pottery of the harappan civilization is of a unique kind

7/27/2019 Pottery of the Harappan Civilization is of a Unique Kind...

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Pottery of the Harappan civilization is of a unique kind. The most striking ceramic ware is a heavy sturdy

ware of superior fabric, pink or red in colour in the section and on surface. The word `superior` is used

here to indicate the use of fine clay in making the vessels which are well-fired, resulting in a sturdy ware.

Almost all the vessels have a smooth surface and are painted in black over red. The characteristic

Harappan types found in the red ware in Rangpur include the small jar with a small neck, beaded rim,

globular body and footed base, jar with a beaded rim and bulbous body, large storage-jar with thick

walls and a Lat rim, small jar with a flaring rim, dish with a projected rim and carinated shoulder, a dish

with an incurved or internally beaded rim, dish-on-stand, basin with a projected beaded rim, blunt-

carinated shoulder and flat base, jar-stand, goblet with an elongated base, beaker, lid with a knob in the

interior and cylindrical perforated jar.

Buff ware are some of the red ware vessels of Rangpur have a buff slip or patches of buff along with red

owing to differential firing. They are often painted in chocolate or pinkish colour. The only type exclusive

to the buff ware is ajar with a flaring rim, bulbous body and pinched ear. The coarse red ware meant for

rough use occurs in a limited quantity. The clay used for making the vessels is not levigated; and grit,

such as dung or powered pottery, is added to the clay. The jar with a flaring rim and bowl with a nail

headed or beaked rim is common types.

Coarse Grey Ware was similarly meant for rough use such as cooking. The vessels are rendered porous

by the use of grit and the surface is rough, slip-less and rarely burnished. A common type in this ware is

the jar with a flaring rim and convex profile. Coarse grey vessels are generally decorated with incised

designs.

2. The term Indus script (also Harappan script) refers to short strings of symbols associatedwith theIndus Valley Civilization, in use during theMature Harappanperiod, between the 26th

and 20th centuries BC. It is not generally accepted that these symbols form a script used torecord a language, and the subject remains controversial. In spite of many attempts atdecipherments and claims,

[1]it is as yet undeciphered, and no underlying language has been

identified. There is no knownbilingual inscription.

The first publication of a Harappan seal dates to 1873, in a drawing byAlexander Cunningham.

Since then, over 4,000 symbol-bearing objects have been discovered, some as far afield as

Mesopotamia. In the early 1970s,Iravatham Mahadevanpublished a corpus and concordance of

Indus writing listing about 3,700 seals and about 417 distinct signs in specific patterns. Theaverage inscription contains five signs, and the longest inscription is only 17 signs long. He also

established the direction of writing as right to left.[2]

Some early scholars, starting with Cunningham in 1877, thought that the script was the archetype

of theBrhm script. Cunningham's ideas were supported by G.R. Hunter,F. Raymond Allchin

and a minority of scholars, who continue to argue for the Indus script as the predecessor of theBrahmic family.

3. Discovery of a huge cache of gold and other ornaments reportedly belonging to the Harappanperiod (2600-1900 B.C.) by the villagers of Mandi in the Muzaffarnagar District of Uttar Pradesh
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state, 93 miles east of New Delhi, is challenging previous notions about the geographic reach of

the Indus Valley civilization.

According to reports, Mandi villagers took possession of the hoard despite pleas from local

authorities, and soon some gold pieces, which they described as "small, round but flat pieces,

covered with dirt," were being melted down by traders in a local gold market. Later, thanks topressure from the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), district authorities managed to recover

about 22 pounds of jewelry.

Scholars from the ASI and state's Department of Archaeology (DoA) immediately visited the site

and declared the jewelry to be Harappan. Gold and silver bangles, gold beads, and agate and

onyx beads all resemble jewelry found at Indus Valley sites such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daroin Pakistan and at Lothal, Rakhigarhi, and Dholavira in India. Rakesh Tiwari, director of the

DoA, said two copper containers, one circular in shape and the other rectangular, were also

recovered; the rectangular container measures 16.5 inches long and was perhaps used for holding

gold fillets. Tiwari says it is the first time that such a huge cache of gold jewelry has been

recovered in Uttar Pradesh.

4.This article is about the divergence of Homo sapiens from other species. For a completetimeline of human evolution, seeTimeline of human evolution. For other uses, seeHuman

evolution (disambiguation).

