poverty line in nepal

8/12/2019 Poverty Line in Nepal

1/24

g]kfndf ul/aL-gkfn hLjg:t/ ;jIf0ft];f]@)^^^& dfcfwfl/t ;lIfKt k|ltj]bg_

/fli6o of]hgf cfof]usf];lrjfnos]Gb|Lo tYof ljefuc;f]h, @)^*


2/24

g]kfndf ul/aL-gkfn hLjg:t/ ;jIf0ft];f]@)^^^& dfcfwfl/t ;lIfKt k|lta]bg_

k|sfzs M

s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu

yfkfynL, sf7df08f}, g]kfn

kmf]g M $@@($)^ /$@^!%)^

km\ofS; M (&&-!-@@&&@)

O-d]n M [email protected]

j]e ;fO8 M www.cbs.gov.np

k|yd ;+:s/0f M sflt{s @)^*/fli6o of]hgf cfof]usf];lrjfnos]Gb|Lo tYof ljefu ;+Vof M --------yfgc;f]h, @)^*


3/24


4/24

2

;j]{If0fsf] qmddf qm;;]S;gn :ofDkncGtu{t %)) u0fgf If]q -j8f jf j8f

v08_ sf ^,))) 3/kl/jf/dWo] %,(** sf]cGtjf{tf{;DkGg ePsf] lyof] eg]

Kofgn :ofDkncGtu{t !)) u0fgf If]qsf !,@)) 3/kl/jf/ dWo] !,!@* nfO{

e]6\6fpg ;kmn eO ltgLx?sf]ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf]lyof].

#= ;j]{If0fsf];Gbe{;do

o; ;j]{If0fsf] tYof ;ng sfo{@)^^/^& df jif}{e/L ul/Psf]lyof]. 5flgPsf

3/kl/jf/x;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lnFbf kfl/jfl/s pkef]u, s[lif, ljk|]if0f, cflb

ljifox;Fu ;DalGwt tYofsf] xsdf cGtjf{tf{ ldlteGbf !@ dlxgfcufl8;Ddsf ljj/0fx ;ng ul/Psf lyP . o; t];|f];j]{If0fdf klxnf]k6s

kl/jf/n] pkef]u u/]sf] vfB ;fdu|Lsf] ljj/0f ;j]{If0fk"j{sf] & lbgsf] ;Gbe{

;dosf]lnOPsf]5 .

$= ul/aLdfkg

g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f t];|f]sf]cfwf/df ul/Psf]of]ul/aL ljZn]if0f klxnf] /

bf];|f] ;j]{If0fsf cfwf/df ul/Psf ljZn]if0fx? h:t} d"ntM kfl/jfl/s pkef]u

vr{sf]cfwf/df ul/Psf]5 . o;k6s klg s'n kfl/jfl/s pkef]u vr{(Total

Consumption Aggregate for Household Expenditure Approach)u0fgf ug]{

ljlw d"nkdf klxnf]/ bf];|f];j]{If0fsf]h:t}ckgfOPsf]5 . o; ljlwcg';f/

kl/jf/sf]vfB a:t', u}/vfB a:t'/ af;:yfgsf]nflu ePsf vr{x? hf]8]/ s'nkfl/jfl/s vr{lgsflnG5 .

g]kfndf xfn;Dd ckgfOPsf ul/aLdfkg k|lqmof "cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf]

nfut" (Cost of Basic Needs Approach) df cfwfl/t 5 . o; ljlwcg';f/

cfwf/e""t cfjZostfnfO{ vfB / u}/vfB cfjZostf u/L b'O{ efudf afF8]/

ltgLx?sf]a]Unfa]Un}nfut lgsfn]/ b'a}nfO{hf]8L ul/aLsf]/]vf lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .

o; ul/aL /]vfn] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf h'6fpg cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd vr{sf]

/fzL lbG5 . o;k|sf/ s'n kfl/jfl/s pkef]u vr{pQm /]vfeGbf sd x'g]cyf{t\

cfwf/e""t cfjZostf hlt klg vr{ug{g;s]sf kl/jf/ ul/a dflgG5g\.

s'g} AolQmsf] cfwf/e"t vfB cfjZostf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;j{k|yd ;fnfvfnf

3/kl/jf/sf] Ps AolQmnfO{ :j:Yo / ;lqmo hLjgofkgsf nflu k|ltlbg

cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd Sofnf]/Lsf] lx;fj ul/G5 . cf};t kl/jf/sf] ;+/rgfdf

afnaflnsf, lszf]/ lszf]/L, / jo:s dlxnf k'?ifsf] nflu cfjZos cf};t

Sofnf]/Lsf] cfwf/df lx;fj ubf{ @)^^/^& df ;fnfvfnf k|ltJolQm k|ltlbg

@,@@) lsnf]Sofnf]/L zlQm cfjZos kg]{b]lvPsf]5 .


5/24


6/24

4

To;sf/0f ;fk]lIfs ul/asf]vfB 8fnf]abln;s]sf]cj:yfdf klg pxL !% aif{]

k'/fgf]8fnf]sf]cfwf/df ul/aL cg''dfg ubf{e|d ;[hgf x'g]s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L

o; k6ssf] ul/aL ljZn]if0f gofF8fnf]sf cfwf/df ul/Psf]5 . o;sf cltl/Qm

ljutdf cf};t dlxgfsf] vfB pkef]usf] cfwf/df vfBul/aL /]vfsf] u0fgf

ul/b}cfPsf]df o;k6s ljut & lbgsf] vfB pkef]u vr{sf]cfwf/df ul/Psf]

5 . o;af6 klg xfnsf]ul/aL cg'dfg cem af:tljs x'g]cfzf ug{;lsG5 .

oBlk o; t];|f];j]{If0faf6 lgsflnPsf o; k'l:tsfdf plNnlvt ul/aLsf b/x?

ljutsf;Fu ;fjwfgLk"j{s t'ngf ug{'kg]{x'G5 .

cf};tdf k|ltJolQm k|ltlbg slt lsnf]Sofnf]/L cfjZos k5{eGg]lx;fj lgsfNg

ln+u, pd]/ ;d"x cflbn]lgwf{/0f ug]{x'Fbf ;j]If0faf6 k|fKt hg;f+lVos ;"rgfsf

cfwf/df pd]/ ;d"x / ln+usf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;Gbe{ jif{df sl/j @,@@) lsnf]

Sofnf]/L cfjZos kg]{ b]lvPsf] xf] -tflnsf g+= !_ . To;kl5 lgwf{l/t 8fnf]df

k/]sf vfB a:t'x?sf]cf};t k|ltAolQm b}lgs pkef]u dfqf lgsfn]/ pQm 8fnf]n]

@,@@) lsnf]Sofnf]/L tyf ;Dk"0f{ vfB vr{sf] k|ltlglwTj u/f];\ eGg] x]t'n]

clea[l4 u/L clGtd 8fnf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]5 . o;/L lgsflnPsf]8fnf]sf] !@

j6f ljZn]if0ffTds If]qx?sf k|rlnt d"Nosf cfwf/df 5'6\6f 5'6\6} vfB ul/aL

/]vf (Food Poverty Line)lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]5 . To:t}u}/vfB ul/aLsf]/]vf

