is affected by teachers◦ Students involved in developing classroom

procedures◦ Curriculum is fun and exciting◦ Avoidance of coercion

Weaknesses:◦ Difficult to substantiate motivation◦ Reliance on and manipulation of intrinsic

motivators

Reality Therapy

Overview

◦ If students feel loved and are provided with choices, they will become more responsible

3 Style of Teaching

◦ Helicopter, drill sergeant, consultant

Difficult Children

◦ Catch student doing something good◦ Offer specific praise◦ Ignore behavior◦ Isolate student◦ Anticipatory consequences

Love and Logic

Strengths:◦ Concern with students’ feelings◦ Decreasing punishment◦ Lead students through problem-solving process◦ Providing choices◦ Avoidance of threats and warnings◦ Holding students accountable◦ Catching behavior early

Weaknesses:◦ Reliance on intrinsic motivation◦ Lack of prevention and response guidelines◦ “Talking it over”

Love and Logic

Overview◦ Teachers are essential element in classroom

management Students learn from teacher’s response to problems Teachers should exhibit self-discipline Teachers should respect students Teachers should create effective alternatives to

punishment

Ginott Model

Strengths:◦ Use of cooperation◦ Concern with feelings◦ Respect for students◦ Positive disciplinary methods◦ Making environment more pleasant

Weaknesses:◦ Increased self-concept may lead to more disruptive behavior◦ Praise needs to be specific◦ No mechanism built in for students who continue to

misbehave◦ Incorrect definition of punishment

Ginott Model

Overview◦ Effective classroom management is based on 10

key concepts1) Ripple effect2) Withitness3) Momentum4) Smoothness of lesson5) Group alerting6) Student accountability7) Overlapping8) Satiation9) Valence and challenge arousal10) Seatwork variety and challenge

Kounin Model

Strengths: ◦ Use of desists◦ Use of withitness◦ Research supported components

Weaknesses:◦ Incomplete

Only useful for low-level misbehavior

Kounin Model

Overview◦ Teacher-centered◦ Behavior management should be approached in a

calm and controlled fashion

Jones Model

Body Language◦ 90% of effective discipline

Group-Based Genuine Incentive Systems◦ Grandma’s Rule◦ Preferred Activity Time (PAT

Difficult Children◦ Use warnings◦ “Pull a card”◦ “Letter home on desk technique”

Jones Model

Strengths: ◦ Awareness and use of body language◦ Remaining calm◦ Preventative measures◦ Effective use of incentives

Weaknesses: ◦ PAT system

punishment-based taken economy system◦ Reliance on threats and warnings

Jones Model

A philosophical approach to improving classroom management◦ School-wide

New = Paucity of Research◦ Only 2 programs have sufficient data

Positive Action Caring School Community

Character Education

Positive Action◦ Prevent negative behavioral problems and develop

positive behaviors◦ Focus on development of attributions and positive

actions

Caring School Community◦ School becomes caring community of learners ◦ 4 parts:

Class-meeting lessons Cross-age buddies programs Homeside activities Schoolwide community building

Character Education

Strengths:◦ Learning to interact with others in a positive

manner◦ Prevention based◦ Implemented across grade levels◦ Focus on both behavior and academic performance

Weaknesses:◦ Based on constructivist philosophy◦ Does not target difficult students◦ Solid research is scarce

Character Education

WWC recommendations rated moderate or strong:

1. Teachers should identify the specifics of the problem behavior in order to tailor strategies to individual’s needs

2. Teachers should modify the environment to decrease problem behaviors

3. Teachers should actively teach and reinforce social and behavioral skills to replace unwanted behaviors and preserve positive classroom climate

4. Parents and other personnel should be included for additional support and guidance in behavior management

5. A school-wide approach should be adopted to prevent and respond to student misbehavior and increase positive social interactions

Best Practices in Behavior Management

The environment causes many of our behaviors

7 Characteristics of ABA1) Applied2) Behavioral3) Analytic4) Technological5) conceptually systematic6) Effective7) Generality

Behavioral Model

Rewards◦ Extrinsic

Things given to a student (e.g., praise, tokens, or candy)

Appropriate as long as they’re reinforcing

3 ways to deliver: Task contingent

Performance contingent

Success contingent

◦ Intrinsic Things that occur inside the individual (e.g., pride, interest,

or self-esteem)

 

Important Terms

Reinforcers

◦ Naturally Occurring

Reinforcer typically found/used in the environment

◦ Contrived

Reinforcer not typically used in the environment (e.g., paying a student for completing assignments instead of offering praise)

Important Terms

Right to Effective Behavioral Treatment◦ The Association for Behavior Analysis

International (ABAI) outlines 6 rights individuals have when exposed to behavioral interventions1) A therapeutic physical and social environment2) Services whose overriding goal is personal welfare3) Treatment by a competent behavior analyst4) Programs that teach functional skills5) Behavior assessment and ongoing evaluation6) The most effective treatment procedures available

 

Student Rights

Right to Effective Education◦ ABAI outlines 6 rights students have when

receiving educational services1) Appropriate overall educational context2) Appropriate curriculum and instructional

objectives3) Appropriate assessment and student placement4) Appropriate instructional methods5) Ongoing measurement and summative evaluation

of individual achievement6) Guidelines for success

Student Rights

Issues of Control◦ Rationalization

Everything in life is under some form of control

  Two Fundamental Questions

◦ Was the behavior management program the right thing to do under the circumstances?

◦ Did the behavior management program result in behavior change that was socially significant and cost effective?

Ethical Considerations