Human evolution is theevolutionary processleading up to the appearance ofmodern

humans. While it began with thelast common ancestorof all life, the topic usually covers

only the evolutionary history ofprimates, in particular the genusHomo, and the emergenceofHomo sapiensas a distinct species ofhominids(or "great apes"). The study of human

evolution involves many scientific disciplines, includingphysical anthropology,

primatology,archaeology,linguistics,evolutionary psychology,embryologyandgenetics.

[1]

Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about85million years agoin

theLateCretaceousperiod, and the earliest fossils appear in thePaleocene, around55millionyears ago.

[2]The family Hominidae diverged from theHylobatidae(Gibbon) family 15-20

million years ago, and around14million years ago, thePonginae(orangutans), diverged from

the Hominidae family.[3]

Bipedalismis the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliestbipedalHomininis considered to be eitherSahelanthropusorOrrorin, withArdipithecus, a full

bipedal, coming somewhat later. Thegorillaandchimpanzeediverged around the same time,

about 4-6 million years ago, and eitherSahelanthropus orOrrorin may be our last shared

ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into theaustralopithecinesand laterthe genusHomo.

.5. This article is about the divergence of Homo sapiens from other species. For a completetimeline of human evolution, seeTimeline of human evolution. For other uses, seeHuman

evolution (disambiguation). Human evolution is theevolutionary processleading up to the

appearance ofmodern humans. While it began with thelast common ancestorof all life, the topicusually covers only the evolutionary history ofprimates, in particular the genusHomo, and the

emergence ofHomo sapiensas a distinct species ofhominids(or "great apes"). The study of
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kipedia.org/wiki/Homohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_humanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_humanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_humanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_common_ancestorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_common_ancestorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_common_ancestorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapienshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapienshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapienshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapienshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_common_ancestorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_humanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrorinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelanthropushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homininhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#cite_note-Dawkins_R_2004-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponginaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylobatidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primatologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapienshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_common_ancestorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_humanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_humanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution


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human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, includingphysical anthropology,

primatology,archaeology,linguistics,evolutionary psychology,embryologyandgenetics.[1]

genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about85million years agoin

theLateCretaceousperiod, and the earliest fossils appear in thePaleocene, around55million

years ago.

[2]

The family Hominidae diverged from theHylobatidae(Gibbon) family 15-20million years ago, and around14million years ago, thePonginae(orangutans), diverged from

the Hominidae family.[3]

Bipedalismis the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest

bipedalHomininis considered to be eitherSahelanthropusorOrrorin, withArdipithecus, a fullbipedal, coming somewhat later. Thegorillaandchimpanzeediverged around the same time,

about 4-6 million years ago, and eitherSahelanthropus orOrrorin may be our last shared

ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into theaustralopithecinesand later

the genusHomo.

The earliest documented members of the genusHomo areHomo habiliswhich evolved around

2.3million years ago; the earliest species for which there is positive evidence of use of stone

tools. The brains of these early hominins were about the same size as that of a chimpanzee.During the next million years a process ofencephalizationbegan, and with the arrival ofHomo

erectusin the fossil record, cranial capacity had doubled to 850 cm3.[4]

Homo erectus andHomo

ergasterwere the first of the hominina to leave Africa, and these species spread through Africa,

Asia, and Europe between1.3 to 1.8million years ago. It is believed that these species were the

first to use fire and complex tools. According to theRecent African Ancestry theory, modern

humans evolved in Africa possibly fromHomo heidelbergensis,Homo rhodesiensisorHomoantecessorand migrated out of the continent some 50,000 to 100,000 years ago, replacing local

populations ofHomo erectus,Homo denisova,Homo floresiensisandHomo neanderthalensis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primatologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primatologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#cite_note-1http://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=85http://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocenehttp://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=55http://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylobatidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylobatidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylobatidaehttp://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=14http://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponginaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponginaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponginaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#cite_note-Dawkins_R_2004-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#cite_note-Dawkins_R_2004-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homininhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homininhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homininhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelanthropushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelanthropushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelanthropushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrorinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrorinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrorinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_habilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_habilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_habilishttp://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=2.3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#cite_note-4http://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=1.3%E2%80%931.8http://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=1.3%E2%80%931.8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_denisovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_denisovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_denisovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_floresiensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_floresiensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_floresiensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_floresiensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_denisovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_antecessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=1.3%E2%80%931.8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=2.3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_habilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrorinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelanthropushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homininhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#cite_note-Dawkins_R_2004-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponginaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylobatidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Timeline/Timeline.php?Ma=85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primatologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropology

pottery of the harappan civilization is of a unique kind

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