(Non-food Poverty Line) tof/Lsf] nflu k|ltAolQm vfB pkef]u vr{ vfB

ul/aL /]vfsf] glhs x'g] cf};t kl/jf/sf] k|ltAolQm u}/vfBdf ePsf] vr{nfO{

u}/vfB ul/aL /]vfsf]kdf lnOG5 . oxfFk|:t't ul/Psf]cg'dfgdf vfB ul/aL/]vfsf] C0ffTds % k|ltzt / wgfTds % k|ltztdf kg]{ u}/vfB /]vfx?sf]

cf};t / vfB ul/aL /]vfsf C0ffTds !) k|ltzt / wgfTds !) k|ltztdf kg]{

u}/vfB /]vfx?sf] cf};tsf aLr cf};t lgsfnL hDdf u}/vfB ul/aL /]vfsf]

cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;k|sf/sf u}/vfB ul/aL /]vf klg k|To]s !@ j6f

ljZn]if0ffTds If]qx?df lgsflnPsf]5 .

cGTodf, vfB ul/aL /]vf / u}/vfB ul/aL /]vfsf] of]u lgsfnL k|To]s If]qsf]

nflu a]Unfa]Un}ul/aL /]vfsf]cg'dfg ul/Psf]5 .

;j]{If0fsf] ;dosf] k|rlnt d"Nosf cfwf/df g]kfnsf ljleGg If]qcg';f/ul/aLsf /]vfx b'O{;d"xdf cyf{t\vfB tyf u}/vfBcg';f/ sfod ul/Psf 5g\

hxfFu}/vfBdf cfjf;, nQfsk8f / lzIff nufotsf vr{;dfj]z ul/Psf]5 .

o; ;j]{If0f @)^^/^& df ul/aLsf /]vfx? !@ ljZn]if0ffTds If]qsf] cfwf/df

lgsflnPsf 5g\ . tb\g';f/ g]kfnsf];fnfvfnf ul/aLsf]/]vf k|ltJolQm k|ltjif{

?= !(,@^! lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . vfB ul/aLsf] /]vf ?= !!,(@( / u}/vfB

ul/aLsf] /]vf ?= &,##@ b]lvPsf 5g\ . o; lsl;dn]sf7df8f}F pkTosf zx/L

If]qsf]ul/aLsf]/]vf ;a}eGbf a9L cyf{t\jflif{s ?= $),(## sfod x'g cfPsf]

5 eg]u|fdL0f klZrdf~rn t/fO{{ If]qsf]ul/aLsf]/]vf ;a}eGbf sd cyf{t\?=

!%,((* sfod x'g cfPsf] 5 -tflnsf g+= @_ . oL /]vfx?n] tL If]qsf

JolQmx?sf] hLjgofkgsf nflu Go"gtd\ cfjZostfsf] nfut b]vfpF5g\ / tL

/]vfeGbf d'gL pkef]u vr{ePsf JolQm /kl/jf/x? ul/a dflgG5g\.


7/24

5

tflnsf @ M krlnt d"Nosf cfwf/df Ifqcg';f/sf ul/aLsf /vfx-?= df_, @)^^/^&ul/aL /]vfx?-?=_ If]qut d"No ;"rf+sx?

ljZn]if0ffTds If]qvfB u}/vfB hDdf vfB u}/vfB hDdf

lxdfn !#,@(% ^,%^$ !(,*%( !=!!$ )=*(% !=)#!

sf7df8f}+pkTosf zx/ !$,^!) @^,#@# $),(## !=@@% #=%() @=!@%

cGo kxf8L zx/ !!,*)% &,&&@ !(,%&& )=(() !=)^) !=)!^

t/fO{{zx/ !!,&$# (,#() @!,!## )=(*$ !=@*! !=)(& u|fdL0f k"jf{~rn kxf8 !@,@(& $,@%$ !^,%%! !=)#! )=%*) )=*%(

u|fdL0f dWodf~rn kxf8 !@,@$) ^,$$* !*,^*( !=)@^ )=**) )=(&)

u|fdL0f klZrdf~rn kxf8 !@,%#& %,*(! !*,$@* !=)%! )=*)$ )=(%&

u|fdL0f ;''b"/dWo

klZrdf~rn kxf8!!,&&@ $,%*# !^,#%% )=(*& )=^@% )=*$(

u|fdL0f k"jf~rn t/fO{{ !!,### %,%@$ !^,*%^ )=(%) )=&%# )=*&%

u|fdL0f dWodf~rn t/fO{{ !!,@%& ^,@*# !&,%$) )=($$ )=*%& )=(!!

u|fdL0f klZrdf~rn t/fO{{ !),^)) %,#(* !%,((* )=**( )=^ )=*#!

u|fdL0f ;''b"/dWo

klZrdf~rn t/fO{{!),((* ^,#@! !&,#!(

)=(@@ )=*^@ )=*((

g]kfn (@( #@ (@^ =))) =))) =)))

%= ul/aLsf]glthf ljZn]if0f

%= sl/j @% k|ltzt hg;+Vof ul/aLsf /]vfdgL /xsf 5g\ ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKtglthfcg';f/ pk/f]Qm ul/aLsf]/]vfcg';f/ g]kfndf sl/j @% k|ltzt dflg;x?

(Head Count) ul/a b]lvG5g\ . zx/L / u|fdL0f If]qdf ul/aLsf] b/ t'ngf ubf{

zx/L If]qdf sl/a !% k|ltzt / u|fdL0f If]qdf sl/j @& k|ltzt hg;+Vof

ul/aLsf]/]vfd'lg /x]sf]cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ul/aLsf]ljifdtfsf];"rsn]ul/a

dflgPsfxdWo]klg slt k|ltzt ul/ax ul/aLsf]/]vfeGbf slt 6f9f (Depth)

5g\eGg]hgfpFb5 . pQm ;"rs @)^^/^& df %=$# k|ltzt /x]sf]cg'dfg 5 .

;fy}csf]{;"rs ul/aLsf]uxgtf (Severity)sf];"rsn]ul/axaLr s]slt

c;dfgtf 5 eGg] hgfpFb5 . pQm ;"rs @)^^/^& df !=*! k|ltzt /x]sf]

cg'dfg 5 -tflnsf g+= #_ .

tflnsf # M ul/aLsf]b/, ljifdtf / uxgtf, g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;jIf0f @)^^/^&ul/aLsf]/]vfd'lgsf]

hg;+Voful/aLsf]ljifdtf ul/aLsf]uxgtf

(Headcount Index) (Poverty Gap Index) (Squared PovertyGap Index)

-k|ltztdf_

g]kfn @%=!^ %=$# !=*!

zx/L If]q !%=$^ #=!( !=)!

u|fdL0f If]q @&=$# %=(^ @=))

%=@ ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf ul/aLsf b/, ljifdtf / uxgtf ;aeGbf pRr/xsf] 5 o; ljsf; If]qdf ;a}eGbf a9L ul/aL b/ -$^ k|ltzt_, ;a}eGbf a9Lul/aL ljifdtf -!! k|ltzt_ / ;a}eGbf a9L ul/aL uxgtf -$ k|ltzt_ /x]sf]5 . s'nhg;+Vofsf] ljt/0fsf] t'ngfdf dWo / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf ul/ax?sf]km}nfj6 a9L /x]sf]5 .


8/24

tflnsf $M Ifqcg';f/ ul/aLsf l:ylt, g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;jIf0f @)^^/^&If]q

ul/jL b/

ul/jLsf]

ljifdtf

ul/jLsf]

;3gtf

ul/jsf]

km}nfj6-%_

s"n

hg;+Vofsf]ljt/0f

zx/L If]q 15.46 3.19 1.01 11.7 19.0

u|fdL0f If]q 27.43 5.96 2.00 88.3 81.0

k""jf{~rn 21.44 3.81 1.01 19.8 23.3

dWodf~rn 21.69 4.96 1.76 30.8 35.7

klZrdf~rn 22.25 4.27 1.38 16.9 19.2

dWoklZrdf~rn 31.68 7.74 2.69 16.4 13.0

;'b"/klZrdf~rn 45.61 10.74 3.77 16.0 8.8

lxdfn 42.27 10.14 3.54 11.8 7.0

kxf8 24.32 5.69 2.09 42.8 44.2

t/fO{ 23.44 4.52 1.31 45.4 48.7

lxdfn 42.27 10.14 3.54 11.8 7.0

sf7df8f}+pkTosf zx/L If]q 11.47 2.77 1.00 2.6 5.7

cGo kxf8L zx/ 8.72 1.75 0.54 1.5 4.4

t/fO{zx/ 22.04 4.31 1.29 7.5 8.6

u|fdL0f k"jf{~rn kxf8 15.93 2.91 0.82 4.0 6.3

u|fdL0f dWodf~rn kxf8 29.37 8.52 3.70 10.8 9.3

u|fdL0f klZrdf~rn kxf8 28.01 5.31 1.75 10.5 9.5

u|fdL0f ;''b"/dWo klZrdf~rn kxf 36.83 8.89 3.13 13.3 9.1

u|fdL0f k"jf{~rn t/fO{ 20.97 3.67 0.91 9.6 11.6

u|fdL0f dWodf~rn t/fO{ 23.13 4.14 1.08 13.9 15.1

u|fdL0f klZrdf~rn t/fO{ 22.31 4.40 1.35 5.9 6.6

u|fdL0f ;''b"/dWo klZrdf~rn t/f 31.09 7.17 2.47 8.5 6.9

g]kfn 25.16 5.43 1.81 100.00 100.0

%=# lxdfnL Ifq ;aeGbf a9L ul/aLn]u|:t 5 ef}uf]lns If]qcg';f/ lxdfndf;a}eGbf a9L ul/aL -$@ k|ltzt_ 5 . kxf8df / t/fO{{df ul/aL b/ nueu

;dfg -sl/j @$ k|ltzt_ ePtfklg kxf8L If]qdf ul/aLsf] cj:yf a9L ljifd /;3g 5 .

%=$ @ cWoog Ifqx?dful/aLsf ;d:ofdf lgs}leGgtf 5 ;a}eGbf sdul/aL kxf8L zx/L If]qdf -( k|ltzt_ 5 . hxfFul/aLsf]ljifdtf / uxgtf klg

Go"g 5g\. zx/L If]qdf x]bf{ul/aLsf]b/ kxf8L zx/df ( k|ltztb]lv t/fO{{sf

zx/df @@ k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f kxf8tkm{ x]bf{ ;j}eGbf sdk'jf{~rnsf]u|fdL0f kxf8df !^ k|ltztb]lv u|fdL0f dWo / ;'b"/ klZrd kxf8df

#& k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf]5 . To;}u/L u|fdL0f t/fO{dWo]k"jf{~rndf @! k|ltztb]lv

dWo / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rndf #! k|ltzt;Dd 5 . k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qafx]s ;a}

ljsf; If]qsf u|fdL0f kxf8L If]qx?df u|fdL0f t/fO{{If]qdf eGbf a9L ul/aL 5 .

ul/aLsf] ljifdtf / uxgtf dWodf~rn / dWo;'b"/ klZrdf~rnsf u|fdL0f

kxf8L If]qx?df em08}p:t} b]lvG5g\.

%=% tYof+s ;+sngsf t];|f l;hgdf Go"gtd ul/aL 5 tflnsf g+= % cg';f/tYof+s ;+sngsf]k|yd l;hg -kmfu'g h]7_ / bf];|f] l;hg -c;f/ c;f]h_ df

;dfg ul/aL b/ -sl/j @^ k|ltzt_ kfOPsf] 5 . t/ t];|f] l;hg -sflt{s

df3_ df ul/aL b/ Go"gtd @# k|ltzt dfq kfOPsf]5 .

6


9/24

tflnsf %M tYof+s ;+sngsf l;hgcg';f/ ul/aLsf l:ylt

tYof+s ;+sngsf];do ul/jL b/

ul/aL

ljifdtf

ul/aL

;3gtf

ul/asf]

km}nfj6

s'nhg;+Vofsf]

ljt/0f

;'Vvf ofd -kmfu'g h]7_ 26.62 5.85 1.94 35.3 33.3

jiff{ofd -c;f/ c;f]h_ 25.97 5.65 1.84 34.4 33.3

hf8f]ofd -sflt{s df3_ 22.87 4.80 1.65 30.3 33.3

g]kfn 25.16 5.43 1.81 100.0 100.0

-k|ltzt_

%=^ kl/jf/sf cfsf/df a[l4 xbf ul/aL a9\b5 tflnsf g+= ^ df 3/kl/jf/sf]cfsf/cg';f/sf]ul/aLsf b/x?, ljifdtf / uxgtfsf] ;DaGwdf b]vfOPsf]5 .

h;cg';f/ Ps hgfdfq ePsf] 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aLsf] b/ # k|ltzt 5 eg] !

hgf yk x'g]ljlQs}ul/aLsf] b/ a9]/ & k|ltzt x'g]b]lvPsf]5 . To;}u/L s|dzM;fthgf jf ;f]eGbf a9L cfsf/ ePsf]3/kl/jf/sf]ul/aLsf]b/ #* k|ltzt;Dd

a9\g]] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}, ;fthgf jf ;f]eGbf a9L cfsf/ ePsf]

3/kl/jf/sf]ul/aLsf]ljifdtf ( k|ltzt;Dd k'u]sf]5 eg]csf]{lt/ 3/kl/jf/sf]

cfsf/sf]a[l4cg';f/ g}o;sf]uxgtf klg # k|ltzt;Dd k'u]sf]5 .

7

%=& kl/jf/df ;ft jifeGbf sd pd/sf afnaflnsfx?sf ;+Vofsf a[l4;Fu} ul/aLa9]sf]5 tflnsf g+=^ n];ft jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx?sf];+Vof /ul/aLsf] b/df wgfTds ;x;DaGw /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;ft jif{eGbf sd

pd]/sf afnaflnsfx? gePsf] 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aLsf] b/ !@ k|ltzt /x]sf]df

To:tf afnaflnsfx? tLg hgfeGbf a9L x'Fbf ul/aLsf]b/ sl/j $& k|ltzt;Dd

a[l4 ePsf]cg'dfg 5 .

tflnsf g+= ^ M ul/aL / 3/kl/jf/sf]hg;flVos cj:yfb/x?

ul/aLsf]b/

ul/aLsf]ljifdtf ul/aLsf]uxgtf

ul/asf]km}nfj6 hg;+Vofsf]ljt/0f

3/kl/jf/sf ;b:o;+Vof! #=@* )=** )=#^ )=! )=&

@ &=$) !=#* )=#( !=# $=$

# &=$* !=@% )=#$ @=* (=$

$ !@=&^ @=%^ )=*! *=$ !^=%

% @!=!) $=$# !=$^ !%=^ !*=^

^ #@=#( ^=^# @=!* @@=% !&=%

& jf ;f]eGbf a9L #&=%( *=^! @=(% $(=$ ##=)

) b]lv ^ jif ;Ddsf afnaflnsfx?sf];+Vof) !@=#! @=)% )=%^ @)=$ $!=*

! @%=@! $=($ !=$( @(=! @(=)@ $!=$* !)=)! #=%# @(=* !*=!

# jf ;f]eGbf a9L $^=^$ !!=(% $=%$ @)=& !!=@

g]kfn @%=!^ %=$# !=*! !))=) !))=)

%=* dlxnf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf 3/kl/jf/sf ul/aL b/ t'ngfTdskdf sxL sd5 tflnsf g+= & df 3/kl/jf/d"nLsf]pd]/ / n+}lus ljz]iftfcg';f/ ul/aLsfb/x? b]vfOPsf]5 . ljleGg ;d"xdf ul/aLsf b/x? nueu ;dfg /x]sf 5g\.

tfklg k'?if kl/jf/d"nL ePsfdWo]@^ jif{b]lv $% jif{pd]/ ;d"xsf kl/jf/sf]

ul/aLsf] b/ s]xL a9L 5 eg] dlxnf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf kl/jf/sf] ul/aL

t'ngfTdskdf sd /x]sf]b]lvPsf]5 .


10/24

tflnsf g+&=M 3/kl/jf/d"nLsf pd]/n+lus ljz]iftfcg';f/ ul/aL3/kl/jf/d"nLsf]

ljz]iftf

ul/aLsf]

b/

ul/aLsf]ljifdtf

ul/aLsf]

uxgtf

ul/asf]

km}nfj6

hg;+Vofsf]

ljt/0fk'?if, @% jif{jf;f]eGbf sd

@$=$( %=$! !=*@ !=( !=(

k'?if, -@^, $%_ jif{ @&=#) ^=!) @=!) #%=& #@=(k'?if, $^ jif{ @$=@( %=)& !=^% $@=^ $$=@dlxnf @#=^( %=!% !=^( !(=* @!=)

g]kfn @%=!^ %=$# !=*! !))=) !))=)

8

%=( kl/jf/d"nLsf z}lIfs :t/ a9\bf ul/aL 36\b}uPsf]5 kl/jf/d"nLn]k|fKtu/]sf]z}lIfs :t/ cg';f/ ul/aLdf k|ToIf 36a9 ePsf]b]lvG5 . cyf{t\dflyNnf]

z}lIfs of]Uotf xfl;n u/]sf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf kl/jf/sf] ul/aL sd b]lvPsf]

5 . tflnsf * df kl/jf/d"nLsf] z}lIfs:t/cg';f/sf] ul/aL / dlxnf kl/jf/

;b:osf]z}lIfs:t/cg';f/sf]ul/aL lbOPsf]5 . P3f/ sIff jf ;f]eGbf dflyNnf]

sIff kf; u/]sf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf kl/jf/eGbf lg/If/ kl/jf/d"nL ePsf kl/jf/

ul/a x'g];Defjgf sl/j ;f9]rf/ u'0ffn]a9L 5 . To;}u/L k|fylds tx kf;

gu/]sf dlxnf kl/jf/ ;b:o ePsf kl/jf/sf] ul/aL k|fylds tx kf; u/]sf

dlxnf kl/jf/ ;b:o ePsf kl/jf/sf]eGbf a9L 5 .

tflnsf *M 3/kl/jf/d"nLsf z}lIfs l:ylt / ul/aLz }l I fs :t/ ul/a L b/ ul/a Lsf ]l a i fdt f u l/a Lsf ]uxgtf u l/asf ]l jt/0 f hg; +Vo fs f ]l jt/0 f3/k l /j f /dnLlg/If/ 33.5 7.7 2.7 64.9 48.8

;fIf/, k|fylds tx kf; gu/]sf] 27.0 5.8 2.0 15.8 14.7

% & sIff k'/f u/]sf] 19.5 3.4 1.0 10.2 13.1

* !) sIff k"/f u/]sf] 12.9 2.4 0.6 5.6 11.0

!! sIff jf ;f]eGbf a9L k9]sf] 7.1 1.1 0.3 3.5 12.4

dlxnf ;b:osf ]pRrtd sIf flg/If/ 32.1 7.7 2.8 30.1 23.8

;fIf/, k|fylds tx kf; gu/]sf] 39.8 8.7 2.9 34.5 22.0

% & sIff k"/f u/]sf] 26.6 5.4 1.8 20.8 19.8

* !) sIff k"/f u/]sf] 16.6 3.1 0.9 10.9 16.6

!! sIff jf ;f]eGbf a9L k9]sf] 5.2 0.7 0.2 3.6 17.8

hDdf 2 5 2 5 4 1 8 1 1

%= ) s[lif Ifqsf Hofnfbf/Ldf nfu]sf kl/jf/d"nLePsf 3/kl/jf/x? cGoIfqsf Hofnfbf/Ldf nfu]sf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf kl/jf/x?sf]t'ngfdf a9L ul/ablvPsf 5g\ tflnsf ( df kl/jf/d"nLsf] k]zfcg';f/ ul/aLsf] b/ lbOPsf]5 . s[lif If]qsf]Hofnfbf/Ldf nfu]sf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf 3/kl/jf/x? $& k|ltzt

ul/a 5g\ eg] cGo Aoa;flos If]qsf Hofnfdf nfu]sf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf

3/kl/jf/x? ^ k|ltzt ul/a 5g\ . t/ oL b'a} If]qn] hDdf hg;+Vofsf] &

k|ltzt dfq cf]u6]sf] 5 . cfkm\g} v]ltkftLdf nfu]sf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf

3/kl/jf/dWo] @& k|ltzt ul/a 5g\h'g cGo Hofnfbf/Ldf nfUg] / a]/f]huf/


11/24

kl/jf/d"nL ePsf 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aL;+u nueu a/fa/ 5 . To;}u/L lglZqmo

kl/jf/d"nL ePsf 3/kl/jf/dWo]!& k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/x? ul/a 5g\.

tflnsf ( M kl/jf/d"nLsf d'Vo k]zfcg;f/ ul/aLkl/jf/d"nLsf d'Vok]zf ul/aLsfb/ ul/aLsfljifdtf ul/aLsfuxgtf ul/asfkmnfj6 hg;+Vofsfljt/0f:j/fhuf/s[lif If]q 27.2 6.0 2.1 55.2 51.0

pTkfbg pBf]u 22.4 5.0 1.8 3.8 4.2

Aofkf/ 13.2 2.5 0.7 4.1 7.9;]jf 19.6 3.3 1.0 2.0 2.6Hofnfs[lif If]q 47.0 8.6 2.5 6.3 3.4cGoJoj;flos If]q 5.6 1.1 0.4 0.7 3.3

cGo 28.3 5.8 1.7 16.2 14.5lj:tfl/t cfly{ssfd 31.6 9.4 3.7 5.9 4.7

j]/f]huf/ 26.7 3.6 0.9 0.4 0.4

lglZqmo 16.6 3.4 1.1 5.3 8.0

g]kfn 25 2 5 4 1 8 100 0 100 0

9

%= s[lifofUo hldgsf dfqf;u}ul/aL b/ 36\b} uPsf 5 Ps x]S6/eGbfa9L s[lifof]Uo hldg x'g] 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aL ef/L dfqfdf 36]sf] ;j]{If0fn]b]vfPsf] 5 -tflnsf !)_ . zx/L tyf u|fdL0f b'a} If]qdf s[lifof]Uo hldgsf]

cfsf/ a9\b}hfFbf ul/aL 36\b}uPsf] b]lvPsf]5 . u|fdL0f If]qdf ! x]S6/eGbf

a9L s[lifof]Uo hldg x'g] 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aL b/ eg] cf};t -g]kfn_ ul/aL

b/eGbf sd b]lvPsf]5 . To;}u/L zx/L If]qnfO{x]bf{, yf]/}s[lifof]Uo hldg x'g]

3/kl/jf/sf]ul/aL b/ klg sd b]lvPsf] 5 .

tflnsf )M ul/aL tyf hUufsf :jfldTj(k|ltzt_

ul/aLsf]

/]vfd'lgsf]hg;+Vof

ul/aLsf]

ljifdtf

ul/aLsf]

uxgtf

ul/asf]

ljt/0f

hg;+Vof

sf]ljt/0f

hDd fhUUff gePsf 22.7 4.7 1.5 18.9 21

)=@ x]= eGbf sd 29.9 7 2.5 20.7 17

)=@ ! x]S6/;Dd 28.2 6.2 2.1 49.4 44

! @ x]S6/;Dd 1 9.1 3.3 0.9 9.8 13

@ x]S6/ eGbfdfly 6.5 1.2 0.4 1.2 4.7

g ]k fn 2 5 2 5 4 1 8 1 1u |f ld0 f I f ]qhUUff gePsf 28.5 5.7 1.8 13.4 13

)=@ x]= eGbf sd 32 7.6 2.7 21.4 18

)=@ ! x]S6/;Dd 29.6 6.6 2.2 53.2 49

! @ x]S6/;Dd 20.1 3.5 1 10.6 15@ x]S6/ eGbfdfly 1.7 1.5 0.5 1.4 4.9

u|fdL0f If]q 27.4 6 2 100 100

zx/ L I f ]qhUUff gePsf 16.9 3.6 1.2 60.3 55

)=@ x]= eGbf sd 18 3.6 1.2 16.1 14

)=@ ! x]S6/;Dd14.5 2.8 0.8 20.2 22

! @ x]S6/;Dd 9.1 1.5 0.3 3.4 5.8

@ x]S6/ eGbfdfyL 0 0 0 0 3.8

zx/L 15.5 3.2 1 100 100


12/24

10

%= @ kl/jf/sf ;'ljwfdf kxrcg;f/ ul/aL 3lgi6kn ;DalGwt 5 #)ldg]6leq ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ;'ljwfdf kx'Fr / ul/aLsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{, pQm

;dodf glhssf] ;'ljwfdf kx'Fr x'g] 3/kl/jf/ cf};t ul/aLeGbf sd /x]sf]

;j]{If0fn]b]vfPsf]5 -tflnsf !!_ . pRr dfWolds ljBfno, ;/sf/L c:ktfn,

kSsL ;8s, d'Vo ahf/, s[lif s]Gb|, ;xsf/L tyf a}+s h:tf ;'ljwfdf kx'Fr

ePsf 3/kl/jf/x?sf]ul/aLdf lgs};'wf/ ePsf]b]lvPsf]5 .

tflnsf M ul/aL tyf ;fjhlgs ;jf ;ljwfdf kx"rul/aLsf]/]vfd'lgsf]hg;+Vof

ul/aLsf]ljifdtf

ul/aLsf]uxgtf

ul/asf]km}nfj6

hg;+Vofsf]ljt/0f

#) ldg]6leq ljleGg;'ljwf;Dd k'Ug]kl/jf/

-k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_

k|fylds ljBfno 24.4 5.2 1.7 91.5 94.5

dfWolds ljBfno 20.8 4.2 1.3 58.2 70.3pRr dfWoldsljBfno 17.9 3.4 1 39.1 54.9:jf:Yo tyf pk:jfYorf}sL 22 4.4 1.4 42.9 49

;/sf/L c:ktfn 15.6 3 0.9 20.1 32.4

a; :6k 19 3.7 1.1 49.1 64.9

kSsL ;8s 17.1 3.3 1 33.6 49.4

u8L rNg]sRrL ;8s 24.4 5 1.6 62.3 64.2

xf6 ahf/ 21 3.8 1 33.2 39.6

d'Vo ahf/ 16.3 3.3 1 28.2 43.6

s[lif s]Gb| 15.3 3 0.9 25.4 41.6

;xsf/L 17 3.4 1.1 34.5 51

a}+s 14.7 3 0.9 22.6 38.6

g]kfn 25 2 5 4 1 8

%= # hft/hflt cg';f/ ul/aLsf]l:yltul/aLsf]b/ ;a}eGbf a9L kxf8 / t/fO{sfblntx?sf]/x]sf]5 eg];a}eGbfsd

b/ kxf8sf a|fXd0f / g]jf/ hfltsf] /x]sf] 5 . hfthfltcg';f/sf]ul/aLtYofnfO{tnsf]tflnsfdf k|:t'tul/Psf]5 .

tflnsf % M 3/kl/jf/d"nLsf hft /hflt cg';f/ ul/aLul/aLsf]/]vfd'lgsf]hg;+Vof

ul/aLsf]ljifdtf

ul/aLsf]uxgtf

ul/asf]km}nfj6

hg;+Vofsf]ljt/0f3/kl/jf/d"nLsf]

hft/hflt

-k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_kxf8L j|fXd0f 10.34 1.73 0.48 5.2 12.7

kxf8L If]qL 23.40 5.55 1.86 16.6 17.8

t/fO{jf|Xd0f 18.61 1.75 0.19 0.4 0.5

t/fO{dWodhftL 28.69 5.36 1.47 17.6 15.4

kxf8L blnt 43.63 10.89 4.22 15.2 8.7

t/fO{blnt 38.16 8.09 2.24 6.9 4.6

g]jf/ 10.25 2.07 0.70 2.5 6.2

kxf8L hghftL 28.25 6.64 2.49 24.4 21.8

t/fO{hghftL 25.93 4.48 1.25 7.3 7.1

d'l:nd 20.18 3.38 0.85 3.5 4.3

cGo 12.34 3.58 1.13 0.5 0.9

g]kfn 25.16 5.43 1.81 100.0 100.0

^= rfn"d"Nodf k|ltJolSt pkef]u vr{

;a}eGbf sd pkef]u vr{ ug]{ kl/jf/af6 z'? u/]/ ;a}eGbf w]/} vr{ug]{kl/jf/sf] qmddf /fVof] eg] pkef]u vr{sf] lx;fan] ul/ab]lv wgL kl/jf/sf]>[\vnf aGb5 . o;kl5 of]>[\vnfa4 kl/jf/nfO{a/fa/ ;\Vofdf efu nufP/

-afF8]/_ bz jf kfFr ;d"x agfpg]ul/G5 . o;n]pkef]u vr{df cfwfl/t ul/a


13/24

11

b]lv wgLsf] bz -bzbz k|ltztsf]_ jf kfFr -aL;aL; k|ltztsf]_ ;d"xaGb5 . klxnf]nfO{ pkef]uvr{sf] bzds (Decile) / bf];|f]nfO{ k~rds(Quintile)klg eGg]ul/G5 .

t];|f] hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fcg';f/, ;a}eGbf wgL !) k|ltzt -jf bzf}+ bzdssf_kl/jf/n] u/]sf] pkef]u vr{ ;a}eGbf u/La !) k|ltzt -klxnf] bzdssf_kl/jf/n]ug]{pkef]u vr{eGbf gf}u'0ff a9L b]lvPsf]5 -tflnsf !@_ .

tflnsf @M rfn"d"Nodf bzds jucg';f/ kltAolQm pkef]u

bzds ju cf};t pkef]uvr{-?=_ pkef]udf lx:;f ;+u|lxtPsLs[t lx:;f;aeGbf ul/a-Go"gtd_ 11,093 3=2 3=2

bf];|f] 15,241 4=4 7=6

t];|f] 17,893 5=1 12=7

rf}yf] 20,744 6=0 18=7

kfFrf}24,238 7=0 25=6

5}6f}+ 28,270 8=1 33=7

;ftf} 33,196 9=5 43=3

cf7f}+ 40,730 11=7 55=0

gjf+} 54,203 15=6 70=5

;aeGbf wgL-clwstd_ 1,02,772 29=5 100=0

g]kfn 34 829 100=0 100=0&= pkef]u vr{df c;dfgtf

pkef]u vr{df ePsf]c;dfgtf emNsfpg]lugL ;"rf+ssf]dfg o; ;j]{If0fdf )=## cfPsf]

5 . of];"rf+s ljutsf]bf];|f];j]{If0fsf]t'ngfdf 36]sf]kfOPsf]5 . of];"rf+ssf]36\g]qmd

u|fdL0f If]qsf]eGbf zx/L If]qsf] tLa|5 .

tflnsf # M lugL ;"rfs, gkfn hLjg:t/ ;jIf0f @)^^/^&Ifq lugL ;"rfs g]kfnklxnf];j]{If0f 32.2

bf];|f];j]{If0f 41.4

t];|f];j]{If0f 32.84

zx/Lklxnf];j]{If0f 42.7

bf];|f];j]{If0f 43.6

t];|f];j]{If0f 35.29

u|fdL0fklxnf];j]{If0f 30.8

bf];|f];j]{If0f 34.9

t];|f];j]{If0f 31.09

*= kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgL

t];|f] hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fsf cg';f/, rfn"d"Nodf cf};t k|ltJolSt cfDbfgL ?=$!,^%( /x]sf]

5 . ;a}eGbf tnsf *) k|ltzt hg;\Vofn] b]zsf] s'n cfDbfgLsf] nueu $$ k|ltzt

lx:;f cf]u6]sf 5g\ eg] dflyNnf] @) k|ltztn] dfq afFsL 7"nf] lx:;f cyf{t\ %^ k|ltzt

cf]u6]sf 5g\.


14/24

12

tflnsf $ M rfn"d"Nodf bzds ju;d"x cg';f/ kltAolQm cfDbfgLbzds ju cf};t cfDbfgL-?=_ cfDbfgLdflx:;f ;+u|lxtPsLs[tlx:;f

;aeGbf ul/a-k|yd_ 6,222 1=5 1=5bf];|f] 10,779 2=6 4=1

t];|f] 14,350 3=4 7=5

rf}yf] 18,238 4=4 11=9

kfFrf} 22,655 5=4 17=3

5}6f}+ 28,007 6=7 24=1

;ftf} 35,449 8=5 32=6

cf7f}+ 46,830 11=2 43=8

gjf+} 69,769 16=7 60=6

;aeGbf wgL-bzf}+_ 1,64,401 39=5 100=0

g]kfn 41 659 100=0 100=0

cg';"rL

tflnsf M ul/aLdfkg, @)%@/%# blv @)^^/^& ;Ddul/aLsf]/]vfd'lgsf]

hg;+Voful/aLsf]ljifdtf ul/aLsf]uxgtf

(Headcount

Index)

(Poverty Gap Index) (Squared Poverty

Gap Index)

-k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_

If]q

@)%

@/%#

@)^)/^!

@)^^

/^&

@)%

@/%#

@)^)/^!

@)^^

/^&

@)%

@/%#

@)^)/^!

@)^^

/^&

g]kfn $!=&^ #)=*% @%=!^ !!=&% &=%% %=$# $=^& @=& !=*!

zx/L If]q @!=%% (=%% !%=$^ ^=%$ @=!* #=!( @=^% )=&! !=)!

u|fdL0f If]q $#=@& #$=^@ @&=$# !@=!$ *=%) %=(^ $=*# #=)% @=))

gofFvfB 8fnf]cg';f/ o;k6ssf]ul/aLsf]b/ cg'dfg ul/Psf]n]]cl3Nnf b/x?;Fu k|ToIfkdf t'ngfof]Uo 5}gg\.


15/24

13

Poverty in Nepal

2010/11

1. Introduction

Latest estimates of poverty in Nepal are based on the third round of the

Nepal Living Standards Survey (NLSS-III, 2010-11).

The survey methodology as well as the technique for poverty

estimation follow international best practices and benefited from

World Bank technical assistance. NLSS-III has been conducted with

financial assistance from DFID, DanIDA, WFP and the World Bank.

The NLSS is the survey officially used for poverty estimation in

Nepal. The NLSS is a multi-module household survey which contains

information on a wide array of topics related to the levels anddeterminants of living standards in Nepal. The consumption module

from the NLSS survey permits the construction of a comprehensive

household-level measure of well being (consumption aggregate),

which is used for the purpose of constructing a poverty profile for

Nepal and for measuring the extent and depth of poverty.

2. Survey methodology

The sample design for the NLSS III is similar to the one used in

previous survey rounds and the sampling frame is the list of wards and

subwards/EAs prepared on the basis of Census 20011. The first

sampling stage for the NLSS III is identical to the one prepared for the

2008 National Labor Force Survey (NLFS), and identifies a sample of

800 wards (Primary Sampling Units, PSUs) selected with probability

proportional to size. Out of these 800 PSUs, 500 PSUs are selected as

the second stage with explicit sub-stratification based on 14 strata, and

12 households selected with equal probability in each PSU using

household listings prepared for the 2008 NLFS.

Similarly to previous rounds, NLSS III is composed of a cross-sectional and of a panel component. Altogether, after completion of

the field work, 5988 households were interviewed for the cross

section, and 1128 households for panel part of the survey.

The 12 analytical domains represented in the NLSS III survey are the

following:

1. Himal (high mountain), 2. urban Kathmandu valley, 3. urban hill, 4.

urban terai, 5. rural eastern hill, 6. rural central hill, 7. rural western

hill, 8. rural mid west and far western hill, 9. rural eastern terai 10.

rural central terai, 11. rural western terai, 12. rural mid west and far

west terai.

1 The choice not to base NLSS III on a new sampling frame was driven by the

desire not to subtract resources to the concurrent preparation of the Census 2011.


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14

Field Work and Reference period.

Field work was conducted over a 12 months period, from mid-

February 2010 to mid-February 2011. The sample was constructed insuch way to be nationally representative for each of the three seasons

covered during the fieldwork2.

The main innovation introduced with the NLSS III survey relates to

the collection of food consumption information. In particular, in

addition to asking households their consumption during the typical

month for each of the 72 food items as in previous survey rounds

(NLSS I-II), the NLSS III also introduces a new last 7 days

reference period for measuring food consumption.

In the estimation of the new poverty line for 2010-11, the food

component of the consumption aggregate has been constructed using

information on food consumed during the last 7 days. According tointernational best practices, this new measure of food consumption

limits the extent of recall bias in the estimates, and therefore improves

measurement quality.

3. Poverty measurement technique and poverty lines

The estimation of poverty in NLSS III is based on the same

methodology followed in previous survey rounds. In particular,

poverty estimation follows the Cost of Basic Needs approach (CBN).

2

See Table 4 for reference to the seasons.

According to the CBN approach, the poverty line can be defined as the

expenditure value (in local currency) required by an individual to

fulfill his/her basic needs in terms of both food and non food items.

While the poverty line in the previous round of the survey in 2003-04

(NLSS II) was an update of prices for the same basic needs basket

estimated in 1995-96 (NLSS I), the poverty line for 2010-11 is based

on a new basic needs basket of the poor to reflect changes in well

being over time.

3.1 Estimation of the Food Poverty Line

The food basket of the poverty line is constructed by estimating how

much the poor spend to reach a minimum caloric requirement of 2,220

Kcal per day.

The minimum caloric requirement was estimated considering

composition by age and sex of an average Nepalese household in

2010-11 and using the recommended dietary allowances by age-gender

groups as prescribed in the Ministry of Agriculture publication (HMG

Ministry of Agriculture, 1994) (see Table 1).


17/24


18/24

The poverty line for Nepal, in average 2010-11 prices, has been

estimated at Rs. 19,261; the food poverty line is Rs. 11,929 and the

non food poverty line Rs. 7,332.

Table 2 below provides the details of the value of the poverty line in

local prices for each of the 12 analytical domains.

Table 2: Poverty line in local prices and spatial price index

Analytical Domain Food Non-food Overall Food Non-food OverallMountains 13,295 6,564 19,859 1.114 0.895 1.031

Urban - Kathmandu 14,610 26,323 40,933 1.225 3.590 2.125

Urban - Hi ll 11,805 7,772 19,577 0.990 1.060 1.016

Urban -Terai 11,743 9,390 21,133 0.984 1.281 1.097

Rural Hills - Eastern 12,297 4,254 16,551 1.031 0.580 0.859

Rural Hills -Central 12,240 6,448 18,689 1.026 0.880 0.970

Rural Hills - Western 12,537 5,891 18,428 1.051 0.804 0.957Rural Hills - Mid and

Far Western 11,772 4,583 16,355 0.987 0.625 0.849

Rural Terai - Eastern 11,333 5,524 16,856 0.950 0.753 0.875

Rural Terai - Central 11,257 6,283 17,540 0.944 0.857 0.911

Rural Terai -

Western 10,600 5,398 15,998 0.889 0.736 0.831

Rural Terai - Mid and

Far Western 10,998 6,321 17,319 0.922 0.862 0.899

Nepal 11,929 7,332 19,261 1.000 1.000 1.000

Poverty Lines* Spatial price indices

4. Poverty rate and correlates of poverty

The poverty line establishes the distinction between who is poor and

who is not. In particular, according to the 2010-11 poverty line, anindividual in Nepal is considered poor if his/her per-capita total annual

consumption is below Rs. 19,261.

4.1 About 25 percent of the population in Nepal lives below the

poverty line.According to the new poverty line, the poverty incidence

(headcount rate) for Nepal in 2010-11 is 25.16 percent. The poverty

rate is much lower in urban areas (15.46 percent) than in rural areas

(27.43 percent).

Table 3 below provides the details of the poverty headcount rate, depth

of poverty (poverty gap) and severity of poverty (squared poverty gap)

by analytical domain.

16


19/24

Table 3 poverty profile by analytical domain

Region Headcount

rate

Poverty gap

(x100)

Poverty gapsquared

(x100)

of the

poor

of the

population

Urban 15.46 3.19 1.01 11.7 19.0

Rural 27.43 5.96 2.00 88.3 81.0

Eastern 21.44 3.81 1.01 19.8 23.3

Central 21.69 4.96 1.76 30.8 35.7

Western 22.25 4.27 1.38 16.9 19.2

Midwestern 31.68 7.74 2.69 16.4 13.0Farwestern 45.61 10.74 3.77 16.0 8.8

Mountain 42.27 10.14 3.54 11.8 7.0

Hi l l 24.32 5.69 2.09 42.8 44.2

Terai 23.44 4.52 1.31 45.4 48.7

Mountains 42.27 10.14 3.54 11.8 7.0

Urban - Kathmandu 11.47 2.77 1.00 2.6 5.7

Urban - Hi l l 8.72 1.75 0.54 1.5 4.4Urban -Terai 22.04 4.31 1.29 7.5 8.6

Rural Hil ls - Eastern 15.93 2.91 0.82 4.0 6.3

Rural Hil ls -Central 29.37 8.52 3.70 10.8 9.3

Rural Hil ls - Western 28.01 5.31 1.75 10.5 9.5

Rural Hil ls - Mid and

Far Western36.83 8.89 3.13 13.3 9.1

Rural Terai - Eastern 20.97 3.67 0.91 9.6 11.6

Rural Terai - Central 23.13 4.14 1.08 13.9 15.1

Rural Terai - Western 22.31 4.40 1.35 5.9 6.6Rural Terai - Mid and

Far Western31.09 7.17 2.47 8.5 6.9

Nepal 25.16 5.43 1.81 100.0 100.0

DistributionIncidence

4.2 There is high variation in poverty rates amongst the 12

analytical domains. Table 3 shows that urban Hill is the least poor

region with a poverty incidence of 9 percent. The depth and severity isalso the lowest for this region. Within urban areas, poverty ranges

from 9 percent in urban Hills to 22 percent in urban Terai. Within rural

hills, poverty ranges from 16 percent in Eastern region to 37 percent in

Mid and Far Western region. Within rural Terai, poverty ranges from

21 percent in Eastern region to 31 percent in Mid and Far Western

region. Within each of the development region except the Eastern, hillshave higher poverty rates than Terai. The depth and severity of poverty

is highest in Rural hills of Western and Mid-Far-Western region.

4.3 Seasonal poverty is lowest in third season (Oct-Jan). The first

and the second

seasons (from Feb

2010 to Sep 2010)

have similar poverty

rates of 26 percent,

while the third season

has the lowest poverty

rate of 23 percent.

Table 4 shows the

seasonal variation of

poverty in greater

detail. The poverty

rates are highest in

April-May coinciding with the food scarce months. Poverty declines

Figure: Seasonality in poverty

15

20

25

30

35

Povertyheadcountrate

Feb1,

10

Mar1,

10

Apr1,

10

May1,

10

Jun1,

10

Jul1,

10

Aug1,

10

Sep1,

10

Oct1,

10

Nov1,

10

Dec1,

10

Jan1,

11

Feb1,

11

Date of Survey

17


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gradually till July and again spikes in September. Poverty falls sharply

between September and November. Poverty is lowest around

November 1 and the timing coincides with the festivals of Dashain and

Tihar.

Table 4: Seasonal variation in poverty

Season

Headcount

rate

Poverty

gap (x100)

Povert y gap

squared (x100)

of the

poor

of the

populationSeason 1 (Feb - May) 26.62 5.85 1.94 35.3 33.3

Season 2 (Jun - Sep) 25.97 5.65 1.84 34.4 33.3

Season 3 (Oct - Jan) 22.87 4.80 1.65 30.3 33.3

Nepal 25.16 5.43 1.81 100.0 100.0

Incidence Distribution

18

4.4 Poverty increases with household size. As shown in Table 5,

poverty incidence increases monotonically with household size. The

poverty rate is the lowest for one-person households (3 percent),

increases drastically to 7 percent for two-person households and

reaches the maximum (38 percent) for households having 7 or more

members. The depth and severity of the poverty also increase with

household size, reaching up to 9 percent and 3 percent respectively for

the households that have 7 or more members.

4.5 Poverty increases with number of kids that are under 7

number of children under 7 present in the household. Poverty rate is

lowest at 12 percent for household with no child under 7, but increases

to 47 percent for households with 3 or more children under 7.

Table 5: Poverty and household demographics

Household

demographics

Headcount

rate

Poverty gap

(x100)

Poverty gap

squared (x100) of the poor

of the

population

Household size1 3.28 0.88 0.36 0.1 0.7

2 7.40 1.38 0.39 1.3 4.4

3 7.48 1.25 0.34 2.8 9.4

4 12.76 2.56 0.81 8.4 16.5

5 21.10 4.43 1.46 15.6 18.6

6 32.39 6.63 2.18 22.5 17.5

7 or more 37.59 8.61 2.95 49.4 33.0

Number of children 0-60 12.31 2.05 0.56 20.4 41.8

1 25.21 4.94 1.49 29.1 29.0

2 41.48 10.01 3.53 29.8 18.1

3 or more 46.64 11.95 4.54 20.7 11.2

Nepal 25.16 5.43 1.81 100.0 100.0


5.6 Female headed households have slightly lower poverty rates.

Table 6 shows the poverty rates by the age-gender characteristics of

household head. Poverty rates are very similar across different

categories. Poverty rates are slightly higher for households headed by

males between 26 and 45 years of age and slightly lower of households

headed by female.. Table

5 also shows that poverty rates are positively correlated with the


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19

by age-gender characteristics of the householdTable 6: Poverty

head

Household Head

characteristics

Headcount

rate

Poverty

gap (x100)

Poverty gap

squared (x100)

of the

poor

of the

population

Male,


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of households only represent 7 percent of the total population.

Households with head self employed in agriculture have poverty rate

of 27 percent which is close to the poverty rate of households with the

head working in other-wage work or are unemployed. The poverty rate

for households with an inactive head is only 17 percent. This reflects

the fact the really poor household heads cannot afford to be out of the

labor force unless they have alternative sources of income.

Table 8: Poverty by occupation of the household head

20

Distribution

Household head's main

occupation

Headcount

rate

Poverty

gap

(x100)

Poverty gap

squared

(x100)

of the

poor

of the

population

Self Employment

Agriculture 27.23 6.00 2.05 55.2 51.0

Manufacturing* 22.44 5.03 1.77 3.8 4.2

Trade 13.21 2.54 0.74 4.1 7.9 Services 19.63 3.33 1.02 2.0 2.6

Wage

Agriculture 47.03 8.56 2.52 6.3 3.4

Professional 5.55 1.14 0.35 0.7 3.3

Other 28.25 5.76 1.73 16.2 14.5

Extended economic activity 31.55 9.37 3.67 5.9 4.7

Unemployed 26.65 3.60 0.86 0.4 0.4

Inactive 16.63 3.35 1.09 5.3 8.0

Nepal 25.16 5.43 1.81 100.0 100.0

Incidence

*Manufacturing includes workers in: mining and quarrying, construction, electricityand utilities as well.

4.10 Poverty falls drastically for households with more than 1

hectare of agricultural land. Table 9 shows that poverty rate falls,

both in rural and urban areas, with increase in the size of arable land.

In rural areas, households with more than 1 hectare of agricultural land

have lower than average poverty rates. In urban areas, reduction in

poverty appears even with smaller landholdings.

Table 9: Poverty and land ownership

Land ownershi p

status

Headcount

rate

Poverty gap

(x100)

Poverty gap

squared (x100)

of the

poor

of the

population

All

No Land 22.71 4.68 1.51 18.9 21.0


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4.11 Poverty is strongly linked with access to facilities. Table 10

shows that access to services is also an important correlate of poverty.

Households that are closer to facilities are less likely to be poor thanthe national average. Having good access to higher secondary school,

public hospital, paved roads, market centers, agricultural center,

cooperative and banks have large effects on poverty.

Table 10: Poverty and access to facilities

Household wi thin 30

minutes of:

Headcount

rate

Poverty

gap (x100)

Poverty gap

squared

(x100)

of the

poor

of the

population

Primary School 24.35 5.15 1.68 91.5 94.5

Secondary School 20.83 4.20 1.30 58.2 70.3

Higher Secondary School 17.92 3.45 1.02 39.1 54.9Health post/Sub-health post 22.00 4.42 1.35 42.9 49.0

Public hospital 15.59 3.01 0.90 20.1 32.4

Bus stop 19.03 3.66 1.07 49.1 64.9

Paved road 17.11 3.33 0.97 33.6 49.4

Vehicle passable dirt road 24.41 4.95 1.55 62.3 64.2

Haat bazaar 21.04 3.75 1.00 33.2 39.6

Market center 16.29 3.26 0.99 28.2 43.6Agri culture center 15.34 3.02 0.91 25.4 41.6

Cooperative 16.99 3.41 1.09 34.5 51.0

Bank 14.71 2.95 0.90 22.6 38.6

Nepal 25.16 5.43 1.81


5. Unambiguous trend decline in poverty over time

Comparison of changes in poverty over time has to be done carefully

when poverty line or the minimum welfare threshold to be considerednot poor has been increased as in Nepal. Comparing poverty estimates

at two different poverty lines (two different minimum real welfare

levels) at two points of time would under-estimate progress in poverty

reduction.

A simple comparison of poverty in 2010-11 (25.2%) with the estimate

in the past for 1995-96 (41.8%) and 2003-04 (30.8 %) shows that

poverty has been on decline. The decline is greater if one were to use

unchanged poverty lines over the entire period close to 30 percentage

point decline in the last 15 years. The progress in poverty reduction is

about the same and significant measured either in terms of the old or

new (higher) poverty line. In Figure 1, the red line reflect changes in

poverty over time using the old 1995-96 poverty line (approach 1),

whereas the blue line reflects changes based on the new, more

generous 2010-11 poverty line.

21


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poverty line in nepal

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